USA > Iowa > History of western Iowa, its settlement and growth. A comprehensive compilation of progressive events concerning the counties, cities, towns, and villages-biographical sketches of the pioneers and business men, with an authentic history of the state of Iowa > Part 7
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59 | Part 60 | Part 61
Many of the settlers had nothing to begin with, save their hands, health and courage and their family jewels, " the pledges of love," and the " consumers of bread." It was not so easy to accumulate money in the early days of the State, and the " beautiful prairies," the " noble streams," and all that sort of poetic imagery, did not prevent the early settlers from becoming discouraged.
An old settler, in speaking of the privations and trials of those early days, says:
Well do the " old settlers " of Iowa remember the days from the first settle- ment to 1840. Those were days of sadness and distress. The endearments of home in another land had been broken up; and all that was hallowed on earth, the home of childhood. and the scenes of youth, were severed; and we sat down by the gentle waters of our noble river, and often "hung our harps on the willows.'
Another, from another part of the state testifies:
There was no such thing as getting money for any kind of labor. I laid brick at $3.00 per thousand, and took my pay in anything I could eat or wear. I
4
58
HISTORY OF IOWA.
built the first Methodist Church at Keokuk, 42x60 feet, of brick, for $600, and took my pay in a subscription paper, part of which I never collected, and upon which I only received $50.00 in money. Wheat was hauled 100 miles from the interior, and sold for 3712 cents per bushel.
Another old settler, speaking of a later period, 1843, says:
Land and everything had gone down in value to almost nominal prices. Corn and oats could be bought for six or ten cents a bushel; pork, $1.00 per hundred and the best horse a man could raise sold for $50.00. Nearly all were in debt and the Sheriff and Constable, with legal processes, were common visitors at almost every man's door. These were indeed "the times that tried men's souls."
" A few," says Mr. Nourse, " who were not equal to the trial, re- turned to their old homes, but such as had courage and faith to be the worthy founders of a great State remained, to more than realize the fruition of their hopes, and the reward of their self-denial."
On Monday, December 6, 1841, the fourth Legislative Assembly met, at the new capital, Iowa City, but the capitol building could not be used, and the Legislature occupied a temporary frame house, that had been erected for that purpose, during the session of 1841-2. At this session, the Superintendent of Public Buildings (who, with the Territorial Agent, had superseded the Commissioners first ap- pointed), estimated the expense of completing the building at $33,330, and that rooms for the use of the Legislature could be completed for $15,600.
During 1842, the Superintendent commenced obtaining stone from a new quarry, about ten miles northeast of the city. This is now known as the "Old Captain Quarry," and contains, it is thought, an immense quantity of excellent building stone. Here all the stone for completing the building was obtained, and it was so far completed that on the 5th day of December, 1842, the Legislature assembled in the new capitol. At this session, the Superintendent estimated that it would cost $39,143 to finish the building. This was nearly $6,000 higher than the estimate of the previous year,
notwithstanding a large sum had been expended in the meantime. This rather discouraging discrepancy was accounted for by the fact that the officers in charge of the work were constantly short of funds. Except the Congressional appropriation of $20,000 and the loan of $5,500, obtained from the Miners' Bank, of Dubuque, all the funds for the prosecution of the work were derived from the sale of the city lots (which did not sell very rapidly), from certificates of indebtedness, and from scrip, based upon unsold lots, which was to be received in payment for such lots when they were sold. At one time the Superintendent made a requisition for bills of iron and glass, which could not be obtained nearer than St. Louis. To meet this, the Agent sold some lots for a draft, payable at Pittsburgh, Pa., for which he was compelled to pay twenty-five per cent. ex- change. This draft, amounting to $507, that officer reported to be more than one-half the cash actually handled by him during the entire season, when the disbursement amounted to very nearly $24,000.
59
HISTORY OF IOWA.
With such uncertainty, it could not be expected that estimates could be very accurate. With all these disadvantages, however, the work appears to have been prudently prosecuted, and as rapidly as circumstances would permit.
