USA > Iowa > History of western Iowa, its settlement and growth. A comprehensive compilation of progressive events concerning the counties, cities, towns, and villages-biographical sketches of the pioneers and business men, with an authentic history of the state of Iowa > Part 17
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To find how many rods in length will make an acre, the width being given.
RULE .- Divide 160 by the width, and the quotient will be the answer.
How to find the number of acres in any plot of land, the number of rods being given.
RULE .- Divide the number of rods by 8, multiply the quotient by 5, and remove the decimal point two places to the left.
The diameter being given, to find the circumference.
RULE .- Multiply the diameter by 3 1-7.
To find the diameter, when the circumference is given.
RULE .- Divide the circumference by 3 1-7.
To find how many solid feet a round stick of timber of the same thick- ness throughout will contain when squared
RULE .- Square half the diameter in inches, multiply by 2, mul- tiply by the length in feet, and divide the product by 144.
152
HISTORY OF IOWA.
General rule for measuring timber, to find the solid contents in feet.
RULE .- Multiply the depth in inches by the breadth in inches, and then multiply by the length in feet, and divide by 144.
To find the number of feet of timber in trees with the bark on.
RULE .- Multiply the square of one-fifth. of the circumference in inches, by twice the length, in feet, and divide by 144. Deduct 1-10 to 1-15 according to the thickness of the bark.
Howard's new rule for computing interest.
RULE .- The reciprocal of the rate is the time for which the in- terest on any sum of money will be shown by simply removing the decimal point two places to the left; for ten times that time, re- move the point one place to the left; for 1-10 of the same time, remove the point three places to the left.
Increase or diminish the results to suit the time given.
NOTE -The reciprocal of the rate is found by inverting the rate; thus 3 per cent. per month, inverted, becomes }% of a month, or 10 days
When the rate is expressed by one figure, always write it thus: 3-1, three ones.
Rule for converting English into American currency.
Multiply the pounds, with the shillings and pence stated in dec- imals, by 400 plus the premium in fourths, and divide the product by 90.
U. S. GOVERNMENT LAND MEASURE.
A township-36 sections each a mile square.
A section-640 acres.
A quarter section, half a mile square-160 acres.
An eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a quarter of a mile wide-80 acres.
A sixteenth section, a quarter of a mile square-40 acres.
The sections are all numbered 1 to 36, commencing at the north- east corner.
The sections are divided into quarters, which are named by the cardinal points. The quarters are divided in the same way. The description of a forty-acre lot would read: The south half of the west half of the south-west quarter of section 1 in township 24, north of range 7 west, or as the case might be; and sometimes will fall short and sometimes overrun the number of acres it is sup- posed to contain.
The nautical mile is 795 4-5 feet longer than the common mile.
SURVEYORS' MEASURE.
7 92-100 inches make 1 link. 25 links 1 rod.
4 rods. 1 chain.
80 chains 1 mile.
NOTE .- A chain is 100 links, equal to 4 rods or 66 feet,
153
HISTORY OF IOWA.
Shoemakers formerly used a subdivision of the inch called a bar- leycorn; three of which made an inch.
Horses are measured directly over the fore feet, and the stand- ard of measure is four inches- called a hand.
In Biblical and other old measurements, the term span is some- times used, which is a length of nine inches.
The sacred cubit of the Jews was 24.024 inches in length.
The common cubit of the Jews was 21.704 inches in length.
A pace is equal to a yard or 36 inches.
A fathom is equal to 6 feet.
A league is three miles, but its length is variable, for it is, strictly speaking, a nautical term, and should be three geographical miles, equal to 3.45 statute miles, but when used on land, three statute miles are said to be a league.
In cloth measure an aune is equal to 14 yards, or 45 inches.
An Amsterdam ell is equal to 26.796 inches.
A Trieste ell is equal to 25.284 inches.
A Brabant ell is equal to 27.116 inches.
MISCELLANEOUS TABLE.
12 units, or things, 1 Dozen.
196 pounds, 1 Barrel of Flour.
12 dozen, 1 Gross.
200 pounds, 1 Barrel of Pork.
20 things, 1 Score.
56 pounds, 1 Firkin of Butter.
24 sheets of paper, 1 Quire.
20 quires paper. 1 Ream.
4 ft. wide, 4 ft. high, and 8 feet long, 1 Cord Wood.
