USA > Iowa > Muscatine County > History of Muscatine County, Iowa, from the earliest settlements to the present time, Volume I > Part 51
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A. T. BANKS.
A. T. Banks, who was a native of New England, came to Muscatine in 1838. He served as county treasurer from 1851 to 1855. In 1856 he was engaged in the livery business under the name of Banks & Morgan.
JOSEPH P. WALTON.
Joseph P. Walton was a native of Connecticut, born February 26, 1826. He was a resident of Muscatine from 1847 until the time of his death and for five years previous to locating in this city engaged in farming on Muscatine Island. For fifteen years he was president of the Muscatine County Old Settlers' Association and during that time he acquired a broad knowledge of pioneer Iowa history. Mr. Walton was a public-spirited man and never slighted an opportunity to assist in any movement promising betterment for Muscatine.
MUSCATINE COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
October 9, 1852, at a public meeting called for the purpose, preliminary steps were taken toward organizing a county fair association. Dr. James Weed and James H. Wallace were chairman and secretary, respectively. A constitution and by-laws were adopted and the meeting adjourned until October 23d, at which time a large number of interested persons from various parts of the county assembled in the court house, where the organization was perfected by the elec- tion of George Meason, president; Dr. James Weed, vice president; J. H. Wallace, secretary; J. G. Gordon, treasurer. A board of directors consisting of the following named persons was elected: William H. Miller, Bloomington township; Gamaliel Olds, Pike; Henry Y. Iddings, Sweetland; William A. Clark, Wapsinonoc; Richard Sherer, Seventy Six; E. H. Albee, Moscow; Douglas Viele, Montpelier; A. Cone, Cedar; A. Smalley, first ward; J. Bennett, second ward; Samuel Bamford, third ward, Muscatine. The following are the names of the members of the society at that time: James Weed, Joseph Bridgman, Nathan Taber, William Smalley, William M. Miller, Strix & Oppenheimer, George Bumgardner, A. Reuling, Samuel Lucas, S. B. Crane, Henry Y. Iddings,
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J. S. Hatch & Company, J. H. Wallace, Adam Ogilvie, J. G. Gordon, J. Bennett, J. M. Cummins, Charles Neally, Saul Gilbert, William A. Clark, D. R. Warfield, Thomas M. Isett, Samuel Sinnett, H. N. Sumner, H. H. Garnes, S. M. Mc- Kibben, George Meason, William Leffingwell, I. R. Williams, A. T. Banks, A. Cone, J. E. Fletcher, Shepard Smalley, George W. Chase, Richard Sherer, Abraham Smalley, Samuel Bamford, Levi Cross, R. Pritchard, John Critchfield, John A. McCormick, M. W. Byers, James A. Rankin, Richard Lord, Chester Weed, John H. Miller, Williams Watkins, Skilman Alger, A. O. Patterson, E. T. S. Schenck, Joseph Crane, Amos Cooper, Lyan C. Hine, Abraham Keen, D. C. Cloud, S. D. Viele, J. B. Dougherty, A. B. Wiles, S. Heilbrun, William G. Holmes, John Rose, Hiram Gilbert, Richard Cadle, Thomas L. Estle, J. P. Freeman, Henry S. Griffin, Henry Molis, Samuel Littrel, D. Dunsmore, Wil- liam Lundy, James M. Jarboe, Jesse B. Overman, L. S. Goldsberry, W. Fultz, R. W. Chinn, John Idle, H. W. Moore, Jacob Smetzer, L. D. Palmer, James M. Brockway, W. D. Ament, Cyrus Townsley, J. LaTourrette, William Towns- ley, Jeremiah Lequat, W. M. Elliott, Charles Newell, George W. Kincaid, William Fryberger, William Moxley, Jacob Butler, Thomas Morford, A. Jack- son, Levi Eliason, J. Q. Jennison, John G. Stein, P. Fay, John Leitzinger, Cor- nelius Nicholson, George Plitt, Suel Foster, T. D. Song, F. H. Stone, John Ward, John Lemp, Thomas Vanatta, D. W. Clover, Edwin J. Browning, Brent, Miller & Company, Oliver Jack, George C. Stone, Jonathan Ady, John Ziegler. In 1853 the membership was increased to 399.