Iowa remained a Territory from 1838 to 1846, during which the office of Governor was held by Robert Lucas, John Chambers and James Clarke.
STATE ORGANIZATION.
By an act of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa, approved Feb- ruary 12, 1844, the question of the formation of a State Constitu- tion and providing for the election of Delegates to a convention to be convened for that purpose was submitted to the people, to be voted upon at their township elections in April following. The vote was largely in favor of the measure, and the Delegates elected assembled in convention at Iowa City, on the 7th of October, 1844. On the first day of November following, the convention completed its work and adopted the first State Constitution.
The President of the convention, Hon. Shepherd Leffler, was in- structed to transmit a certified copy of this Constitution to the Delegate in Congress, to be by him submitted to that body at the earliest practicable day. It was also provided that it should be submitted, together with any conditions or changes that might be made by Congress, to the people of the Territory, for their approval or rejection, at the township election in April, 1845.
The boundaries of the State, as defined by this Constitution, were as follows:
Beginning in the middle of the channel of the Mississippi River, opposite mouth of the Des Moines River, thence up the said river Des Moines, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to a point where it is intersected by the Old Indian Boundary line, or line run by John C. Sullivan, in the year 1816; thence westwardly along said line to the "old" northwest corner of Missouri; thence due west to the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River; thence up in the middle of the main channel of the river last mentioned to the mouth of the Sioux or Calumet River; thence in a direct line to the middle of the main channel of the St. Peters River, where the Watonwan River-according to Nic- ollet's map-enters the same; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the place of beginning.
These boundaries were rejected by Congress, but by act approved March 3, 1845, a State called Iowa was admitted into the Union, provided the people accepted the act, bounded as follows:
Beginning at the mouth of the Des Moines River, at the middle of the Mis- sissippi, thence by the middle of the channel of that river to a parallel of lati- tude passing through the mouth of the Mankato or Blue Earth River; thence west, along said parallel of latitude, to a point where it is intersected by a me- ridian line seventeen degrees and thirty minutes west of the meridian ot Wash- ington City; thence due south, to the northern boundary line of the State of Missour; thence eastwardly, following that boundary to the point at which the same intersects the Des Moines River; thence by the middle of the channel of that river to the place of beginning.
60
HISTORY OF IOWA.
These boundaries, had they been accepted, would have placed the northern boundary of the State about thirty miles north of its present location, and would have deprived it of the Missouri slope and the boundary of that river. The western boundary would have been near the west line of what is now Kossuth County. But it was not so to be. In consequence of this radical and un- welcome change in the boundaries, the people refused to accept the act of Congress and rejected the Constitution at the election, held August 4, 1845, by a vote of 7,656 to 7,235.
A second Constitutional Convention assembled at Iowa City on the 4th day of May, 1846, and on the 18th of the same month an- other Constitution for the new State with the present boundaries, was adopted and submitted to the people for ratification on the 3d day of August following, when it was accepted; 9,492 votes were cast "for the Constitution," and 9,036 "against the Constitution." The Constitution was approved by Congress, and by act of Con- gress approved December 28, 1846, Iowa was admitted as a sover- eign State in the American Union.
Prior to this action of Congress, however, the people of the new State held an election under the new Constitution on the 26th day of October, and elected Oresel Briggs, Governor; Elisha Cutler, Jr., Secretary of State; Joseph T. Fales, Auditor; Morgan Reno, Treasurer; and members of the Senate and House of Represent- atives.
At this time there were twenty-seven organized counties in the State, with a population of nearly 100,000, and the frontier settle- ments were rapidly pushing toward the Missouri River. The Mor- mons had already reached there.
The first General Assembly of the State of Iowa was composed of nineteen Senators and forty Representatives. It assembled at Iowa City, November 30, 1846, about a month before the State was admitted into the Union.