HOW TO KEEP ACCOUNTS.
Every farmer and mechanic, whether he does much or little bus- iness, should keep a record of his transactions in a clear and sys- tematic manner. For the benefit of those who have not had the opportunity of acquiring a primary knowledge of the principles of book-keeping, we here present a simple form of keeping accounts which is easily comprehended, and well adapted to record the busi- ness transactions of farmers, mechanics and laborers.
1882.
A. H. JACKSON. Dr. Cr.
Jan.
10| To 7 bushels Wheat.
at $1.25
$8|75
$2 50
Feb.
4 To 14 bushels Oats at $ .45
6 30
.6
4 To 5 1b Butter
.at
25
1 25
March
8| By new Harrow
1800
8| By sharpening 2 Plows . . .
40
. 4
13 By new Double-Tree.
2 25
April
9 To half ton of Hay
25|00
May ..
6 By repairing Corn-Planter
4 75
July
4 By Cash, to balance account
35 15
$88.05 $88/05
17 To Cow and Calf
48 00 6 25
9 By Cash. .
24 To one Sow with Pigs.
17 50
17 By shoeing span of horses
1
154
HISTORY OF IOWA.
1882.
CASSA MASON.
Dr. Cr
March
21| By 3 days' labor
at $1.25
$3,75
21 To 2 Shoats
at 3.00
$6 00
23 To 18 Bushels Corn.
.at .45
8 10
May
1| By 1 month's Labor
25
1 To Cash. .
10 00
00
June
19 Ry 8 day's Mowing
at $1.50
12
66
26 To 50 1b Flour
2 75
July
10 To 27 1b Meat .
at $ .10
2 70
00
29 By 9 Days Harvesting
.at 2.00
18 00
Aug.
12 By 6 days' Labor
.at 1.50
9:00
Sept.
1| To Cash
20/00
To Cash to balance account.
18 20
$67|75
$67.75
INTEREST TABLE.
A SIMPLE RULE FOR ACCURATELY COMPUTING INTEREST AT ANY GIVEN PER CENT FOR ANY LENGTH OF TIME.
Multiply the principal (amount of money at interest) by the time reduced to days; then divide this product by the quotient obtained by dividing 360 (the num- ber of days in the interest year) by the per cent. of interest, and the quotient thus obtained will be the required interest.
ILLUSTRATION.
Require the interest of $462.50 for one month and eighteen days at 6 per cent. An interest month is 30 days; one month and eighteen days equal 48 days. $462.50 multiplied by .48 gives $222.0000; 360 divided by 6 (the per cent. of interest) gives 60, and $222,0000 divided by 60 will give you the exact interest, which is $3.70. If the rate of interest in the above example were 12 per cent., we would divide the $222,0000 by 30 (because 360 divided by twelve gives 30); if 4 per cent. we would divide by 90; it 8 per cent., by 45; and in like manner for any other per cent.
Solution. $462.50 .48
370000
6)360 ) 185000
60 J $222.0000($3.70 180
420
430
0
NAMES OF THE STATES OF THE UNION, AND THEIR SIGNIFICATIONS.
Virginia-The oldest of the States, was so called in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the " Virgin Queen," in whose reign Sir Walter Raleigh made his first attempt to colonize that region.
Florida-Ponce de Leon landed on the coast of Florida on Easter Sunday, and called the country in commemoration of the day, which was the Pasqua Florida of the Spaniards, or " Feast of Flowers."
Louisiana was called after Louis the Fourteenth, who at one time owned that section of the country.
Alabama was so named by the Indians, and signifies " Here we Rest."
Mississippi is likewise an Indian name, meaning "Long River."
155
HISTORY OF IOWA.
Arkansas, from Kansas, the Indian word for " Smoky Water." Its prefix was really arc, the French word for " bow."
The Carolinas were originally one tract, and were called "Caro- lina," after Charles the Ninth of France.
Georgia owes its name to George the Second of England, who first established a colony there in 1732.
Tennessee is the Indian name for the "River of the Bend," i. e., the Mississippi which forms its western boundary.
Kentucky is the Indian name for "at the head of the river."
Ohio means " beautiful;" Iowa, "the beautiful land;" Minnesota, " cloudy water," and Wisconsin, " wild-rushing channel."