For many years fairs were held, some with enthusiasm and success, others lacking in interest and attendance, until finally, about ten years ago, the grounds were abandoned and the society went out of existence.
Muscatine seems to be a mecca for "secret" societies, fraternal orders and social clubs, as it has many of them. This city has often been chosen for their state conventions, beginning early in its history, for one of the first meetings of this kind held by the Grand Lodge of Masons was at this place. It may also be said of Muscatine that it is the home of the banner lodges of the state : The A. O. U. W., I. O. O. F., Red Men and others of lesser note, supreme and state officers have resided here, and two thirty-third degree Masons, a very high honor, live in Muscatine, in the persons of W. S. Underdonk and A. S. Lawrence.
IOWA LODGE OF MASONS NO. 2.
The first lodge of Masons organized in Muscatine county and the second in the state* was Iowa Lodge No. 2, the date of its formation being February 15, 1841, under the authority of a dispensation from the Grand Lodge of Mis- souri, dated St. Louis, February 4, 1841. There was no grand lodge in Iowa at that time and the number given to this new order in Iowa Territory was 42, the Missouri grand lodge probably having followed the last number of some lodge to which it had granted dispensation. Those applying and paying for the dispensation were: Ansel Humphreys, Moses Couch, Josiah Parvin, B. S. Olds,
*Burlington Lodge, No. 1, was organized November 30, 1840, under dispensa- tion of the Missouri Grand Lodge, and was the first in the state.
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HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY
P. G. Jeans, J. Williams, P. W. Howland, John Lilly, Jr., J. C. Matthews, Alex- ander Lewis and T. S. Parvin. The first officers installed were: Ansel Hum- phreys, W. M .; John Lilly, Jr., S. W .; B. S. Olds, J. W .; Josiah Parvin, Treas .; Joseph Williams, Sec .; Theodore S. Parvin, S. D .; Benjamin P. Howland, J. D .; Joseph C. Matthews, P. G. Jeans, stewards.
To the by-laws, adopted February 22, 1841, were attached the following names : Ansel Humphreys, John Lilly, Jr., B. S. Olds, Josiah Parvin, J. Wil- liams, T. S. Parvin, Benjamin P. Howland, Philip G. Jeans, S. B. Shortridge, Matthew Matthews, Isaac Magoon, Silas Lathrop, J. C. Matthews, Robert Lucas (governor of the territory), William Fry, Jeremiah Fish, Hiram Wilson, 'A. F. Hoffmire, Moses Couch, A. G. Beeson, W. B. Snyder, F. O. Beckett, Irad C. Day, Zachariah H. Goldsmith, John S. Lakin, Andrew J. Fimple, T. T. Clark, George W. Hunt, Absalom Fisher, James G. Swafford.
The first meeting place of the lodge was in the second story of a frame build- ing that stood on lot No. 2 in block II, belonging to Charles Nealy.
FIRST MASONIC BUILDING IN IOWA.
Arrangements having been completed with the authorities of the Episcopal church, wherein the lodge agreed to pay for the erection of a second story to a proposed church building, a committee of Iowa Lodge No. 2 was appointed to circulate a subscription paper for the raising of a building fund, the members of which were: T. S. Parvin, B. W. Howland and P. G. Jeans. Money for the purpose was secured and the first church building ever erected in Muscatine county, and the first Episcopal church in the state, was completed in the fall of 1841 and this, Trinity church-the second story of it-was the first Masonic building in the state of Iowa.
TRINITY CHURCH AND MASONIC HALL.
The building was erected by Trinity church, but the second floor was paid for by Iowa Lodge No. 2, and used for lodge purposes. Bishop Kemper was not in favor of this arrangement, as the following extract from his diary dis- closes : "July 27, 1841. Bloomington. Good congregation; much interest ex- hibited in cause of church. The plan of the church is enlarged, but the Masons are to put a half-story upon it, which I do not like. They are to have it only five years, and then it is to be turned into a parsonage, and a church built on the front part of the lot."
While on this phase of the subject, it might be well to here insert that the church records reveal the attitude of the worthy bishop: "June 25, 1842. Bishop Kemper officiated. The Masons occupying the second story of the church so offended the bishop that he utterly declined to dedicate the church."