At the first session of the State Legislature, the Treasurer of State reported that the capitol building was in a very exposed condition, liable to injury from storms, and expressed the hope that some pro- vision would be made to complete it, at least sufficiently to protect it from the weather. The General Assembly responded by appropri- ating $2,500 for the completion of the public buildings. At the first session also arose the question of the re-location of the capi- tal. The western boundary of the State, as now determined, left Iowa City too far toward the eastern and southern boundary of the State; this was conceded. Congress had appropriated five sec- tions of land for the erection of public buildings, and toward the close of the session a bill was introduced providing for the re-loca- tion of the seat of government, involving to some extent the loca- tion of the State University, which had already been discussed. This bill gave rise to a deal of discussion and parliamentary ma- neuvering, almost purely sectional in its character. It provided
61
HISTORY OF IOWA.
for the appointment of three Commissioners, who were authorized to make a location as near the geographical center of the State as a healthy and eligible site could be obtained; to select the five sec- tions of land donated by Congress; to survey and plat into town lots not exceeding one section of the land so selected; to sell lots at public sale, not to exceed two in each block. Having done this, they were then required to suspend further operations, and make a report of their proceedings to the Governor. The bill passed both Houses by decisive votes, received the signature of the Governor, and became a law, Soon after, by "An act to locate and establish a State University," approved February 25, 1847, the unfinished public buildings at Iowa City, together with the ten acres of land on which they were situated, were granted for the use of the Uni- versity, reserving their use, however, by the general Assembly and the State officers, until other provisions were made by law.
The Commissioners forthwith entered upon their duties, and se- lected four sections and two half sections in Jasper County. Two of these sections are in what is now Des Moines Township, and the others in Fairview Township, in the southern part of that county. These lands are situated between Prairie City and Mon- roe, on the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, which runs diagonally through them. Here a town was platted, called Monroe City, and a sale of lots took place. Four hundred and fifteen lots were sold, at prices that were not considered remarkably remunerative. The cash payments (one-fourth) amounted to $1,797.43. while the ex- penses of the sale and the claims of the Commissioners for services amounted to $2,206.57. The Commissioners made a report of their proceedings to the Governor, as required by law, but the location was generally condemned.
When the report of the Commissioners, showing this brilliant financial operation, had been read in the House of Representatives, at the next session, and while it was under consideration, an in- dignant member, afterward known as the eccentric Judge McFar- land, moved to refer the report to a select Committee of Five, with instructions to report "how much of said city of Monroe was under water and how much was burned." The report was re- ferred, without the instructions, however, but Monroe City never became the seat of government. By an act approved January 15, 1849, the law by which the location had been made was repealed and the new town was vacated, the money paid by purchasers of lots being refunded to them. This, of course, retained the seat of government at lowa City, and precluded, for the time, the occu- pation of the building and grounds by the University.
At the same session, $3,000 more were appropriated for complet- ing the State building at Iowa City. In 1852, the further sum of $5,000, and in 1854 $4,000 more were appropriated for the same purpose, making the whole cost $123,000, paid partly by the Gen-
62
HISTORY OF IOWA.
eral Government and partly by the State, but principally from the proceeds of the sale of lots in Iowa City.
But the question of the permanent location of the seat of gov- ernment was not settled, and in 1851 bills were introduced for the removal of the capital to Pella and to Fort Des Moines. The lat- ter appeared to have the support of the majority, but was finally lost in the House on the question of ordering it to its third read- ing.
At the next session, in 1853, a bill was introduced in the Senate for the removal of the seat of Government to Fort Des Moines, and, on final vote, was just barely defeated. At the next session, how- ever, the effort was more successful, and on the 15th day of Jan- uary, 1855, a bill re-locating the capital within two miles of the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines, and for the appointment of Com- missioners, was approved by Gov. Grimes. The site was selected in 1856, in accordance with the provisions of this act, the land be- ing donated to the State by citizens and property-holders of Des Moines. An association of citizens erected a building for a tempo- rary capitol, and leased it to the State at a nominal rent.
The third Constitutional Convention to revise the Constitution of the State assembled at Iowa City, January 19, 1857. The new Constitution framed by this convention was submitted to the peo- ple at an election held August 3, 1857, when it was approved and adopted by a vote of 40,311 "for" to 38,681 "against," and on the 3d day of September following was declared by a'proclamation of the Governor to be the Supreme law of the State of Iowa ..
