USA > Iowa > Clinton County > The history of Clinton County, Iowa, containing a history of the county, its cities, towns &c., biographical sketches of citizens > Part 43
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In 1861, Norman Boardman; 1862-63, A. C. Root; 1864, Loring Whee- ler ; 1865, W. F. Coan ; 1866, Loring Wheeler ; 1867, Norman Boardman ; 1868, Horace Anthony ; 1869, Charles H. Toll; 1870, J. L. Stamen.
By the change of system to the one existing at the present time, that of three Supervisors, on the 2d of January, 1871, the Board organized, and the following have composed the Boards each year up to the present time :
1871-Jesse Stine, Chairman, Carl. H. Ingwersen and Charles H. Toll. 1872-Jesse Stine, Chairman, Charles H. Toll, J. L. Stamen.
1873-Charles H. Toll, Chairman, J. L. Stamen, John Shambaugh. 1874-J. L. Stamen, Chairman, John Shambaugh, Francis Brogan. 1875-John Shambaugh, Chairman, Francis Brogan, William Lake. 1876-William Lake, Chairman, Henry Nurre, Arthur Lillie.
By an error in printing the ballots the wrong man was elected, it being the intention to vote for B. A. Lillie, a brother of the above. Arthur Lillie resigned and B. A. Lillie was duly appointed and served during the year.
1877-William Lake, Chairman, Henry Nurre, Claus C. Ruus. 1878-Henry Nurre, Chairman, Claus C. Ruus, William Lake.
1879-Claus C. Ruus, Chairman, William Lake, Edward Svendsen.
FIRST COURTS.
The first term of the United States District Court held in Clinton County, convened at Camanche, the first seat of justice, October 12, 1840. Hon. Thomas S. Wilson, now in active practice at Dubuque, where he then resided, was the Judge ; James D. Bourne, also from Dubuque before he became a resi- dent of this county in 1836, and now hale and hearty at his home in De Witt, was the Sheriff; Martin Dunning, of Camanche, and who died there in 1874, was the Clerk, and William J. A. Bradford, Prosecuting Attorney.
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HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY.
The names of the grand jurors are given in the record of County organiza- tion.
The District comprised the counties of Jackson, Dubuque, Scott and Clay- ton, and was the Second Judicial District of the Territory of Iowa.
The first entry after the organization of the Court and the empanelment of the Grand Jury was that of James Claborne against J. S. McCullough, assump- sit. The plaintiff dismissed his suit and the Court taxed the cost to him.
On the 13th of October, the Prosecuting Attorney moves the Court in the case of the United States against Timothy Bigelow, for a seire facias against the defendant, to show cause why his recognizance should not be forfeited.
Bigelow had been indicted for forgery of United States coins. He, however, appeared in court and the default was set aside.
The first jury trial was held October 14, 1840. an appeal case in which John Thomas was plaintiff and John Eldred, defendant. The jury empaneled were William H. Onley. John Sloan. Philip Deeds, Nathaniel Barber, William Pearsall, Reuben Root. Daniel Hess. Robert Aikman, Stephen Tripp, Charles E. Langford. Francis F. Ketchum and Stephen Briggs, who gave a verdict for the appellee for $5.25.
The suit was originally brought by Thomas against Eldred before Abner Beard, one of the Justices of the Peace of Clinton County (attached to Scott for judicial purposes). He lived at De Witt and still resides there.
The suit was originally commenced before Justice Beard, December 13, 1839, and was for " five dollars cash lent and interest." Judgment was ren- «lered for plaintiff for $5 damages and $6.87 costs. The defendant appealed and gave the requisite bond for judgment and costs. The bondsman was Robert Calder.
The amount of the judgment and costs was $32.81. Attached to the papers in the case are receipts from John F. Homer, Abraham Folck, and James W. Kirtley. for their witness fees. Mr. Kirtley dates his " Point Pleas- ant, October 11, 1842."
Levy was made upon one yoke of Cattle and one silver watch, which were sold for $17.25, " being all the property to be found at this time, November 10, 1842. JAMES D. BOURNE, Sheriff of Clinton County."
Execution was then issued against the bondsman, but is recalled by the Clerk of the Court.
Every paper in the case is wholly in manuscript, except the District Court subponas, the typographic appearance of which is indicative of the limited resources of the printers of that day. They are issued in the name of the United States of America, and are signed, " Witness the Honorable Thomas S. Wilson, Judge of the Third Judicial District of the Territory of Iowa, and the tempor- ary seal of said Court, affixed this fifteenth day of September, A. D. 1840. "M. DUNNING, Clerk."
The " temporary seal " was a wafer and diamond-shaped paper.