Trinity's first church and the hall of Iowa Lodge, No. 2, was a plain, frame building in perfect harmony with its neighbors of the day. No paint gave tone or color to its hardwood siding and the windows were diminutive and un- stained. But the outside doors were considered very pretentious and ornamen- tal, each having ten hand-made raised and molded panels. It seems the build-
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FIRST MASONIC BUILDING IN IOWA. ERECTED BY TRINITY CHURCH. IT IS ALSO THE FIRST EPISCOPAL CHURCH BUILDING ERECTED IN IOWA
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HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY
ing was not fully two-story, but one and three-fourths in height. The lodge room was reached by a stairway on the outside, extending over the doorway to the sanctuary on the lower floor. When the building was vacated by the lodge and church, it became the property of J. P. Walton, who rented it to the town for school purposes, and Mr. Walton remembers that during one school vaca- tion, "a soldier, home on a furlough, stopping at the hotel on the corner, was taken down with smallpox. He was carried into the old lodge room, using the platform in the east for a bed, without my knowledge or consent. After he recovered I was compelled to remove the building."
Meetings of the lodge were held in this building until March 7, 1854, some time longer than Bishop Kemper had allotted in his exposition of the lease. In 1850 a movement was started to secure other quarters and a short time later a Masonic Hall Company was organized, for the purpose of building a new home for the various Masonic bodies. About $3,000 was subscribed for stock in the enterprise and a building was constructed on Second street. The invest- ment, however, proved a failure. In 1883, rooms were especially arranged for the Masons in a building that stood on the southwest corner of Second street and Iowa avenue, now the site of the Muscatine State Bank. Here all the Masonic bodies met and performed their various labors until 1901.
The charter of this lodge was received on the 13th of December, 1841, and the number, 42, was assigned it. In December, 1843, the question of changing the name was debated, and it was decided to retain the old one of Iowa lodge, but the number given it by the grand lodge of Missouri was changed to No. 2, that it might conform to the order in which the lodges of Iowa had been or- ganized, giving to the local lodge its proper place on the list.
HAWKEYE LODGE, NO. 30.
After ten years of existence the Masonic lodge prospered and grew in strength of numbers, so much so in fact, as to make it apparent to certain of its members, notably Ansel Humphreys and his son, James A. Humphreys, that the formation of a new lodge was not only advisable but desirable. Hence, on the 5th day of September, 1851, ten Masons met to organize a lodge, under a dispensation granted by the grand master of the grand lodge of Iowa, W. D. McCord. This group of men were selected as the officials of the new lodge and they were: Edward Klein, W. M .; John S. Lakin, S. W .; George D. Magoon, J. W .; with James A. Humphreys, T. S. Battell, H. D. LaCossitt, L. B. Adams, John J. Lower, John Hinds and J. W. Smith. Klein was called to the chair and La Cossitt was made secretary. A committee was appointed to draft a set of by-laws and one was also selected to wait upon the mother lodge and secure the use of the hall.
The organization was perfected on the 10th of September following, at which time L. B. Adams was elected treasurer, H. D. LaCossitt, secretary and James A. Humphreys, S. D. At the grand lodge, held in Fairfield, May 25, 1852, Humphrey's lodge was closed under its dispensation and June 29, 1852, the lodge met, acting under a charter from the grand lodge, dated Fairfield, June 2, 1852, signed by W. D. McCord, grand master, and Ansel Humphreys,
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grand secretary. The following officers were elected and installed: Edward Klein, W. M .; H. D. LaCossitt, S. W .; L. D. Palmer, J. W .; James A. Humph- reys, Treas .; R. Ackerman, Sec .; J. D. Stephenson, S. D .; John Benham, J. D .; L. B. Adams, tyler. All of the officers were present, as also were J. P. Walton, J. W. Smith and H. D. Jellison, G. D. Magoon, J. S. Lakin, J. J. Lower, J. Hinds, T. S. Battell, W. R. McCulloch, P. L. Washburn, S. M. Doolittle, Ben- jamin Beach. S. G. Stein and John Benham were charter members, but were absent from the first meeting and installation of officers. The death of Hon. Henry Clay, statesman, orator and great protectionist, was announced at this meeting and on July 5th of that year, memorial services in honor of the famous Kentuckian, were held at the Methodist church, the Masonic bodies attending. On this occasion Henry Clay Dean delivered the oration, and a poem, ascribed to E. Klein, was read.