Advised of the completion of the temporary State House of Des Moines, on the 19th of October following, Governor Grimes issued another proclamation, declaring the city of Des Moines to be the capital of the State of Iowa.
The removal of the archives and offices was commenced at once and continued through the fall. It was an undertaking of no small magnitude; there was not a mile of railroad to facilitate the work, and the season was unusually disagreeable. Rain, snow and other accompaniments increased the difficulties; and it was not until December that the last of the effects-the safe of the State Treasurer, loaded on two large "bob-sleds"-drawn by ten yoke of oxen was deposited in the new capitol. It is not imprudent now to remark that, during this passage over hills and prairies, across rivers, through bottom lands and timber, the safes belonging to the several departments contained large sums of money, mostly individual funds, however. Thus, Iowa City ceased to be the capital of the State, after four Territorial Legislatures, six State Legislatures and three Constitutional Conventions had held their sessions there. By the exchange, the old capitol at Iowa City, became the seat of the University, and exceptthe rooms occupied by the United States District Court, passed under the immediate and direct control of the Trustees of that institution.
63
HISTORY OF IOWA.
Des Moines was now the permament seat of government, made so by the fundamental law of the State, and on the 11th day of January, 1858, the seventh General Assembly convened at the new capital. The buildings used for governmental purposes was purchased in 1864. It soon became inadequate for the purposes for which it was designed, and it became apparent that a new, large and permanent State House must be erected. In 1870, the General Assembly made an appropriation and provided, for the ap- pointment of a Board of Commissioners to commence the work. The board consisted of Gov. Samuel Merrill, ex-officio, President; Grenville M. Dodge, Council Bluffs; James F. Wilson, Fairfield; James Dawson, Washington; Simon G. Stein, Muscatine; James O. Crosby, Gainsville; Charles Dudley, Agency City; John N. Dewey, Des Moines; William L. Joy, Sioux City; Alexander R. Fulton, Des Moines, Secretary,
The act of 1870 provided that the building should be constructed of the best material and should be fire proof, to be heated and ven- tilated in the most approved manner; should contain suitable leg- islative halls, rooms for State officers, the judiciary, library, com- mittees, archieves and the collections of the State Agricultural Society, and for all purposes of State Government, and should be
erected on grounds held by the State for that purpose. The sum first appropriated was $150,000; and the law provided that no contract should be made, either for constructing or furnishing the building, which should bind the State for larger sums than those at the time appropriated. A design was drawn and plans and specifications furnished by Cochrane & Piquenard, architects, which were accepted by the board, and on the 23d of November, 1871, the corner stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies. The esti- mated cost and present value of the capitol is fixed at $2,000,000,
From 1858 to 1860, the Sioux became troublesome in the north- western part of the State. These warlike Indians made frequent plundering raids upon the settlers, and murdered several families. In 1861, several companies of militia were ordered to that portion of the State to hunt down and punish the murderous thieves. No battles were fought, however, for the Indians fled when they as- certained that systematic and adequate measures had been adopted to protect the settlers.
"The year 1856 marked a new era in the history of Iowa. In 1854, the Chicago & Rock Island Railroad had been completed to the east bank of the Mississippi River, opposite Davenport. In 1054, the corner stone of a railroad bridge, that was to be the first to span the 'Father of Waters,' was laid with appropriate cere- monies at this point. St. Louis had resolved that the enterprise was unconstitutional, and by writs of injunction made an unsuc- cessful effort to prevent its completion. Twenty years later in her history, St. Louis repented her folly, and made atonement for her sin by imitating our example. On the first day of January, 1856,
64
HISTORY OF IOWA.