Illinois is derived from the Indian word illini, men, and the French suffix ois, together signifying " tribe of men."
Michigan was called by the name given the lake, fish-weir, which was so styled from its fancied resemblance to a fish trap.
Missouri is from the Indian word " muddy," which more prop- erly applies to the river that flows through it.
Oregon owes its Indian name to its principal river.
Cortez named California.
Massachusetts is the Indian name for " The country around the great hills."
Connecticut, from the Indian Quon-ch-ta-Cut, signifying "Long River.
Maryland, after Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles the First, of England.
New York was named by the Duke of York.
Pennsylvania, means " Penn's Woods," and was so called after Wm. Penn, its owner.
Delaware, after Lord De La Ware.
New Jersey, so called in honor of Sir George Carteret, who was Governor of the Island of Jersey, in the British Channel.
Maine was called after the province of Maine in France, in com- pliment of Queen Henrietta of England, who owned that province.
Vermont, from the French word Vert Mont, signifying Green Mountain.
New Hampshire, from Hampshire County in England. It was formerly called Laconia.
The little State of Rhode Island owes its name to the Island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean, which domain it is said to greatly resemble.
Texas is the American word for the Mexican name by which all that section of the country was called before it was ceded to the United States.
156
HISTORY OF IOWA.
POPULATION OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OF IOWA, 1880 CENSUS.
COUNTIES.
Organized.
COUNTY SEAT.
Population in 1880.
Adair.
1854
Greenfield.
11,199
Adams
1853
Corning
11,888
Allamakee
1849
Waukon.
19,791
Appanoose
1846
Centerville.
16,936
Audubon
1855
Audubon.
7,448
Benton
1846
Vinton.
24,888
Blackhawk
1853
Waterloo
23,913
Boone
1849
Boonsboro
20,838
Bremer
1853
Waverly.
14,081
Buchanan.
1847
Independence
18,547
Buena Vista
1858
Storm Lake.
7,537
Butler.
1854
Butler Center.
14,293
Calhoun
1855
Rockwell City
5,595
Carroll
1856
Carroll
12,351
C'ass.
1853
Atlantic.
16,943
Cedar.
1836
Tipton
18,937
Cerro Gordo
1855
Mason City
11,461
Cherokee
1955
Cherokee.
8,240
Chickasaw
1853
New Hampton
14,534
Clarke
1851
Osceola.
11,512
Clay
1858
Spencer
4,248
Clayton
1838
Elkader
28,829
Clinton.
1840
Clinton.
36,764
Crawford
1855
Denison
12,413
Dallas.
1847
Adel.
18,746
Davis
1844
Bloomfield
16,468
Decatur.
1850
Leon.
15,336
Delaware.
1840
Delhi.
17,952
Des Moines
1834
Burlington
33,099
Dickinson
1857
Spirit Lake
1,901
Dubuque.
1834
Dubuque.
42,997
Emmet
1859
Swan Lake.
1,550
Fayette
1850
West Union
22,258
Floyd.
1854
Charles City.
14,677
Franklin.
1855
Hampton
10,248
Fremont
1849
Sidney
17,653
Greene.
1854
Jefferson
12,725
Grundy
1856
Grundy Center
12,639
Guthrie
1851
Guthrie Center
14,863
Hamilton
1857
Webster City
11,252
Hancock
1858
Concord.
3,453
Hardin
1853
Eldora
17,808
Harrison
1853
Logan.
16,649
Henry.
1836
Mt. Pleasant.
20,826
Howard
1855
Cresco
10,837
Humboldt.
1857
Dakota.
5,341
Ida
1858
Ida Grove.
4,382
Iowa.
1845
Marengo
19,221
Jackson
1838
Maquoketa.
23,771
Jasper.
1846
Newton
25,962
Jefferson
1838
Fairfield .
17,478
157
HISTORY OF IOWA.
POPULATION OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OF IOWA, 1880 CENSUS.
COUNTIES.
Organized.
COUNTY SEATS.
in 1830.
Johnson.
1848
Iowa City
25,249
Jones.
1839
Anamosa.
21,052
Keokuk
1844
Sigourney
21,259
Kossuth
1855
Algona.
6,179
Lee.
1837
Ft. Madison
34,859
Linn
1839
Marion
37,235
Louisa
1839
Wapello.