FIRST MASONIC CELEBRATION.
In 1852, on the 4th day of November, the Masons held their first celebration in Muscatine. The various bodies met in the lodge rooms in the morning and marched to the court house, where they listened to addresses and discussed an appetizing dinner. Even at that time the affair was considered old-fashioned for, in the words of J. P. Walton, "it brought out all the old regalia of the past century. Some of the aprons worn by the master Masons probably cost $40 or $50. Most every one wore a satin apron, trimmed in blue. I recollect getting one for the occasion that cost some five dollars. On these aprons nearly all the emblems of the order were emblazoned. The Royal Arch Masons and the Knights Templar were there in their regalias. This was the last time that most of these regalias appeared. In the evening we had a grand ball in the court house, and here was where the young lodge was ahead of the old one."
GRAND LODGE MEETS IN MUSCATINE.
June 7, 1853, the grand lodge met in Muscatine, in I. O. O. F. hall, corner of Chestnut and Second streets. It cost the local lodges twenty-four dollars to entertain these grand officers.
By the middle of the year 1853 dissensions and discords in Humphrey lodge reached such proportions that a decision was reached to surrender its charter. This was accomplished in July, and the lodge was dissolved. Matters were finally adjusted and September 15, 1853, the charter was returned to the lodge, work was commenced where it had been left in abeyance about two months, and everything went on again as though nothing of a serious nature had hap- pened.
In May, 1854, a resolution was offered by E. Klein to change the name of the lodge and at a subsequent meeting of the same month the name, Hawkeye, was chosen. The first officers of Hawkeye Lodge, No. 30, were as follows: L. D. Palmer, W. M .; Thomas Mercer, S. W .; Samuel Tarr, J. W .; S. B. Crane, Treas .; H. D. Jellison, Sec .; John Hunter, S. D .; M. McGrath, J. D .; J. P. Walter, tyler.
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The nucleus of a Masonic library was secured in July, 1855, fifty dollars being appropriated for the purchase of The Universal Masonic Library.
In December, 1884, an effort was made to unite the two lodges, Iowa No. 2, and Hawkeye No. 30, and the proposition was strongly urged by Grand Sec- retary T. S. Parvin. The resolution was lost by a vote of twenty-four to four- teen.
The semi-centennial of Masonry in Muscatine was held February 16, 1891, both lodges taking part. Grand Secretary T. S. Parvin, one of the founders of Iowa Lodge, No. 2, delivered an address and many others followed him. A banquet was served in Armory hall.
An auxiliary Masonic body known as the Order of Eastern Star was first organized in the fall of 1855 and again in 1864, but lay dormant until May 27, 1867, when a meeting was called and
THE CONSTANCY FAMILY.
was temporarily organized. Two weeks later the organization was made per- manent, with P. A. Braumfield, O. P. Waters, W. B. Langridge, W. Leffingwell, J. S. Pinkham, J. P. Walton and G. A. Garrettson, charter members. The as- sociate members were: Sarah Stallcup, Mary E. Walton, Carrie A. Barrows, Frances R. Leffingwell, Harriet A. Braumfield, Mary Pinkham and Elizabeth A. Garrettson. The selection of officers were: P. A. Braumfield, patron; Eliza- beth A. Garrettson, patroness ; William Leffingwell, conductor ; Harriet A. Braum- field, conductress; Frances L. Leffingwell, treasurer; Carrie A. Barrows, re- corder ; O. P. Waters, watchman.
ELECTA CHAPTER OF THE EASTERN STAR, NO. 32.
It had been decided to reorganize, and on January 10, 1874, contributions were made to secure a charter for a chapter degree and the name of Electa Chapter of the Eastern Star, No. 32, was adopted. The following officers were elected and installed : W. B. Langridge, W. P .; Mrs. Sally Block, W. M .; Mrs. Harriet Braumfield, A. M .; Mrs. A. Hawley, Treas .; Mrs. H. E. Simpson, Sec .; Mrs. Julia Dunn, conductress ; Mrs. J. P. Walton, assistant conductress ; Mrs. Pian M. Pyeatt, warden; G. C. Winn, sentinel; Mrs. J. C. Parmalee, Adah; Miss Lillie Morrison, Ruth; Mrs. Rebecca Miller, Martha; Mrs. R. B. Ewing, Electa.