this railroad was completed to Iowa City. In the meantime, two other railroads had reached the east bank of the Mississippi-one opposite Burlington, and one opposite Dubuque-and these were being extended into the interior of the State. Indeed, four lines of railroad had been projected across the State from the Mississippi to the Missouri, having eastern connections. On the 15th of May, 1856, the Congress of the United States passed an act granting to the State, to aid in the construction of railroads, the public lands in alternate sections, six miles on either side of the proposed line. An extra session of the General Assembly was called in July of this year, that disposed of the grant to the several companies that proposed to complete these enterprises. The population of our State at this time had increased to 500,000. Public attention had been called to the necessity of a railroad across the continent. The position of Iowa, in the very heart and center of the Republic, on the route of this great highway across the continent, began to at- tract attention. Cities and towns sprang up through the State as if by magic. Capital began to pour into the State, and had it been employed in developing our vast coal measures and establishing manufactories among us, or if it had been expended in improving our lands, and building houses and barns, it would have been well. But all were in haste to get rich, and the spirit of speculation ruled the hour.
" In the meantime every effort was made to help the speedy com- pletion of the railroads. Nearly every county and city on the Mis- sissippi, and many in the interior, voted large corporate subscrip- tions to the stock of the railroad companies, and issued their ne- gotiable bonds for the amount." Thus enormous county and city debts were incurred, the payment of which these municipalities tried to avoid upon the plea that they had exceeded the constitu- tional limitation of their powers. The Supreme Court of the United States held these bonds to be valid; and the courts by man- damus compelled the city and county authorities to levy taxes to pay the judgments. These debts are not all paid even yet, but the worst is over and ultimately the burden will be entirely re- moved.
The first railroad across the State was completed to Council Bluffs in January, 1871. The others were completed soon after. In 1854 there was not a mile of railroad in the State. In 1874, twenty years after, there were 3,765 miles in successful operation."
GROWTH AND PROGRESS.
When Wisconsin Territory was organized, in 1836, the entire population of that portion of the Territory now embraced in the State of Iowa was 10,531. The Territory then embraced two coun- ties; Dubuque and Des Moines, erected by the Territory of Michi- gan, in 1834. From 1836 to 1838, the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin increased the number of counties to sixteen, and the
65
HISTORY OF IOWA.
population had increased to 22,859. Since then the counties have increased to ninety-nine. and the population, in 1875, was 1,366,- 000. The following table will show the population at different periods, since the erection of Iowa Territory:
Year.
Population. | Year.
Population.
1838
22,589 1859
638,775
1840
43,115,1860
674,913
1844
75,152 1863
701,732
1846
97,588 1865
754,699
1847
116,651 1867
902,040
1849
152,988 1869.
.1,040,819
1850
191,982 1870
1,191,727
1851
204,774 1873
1,251,333
1852
230.713 1875
1,366,000
1854
326,013 1880
1,624,463
1856
519,055|
The most populous county in the State is Dubuque. Not only in population, but in everything contributing to the growth and greatness of a State has Iowa made rapid progress. In a little more than thirty years, its wild but beautiful prairies have advanced from the home of the savage to a highly civilized commonwealth, embracing all the elements of progress which characterize the older States.
Thriving cities and towns dot its fair surface; an iron net-work of thousands of miles of railroads is woven over its broad acres; ten thousand school houses. in which more than five hundred thou- sand children are being taught the rudiments of education, testify to the culture and liberality of the people: high schools, colleges and universities are generously endowed by the State; manufacto- ries spring up on all her water courses, and in most of her cities and towns.
Whether measured from the date of her first settlement, her organization as a Territory, or admission as a State, Iowa has thus far shown a growth unsurpassed, in a similar period, by any com- monwealth on the face of the earth; and, with her vast extent of fertile soil, with her inexhaustible treasures of mineral wealth, with a healthful, invigorating climate; an intelligent, liberty-lov- ing people; with equal, just and liberal laws, and her free schools, the future of Iowa may be expected to surpass the most hopeful anticipations of her present citizens.
Looking upon Iowa as she is to-day-populous, prosperous and happy -- it is hard to realize the wonderful changes that have oc- curred since the first white settlements were made within her bor- ders. When the number of States was only twenty-six, and their total population about twenty millions, our republican form of gov- ernment was hardly more than an experiment, just fairly put up- on trial. The development of our agricultural resources and inex- haustible mineral wealth had hardly commenced. Westward the "Star of Empire " had scarcely started on its way. West of the
Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.