13,146
Lucas.
1849
Chariton.
14,530
Lyon
1872
Rock Rapids
1,968
Madison
1850
Winterset
17,225
Mahaska
1844
Oskaloosa
25,201
Marion
1845
Knoxville.
25,111
Marshall.
1850
Marshalltown
23,752
Mills.
1851
Glenwood
14,135
Mitchell
1854
Osage
14,361
Monona
1854
Onawa
9,055
Monroe.
1851
Albia.
13,719
Montgomery
1858
Red Oak
15,895
Muscatine.
1838
Muscatine.
23,168
O'Brien
1860
Primghar
4,155
Osceola
1872
Sibley
2,219
Page ..
1851
Clarinda.
19,667
Palo Alto.
1857
Emmetsburg
4,131
Plymouth
1858
Le Mars. .
3,567
Pocahontas
1859
Pocahontas Center
3,713
Polk.
1846
Des Moines.
41,395
Pottawattamie
1848
Council Bluffs
39,846
Poweshiek.
1848
Montezuma.
18,936
Binggold.
1855
Mt. Ayr
12,085
Sac.
1858
Sac City.
8,774
Scott.
1838
Davenport
42,270
Shelby
1853
Harlan.
12,696
Sioux.
1860
Orange City
5,436
Story
1853
Nevada.
16,906
Tama
1854
Toledo.
21,585
Taylor
1851
15,635
Union.
1853
14,900
Van Buren.
1837
17,042
Wapello.
1844
Ottumwa
25,282
Warren.
1839
Indianola.
19,578
Washington
1849
Washington
20,375
Wayne.
1851
Corydon.
16,127
Webster
1853
Fort Dodge.
15,950
Winnebago.
1857
Forest City
4,917
Winneshiek
1851
Decorah.
23,937
Woodbury
1853
Sioux City
14,997
Worth.
1857
Northwood
7,953
Wright
1855
Clarion.
5,062
Total
1,624,463
Bedford
Afton ..
Keosauqua
Population
158
HISTORY OF IOWA.
The total footings for the State of Iowa, according to the census, are, males, 848,235; females, 776,228; native, 1,363,015; foreign, 261,418; white, 1,614,- 510; colored (including 47 Chinese and 464 Indians and half-breeds), 9,953, total, 1,624,463.
POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.
The revised and corrected returns of the census bureau show the population of the several States and Territories of the country to be as follows:
Alabama
1,262,505
Montana.
39,159
Arizona
40,440
Nebraska.
452,402
Arkansas
802,525
Nevada.
62,266
California.
864,694
New Hampshire.
336,991
Colorado.
194,327
New Jersey
1,131,116
Connecticut.
622,700
New Mexico
116,565
Dakota.
135,177
New York. .
5,082,871
Delaware.
146,608
North Carolina
1,399,750
District of Columbia.
177,624
Ohio
3.198,062
Florida.
269,493
Oregon.
174,768
Georgia
1,542,180
Pennsylvania.
4,282,891
Idaho.
32,610
Rhode Island.
276,581
Illinois
3,077,871
South Carolina.
995,577
Indiana
1,978,301
Tennessee.
1,542,359
Iowa.
1,624,615
Texas
1,591,749
Kansas
996,086
Utah
143,963
Kentucky
1,648,690
Vermont.
332,286
Louisiana.
939,946
Virginia
1,512,565
Maine ..
648,936
Washington.
75,116
Maryland ..
934,942
West Virginia
618,457
Massachusetts.
1,783,085
Wisconsin
1,315,497
Michigan
1.636,937
Wyoming
20,789
Minnesota.
780,773
Mississippi.
1,131,597
Grand total
50,155,783
Missouri
2,168,380
159
HISTORY OF IOWA.
GEOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL FEATURES,
PROF. J. F. ELSOM.