The various meeting places of the Masonic bodies of Muscatine are here given: First in a frame building on First street, just east of Chestnut; from 1841 to 1854, in second story of Trinity church building; short time in the rooms of I. O. O. F., corner of Chestnut and Second; next in the fourth story of the Masonic building on Second, between Walnut and Cedar streets. After this a few meetings were held in the third story of a building on the corner of Chestnut and Second and then later in rooms over 118 West Second street, then back to the Masonic block, after which, for a number of years they were in the building on the southwest corner of Iowa avenue and Second street. From there the lodge went to the building owned by Dr. S. G. Stein on the north
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HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY
side of Second street, between Iowa avenue and Sycamore street. In the third story of this building rooms were fitted up in 1901 and occupied by the several Masonic bodies and there they are today, although the prospects are not dis- couraging for a Masonic Temple to be built at no very distant day, on the beau- tiful lot on the corner diagonally from the northwest corner of the court house square, which some time ago was purchased for the purpose.
Washington Chapter, No. 4, Royal Arch Masons, was instituted under dis- pensation granted by the Ninth Royal Arch Commandery of the United States and a charter was granted September 17, 1852, to the following charter mem- bers: Ansel Humphreys, Theodore S. Parvin, George Wilkison, Josiah Parvin, William Williams, J. D. Biles and George Plitt. The first officers were: Ansel Humphreys, M. E. H. P .; Theodore S. Parvin, king; George Wilkison, scribe ; J. D. Beyers, C. of H .; William Williams, P. S .; L. A. Williams, R. A. C .; Josiah Parvin, M. of Third Veil; B. Brooks, M. of Second Veil; Madden, M. of First Veil.
De Molay Commandery, No. I, Knights Templar was instituted under dis- pensation from the grand commandery of the United States, represented by Sir Knight W. B. Hubbard, general grand master of the general grand encamp- ment, March 14, 1855. The first officers were: Theodore S. Parvin, M. E. G. C .; J. L. Hazin, generalissimo; William Reynolds, captain general; William Leffingwell, M. E. P .; L. D. Palmer, S. W .; William Gordon, J. W .; J. B. Dougherty, treasurer ; J. H. Wallace, recorder; J. R. Hotsock, sword bearer ; Henry Hoover, warder. 'A' charter was granted in September, 1856, and the following officers were installed: Theodore S. Parvin, E. C .; A. Chambers, gen- eralissimo; G. W. Wilkison, captain general; William Leffingwell, prelate; J. P. Dougherty, treasurer; G. A. Satterlee, recorder; L. D. Palmer, sword bearer ; W. Gordon, J. W .; Henry Hoover, warder; G. D. Magoon, sword bearer; L. Carmichael, standard bearer; D. T. Miller, guard.
MUSCATINE LODGE, NO. 5, I. O. O. F.
This lodge, as its number would indicate, was one of the first organizations of the order of Odd Fellows to be started in the state of Iowa. It was insti- tuted March 23, 1846, sixty-five years ago. The charter members were: E. H. Albee, Richard Cadle, H. Johns, Pliny Fay, Joseph Bridgman and J. R. Bur- nett. The first officers were: E. H. Albee, N. G .; R. Cadle, V. G .; Osic John, Sec .; Pliny Fay, Treas. There were in all about twenty-five charter members. The present membership is about 150.
On March II, 1870, in the city of Burlington, a charter signed by William W. Moore, G. M., and William Garrett, Grand Secretary of the Miriam Re- bekah Lodge, was issued to Muscatine on application of the following persons, only three of whom are now living: W. B. Keeler, Benjamin Beach, S. G. Stein, Mrs. A. C. Stein, J. Bridgman and wife, Mrs. M. Block, Richard Cadle, W. H. Stewart, W. P. Reynolds, James Pyeatt and wife, Mrs. W. B. Keeler, Mrs. Sarah Hoch, John Lemp, R. Musser, C. R. Fox, Philip Stein, J. R. Reuling, Mrs. L. W. Reuling, Mrs. Anna Hoffman, Mr. and Mrs. Humberger, W. B. Langridge and wife. There were in all twenty-one charter members, and from
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that small number the lodge has increased until now it is the largest in the state. In 1902, at the state assembly, Mrs. C. A. W. Kent received the honor of being chosen president of the state association.