" The science of Geology illustrates many astonishing facts." Viewed in the light of authentic tests, the region of country over which this work extends, presents ample study for the Geologist and Antiquarian, for nowhere in the broad expanse of country traversed by the writer-excepting, perhaps, some sections of the country of mines-is there such a fine field for the labor of the geologist. As we stood upon the high bluffs viewing the beauti- ful valleys below, or rowed over any of these streams-commercial arteries of this great country-and tried to peer up the steep sides of the overhanging bluffs, we often imagined ourself living away amid the dim cycles of the past; again we lived in the present, wondering what unseen agencies and gigantic forces had been em- ployed to transform what was evidently once a vast and almost boundless sea, into one of the finest sections of land-food pro- ducing land-between the two great oceans. Again, as the author examined with hammer and chisel, testing the chips by heat and cold, acid and alkali, subjecting the fused residuum to the diaphragm of the microscope, or the wonderful spectra of the spectroscope, he was often amazed at the broad expanse of time that must have elapsed to make this wonderful strata from that ungainly, shapeless mass, which, as Sacred History teaches, was this earth's original form. Furthermore, it seems almost incredible that little by little as these sands accumulate, that there could have elapsed sufficient time for these marine aggregations and changes. This, however, is merely prefaratory, and we must hasten on to the subject matter, accorded to this limited space, for to do the subject anything like justice, a book much larger than this entire history would be required. The reader will know by this why we have not gone more into detail in our discussion of this interesting and valuable portion of the work.
To the geologist, among the first things to attract the attention in this section is the "Walled Lakes" of Northern Iowa, one of them in Wright County-where we first made a survey-is about three-eighths of a mile wide, with a wall or embankment from 2 to 10 feet high surrounding it, formerly supposed to be the work of ancient races, a theory, however, now discountenanced, for practi- cal tests and observation go to prove that they are the results of natural causes, namely the periodical action of alternate heat and cold, aided to a limited extent by the action of the waves. These little lakes are very shallow, and during the ordinary winter freeze nearly solid, so that little or no water remains at the bottom, but
160
HISTORY OF IOWA.
a little will generally be found in the middle. As a consequence all loose substances at the bottom adhere to the ice below, and the expansive power of water when freezing -- which must be immense in such a large body as some of these lakes-aets equally in all di- rections from the center to the circumference, and annually what- ever was on the bottom of the lake has by this means been carried to the shore. This process, imperceptible, perhaps , to the casual ob- server in a single season, has been going on from year to year, century after century, causing these embankments, formerly a great wonder to everyone, but perfectly simple to any and all, if the va- rious strata of the walls be carefully examined and compared with each other.
The entire State contains very few what may be classed as large elevations, the highest point being but a trifle over twelve hundred feet higher than its lowest point as shown by barometrical surveys; there are two such points, and are nearly three hundred miles apart; then if we think for a moment, it will be seen the entire State is traversed by gently flowing rivers- rapids nearly unknown -hence we have the entire State resting entirely within, compris- ing a part of a vast plain, with no mountain or hill range within its limits.
A further idea of the general uniformity which characterizes the State may be gleaned from the survey from point to point, and the following statement of the general slopes in feet per mile, in . straight lines across:
From the NE corner to the SE corner 1 foot 1 inch per mile. From the NE corner to Spirit Lake 5 feet 5 inches per mile.
From the NW corner to Spirit Lake 5 feet per mile.
From the NW corner to the SW corner 2 feet per mile.
From the SW corner to the highest ridge 4 feet 1 inch per mile. From the dividing ridge to the SE corner 5 feet 7 inches per mile. From the highest point in the State to the lowest 4 feet per mile.
This statement shows a great uniformity, and a good degree of propriety in estimating the whole State as part of a great plain, the lowest point showing but 144 feet above sea level. This point, nearly at the mouth of Des Moines River, presents a geological formation of great interest, but being so far removed from the territory within the scope of the work we will not discuss it in this connection. Taking the highest point-near Spirit Lake- and the lowest point-near the mouth of the Des Moines-gives but a slight elevation and depression, and a general average of the entire State of eight hundred feet above the level of the sea, though from the nearest point the State is over a thousand miles from the sea coast, a rather remarkable instance, and another proof of being a part of a vast plain. Of course, when we consider the slightly diversified surface of Western Iowa, the formation of small valleys out of the general level, which have been evolved by the action of streams, lakes, etc., during the dim cycles of the past, it
161
HISTORY OF IOWA.
may appear a trifle jejune, but will not alter the general and ac- cepted theory aforesaid. Especially is this true with reference to the northwestern portion, the seeming deviation being much more apparent in the northeastern portion of the State.