Prairie Encampment, No. 4, was instituted in 1853. For certain causes after the lapse of several years the charter was surrendered to the grand scribe, together with the books and papers. These latter have never been returned to the lodge. But a new charter was granted October 19, 1869, and the following officers were elected : Joseph Bridgman, C. P .; W. B. Keeler, H. P .; S. G. Stein, S. W .; H. M. Hine, J. W .; Ed. Hoch, scribe; M. Block, secretary. These offi- cials were installed January 5, 1870.
WYOMING LODGE, NO. 76, KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS.
The Knights of Pythias organized their lodge in Muscatine, May 18, 1882, and since that time it has grown in numbers and influence. It has furnished to the state organization some of its most influential men as state officials. R. B. Huff and Will M. Narvis have been grand chancellors. H. J. Lauder, now past and gone, and Dr. C. H. Sterneman have held the position of grand master-at- arms. The list of charter members consisted of forty-six, and at present the membership of the lodge numbers over 200. The headquarters of Wyoming are in K. of P. hall on Iowa avenue.
The charter members were: William Musser, E. C. Cook, H. J. Lauder, J. A. Pickler, G. R. Cloud, H. C. Madden, W. G. Block, Cal W. Smith, John Hoehl, A. J. Barger, William Hoffman, W. W. Clark, George Keckler, C. W. Bridgman, C. W. Page, John Trevis, John W. Hahn, Jr., N. B. Chesebro, S. E. Walcott, C. W. Conaway, F. Stewart, A. W. Garlock, George Koehler, John Robertson, R. B. Huff, J. F. Beard, A. L. Hackett, C. F. Allen, W. L. Sharp, J. W. Page, George O'Brien, Isaac Hoffman, Fred Bridgman, Charles Climer, E. H. Dolsen, William Huttig, Jr., J. Linn Hoopes, A. H. Chapman, R. C. Schenck, C. H. Sterneman, L. W. Hine, W. F. Ichoff, C. W. Hawley, and S. Gordon. R. B. Huff was the first chancellor commander.
Irving Temple, Rathbone Sisters, an auxiliary of Wyoming Lodge, was or- ganized on the evening of December 8, 1892, with fifty-two charter members. In 1901 the men were admitted to membership.
MUSCATINE CAMP, NO. 106, MODERN WOODMEN OF AMERICA.
A lodge of Woodmen of America was organized in Muscatine, July 13, 1885, with twenty-six charter members. In the first ten years of its existence the membership of the camp increased to about 125, and at the present time there are in the neighborhood of 1,000 members. The Modern Woodmen of America is one of the strongest fraternal organizations in the United States and the local camp stands among the highest in the state.
The largest woman's lodge in Muscatine is that of Woodbine Camp, No. 142, Royal Neighbors of America, an auxiliary of Muscatine Camp, No. 106. The lodge was organized in Shamrock hall in 1895 with 108 members. At present it has something over 300 members, all women, who have established several
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sub-organizations known as the Royal Neighbors Sunshine Club and the Royal Neighbors Aid Society.
MUSQUITINE TRIBE, NO. 95, INDEPENDENT ORDER RED MEN.
The Musquitine Tribe of Red Men was granted a charter November 28, 1898, with the following initial members: Frank A. Johnson, Dennis O'Leary, J. J. Felger, D. Klosterman, E. G. O'Brien, J. Pfeffer, George Schmidt, John Gorman, Herman Tadewald, J. Weiss, W. H. Schneider, Fred Dilchert, D. Dale, George Volger, H. Haifleigh, John Rowan, John Neibert, J. A. Tracy, Edward Hagerman, H. C. Eierman, Scott Middleton, W. H. Kindler, F. T. Dolsen, Phil J. Mackey, W. D. Hine, James Wier.
The tribe has gained rapidly in membership, has at present almost 600 and to its credit are given thirteen past sachems. No fraternal order surpasses the Red Men in the handsome manner it does things when entertaining. During the life of the lodge it has given enjoyment to vast throngs of people and to im- mense Fourth of July celebrations at Weed Park, the Street Carnival and many social events. In 1907 E. G. O'Brien, one of the charter members, was honored at the state convention with the office of great sachem.
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