It will be well enough to mention that the Missouri River, though washing as many or more miles of Iowa's shore than the Mississippi, drains but about one-third of its surface, going to par- tially prove that this plain of which we speak, extends away out in Nebraska, where we have unmistakable evidences of the Mis- souri having once threaded its course, the other side being the eastern border of the State, giving us once a vast ocean about one and two-thirds brcader than the State.
Thus much with reference to the surface indications. We will now go lower and see what can be found beneath this beautiful and somewhat phenomenal exterior.
In our tests of the soil, we will make but three general divisions, which of themselves not only differ in their physical character, but are widely separated in their ultimate origin. These will be classed as drift, bluff, and alluvial, and belong respectively to the deposits bearing the same names, the first of which occupies over two-thirds the surface of the entire State.
Every person who has paid the least atention to any of the ana- lytical sciences, so-called, knows that when we speak of soil, in the general acceptation of the term, that we mean disintegrated or powdered rock.
The drift deposit of Iowa was derived, to a considerable extent, from the rocks of Minnesota; but the greater part of Iowa drift was derived from its own rocks, much of which has been trans- ported but a short distance. In general terms the constant compo- nent element of the drift soil is that portion which was transported from the north, while the inconstant elements are those portions which were derived from the adjacent or underlying strata. For example, in Western Iowa, wherever that cretaceous formation known as the Nishnabotany sandstone exists, the soil contains more sand than elsewhere. The same may be said of the soil of some parts of the State occupied by the lower coal measures, the sandstones and sandy shales of that formation furnishing the sand.
We find upon examination, however, that in the section of Iowa of which this work treats, the drift contains more sand and gravel than any other portion of the State. There is no question in my mind but this was derived from the cretaceous rocks that now do, or formerly did exist, and also in part from the conglomerate and pudding stone beds of the Sioux quartzite.
The bluff soil, then, is that which rests upon, and constitutes part of the bluff deposit, and is found only in the western portion along the Missouri River. Chemical analysis shows but one per cent., generally less, of alumina, at the same time it contains other constituent elements which render it little, if any, inferior for ag-
162
HISTORY OF IOWA.
ricultural purposes; a very large portion of it is far out of reach of the highest floods. and must be very productive.
We now come to the alluvial. This is that portion called the flood plains of the river bottoms or valleys. That portion period- ically flooded by the rivers, of course, is thereby rendered com- paratively valueless for agricultural purposes for apparent reasons; but much of it, we might say by far the larger portion, is beyond the reach of floods, and is very rich in those elements which enter into plant life.
Speaking more properly of the geology of this particular sec- tion of Iowa, we find the rocks to range all along from the Azoic to the Merazoic inclusive. Taking the State as a whole, the sur- face is generally occupied by the evidences of the Palæzoic age. The following tabular statement gives each of these formations in the order in which they occur:
SYSTEMS.
GROUPS.
FORMATIONS.
AGES.
PERIODS.
EPOCIIS.
THICKNESS
IN FEET.
Cretaceous
Inoceramous bed.
50
Lower Cretaceous
Woodbury Sandstone, Shales
130
Nishnabotany Sandstone.
100
Upper Coal Measures
200
Coal Measures.
Middle Coal Measures.
200
Lower Coal Measures.
200
Carboniferous
St. Louis Limestone.
75
Subcarboniferous.
Keokuk Limestone.
90
Burlington Limestone.
196
Kinderhook beds.
175
Devoniau
Hamilton
Hamilton Limestone and Shales
200
Upper Silurian ..
Niagara.
Niagara Limestone.
350
Cincinnati.
Maquoketa Shales
80
١
Galena Limestone.
250
Trenton.
Trenton Limestone
200
Lower Silurian.
St. Peter's Sandstone.
80
Lower Magnesian Limestone.
250
Primordial.
Potsdam Sandstone
300
Azoic
Huronian.
Sioux Quartzite.
50
10to200
Post Tertiary
Drift ..
We now arrive at what is known as the Azoic system. In this section it is known and recognized by the specific name of Sioux quartzite, and is found exposed in natural ledges, only in a few spots away up in the extreme northwestern part of the State, upon the banks of the Big Sioux River, which position doubtless gave it its local name. This rock is intensely hara, disintegrates in sort of splinters; its color varying according to locality from nearly a yellow to a deep red. One thing connected with this rock is its process of metamorphism, which has been so complete all through the entire formation wherever found. Whether exposed to
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