The first case, however, the papers in which are found and indorsed No. 1, was the United States against Erastus Fairman, who was indicted by the grand jury for arson, October 14, 1840. The information was sworn out April 25, 1840, by Joseph P. Brown. The indictment recites that " Erastus Fairman, of said county, on the 24th day of April, 1840, in the night-time of said day, with force and arms did feloniously and maliciously, willfully and knowingly, set on fire and burn a dwelling-house, in said county then standing and being, the said dwelling-house then and there being the property of Madison E. Hollister, against the peace of the United States of America," etc. Simeon Gardnier.
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HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY.
Elias Day, Joseph P. Brown and Charles Bovard entered each their recogniz- ance in the sum of $50 to appear as witnesses. At the April term this action was discontinued by the Prosecuting Attorney, and the defendant was directed by the Court to "go hence without day," and the costs are ordered to be paid out of the County Treasury.
DISTRICT COURT.
Judges, 1840 to 1879-Second Judicial District, Territory of Iowa, Hon. Thomas S. Wilson, 1840 to 1845. This Judicial District comprised the counties of Jackson, Dubuque, Scott and Clayton. Clinton County was attached to Scott for judicial purposes. Third Judicial District, Territory of Iowa, Hon. Thomas S. Wilson, 1846. This district comprised the same territory as the former. Second Judicial District, State of Iowa, Hon. James Grant, 1847 to 1851; Hon. Thomas S. Wilson, 1852. This District comprised Muscatine, Scott, Cedar, Clinton, Jackson, Jones, Dubuque, Delaware and Clayton, and the counties north and west of Delaware and Clayton attached to Clayton for judicial purposes. Eighth Judicial District, Hon. William E. Leffingwell, 1853; Hon. John B. Booth, 1854; Hon. William II. Tuthill, 1855 and 1856. This district comprised the counties of Muscatine, Scott, Cedar, Jones, Clinton and Jackson. The Fourteenth Judicial District, Hon. Gilbert C. R. Mitchell, 1857 (resigned) ; Hon. A. H. Bennett (appointed), 1857 and 1858. This district comprised the counties of Scott, Clinton and Jackson. Seventh Judicial District, IIon. John F. Dillon, 1858 to 1863; Hon. J. Scott Richman, 1863 to 1872; Hon. W. F. Brannan, 1872 to 1876; Hon. W. I. Hayes, 1876, and the present incumbent. This district comprises the counties of Muscatine, Scott, Clinton and Jackson.
COUNTY JUDGES.
Hon. Aylett R. Cotton served from 1851 to April 4, 1853, when he resigned, and Edward Graham, Prosecuting Attorney, became his successor, in accordance with the law ; Hon. Edward Graham, 1853 to 1855; Hon. Daniel McNeil, 1856 to 1859 ; Hon. John C. Polley, 1860 to 1863; Hon. Pitkin C. Wright, 1864 and 1865; Hon. George B. Young, 1866 to 1868, when the office of County Judge was discontinued, and Judge Young became ex officio Auditor until the close of his term, December 31, 1869.
CIRCUIT COURT.
The Circuit Court was established by act of Legislature in 1868. Each Judicial District in the State was by the act divided into two circuits, in each of which, at the general election in November, 1868, a Circuit Judge was elected for four years. Clinton and Jackson Counties constitute the Second Circuit in the Seventh Judicial District. It has concurrent jurisdiction with the District Court except as to criminal business, and has exclusive jurisdiction in probate matters. The Judges who have presided are : Hon. George B. Young, 1870 to March, 1872, when he resigned, and Hon. Daniel W. Ellis was appointed to the vacancy, and was afterward elected, and, by re-election, is the present incumbent.
DISTRICT ATTORNEYS.
The following gentlemen have held the office of Prosecuting Attorney : William J. A. Bradford, 1840; James Thorington, 1841; James Crawford, 1842 to 1846; E. S. Hewitt, 1847; William L. Burge, 1848 and 1849; Edward Graham, 1850 and 1852; Aylett R. Cotton, 1853; Thomas J. W. Long, 1854 and 1855; William T. Graham, 1856 and 1857; Henry
D
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HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY.
O'Connor, 1858 to 1861; Lyman A. Ellis, 1862 to 1878; H. H. Benson, 1879, and present incumbent.
CLERKS OF THE COURT.
The roster of the Clerks of the Courts is as follows : Martin Dunning, 1840 and 1841; Loring Wheeler, 1842 to 1846; R. L. Westbrook, 1847 and 1848 ; S. H. Samuels, 1849 to 1853; Loring Wheeler, 1854 to 1862 ; William Famil- ton, 1863 to 1866; Noel B. Howard, 1867 to 1870; Charles W. Chase, 1871 to 1874; W. Bruce Leffingwell, 1875 to 1879, and present incumbent.
SHERIFFS.
James D. Bourne. 1840 to 1850; Hiram Brown, 1851 and 1853 ; D. P. McDonald. 1854 and 1855; R. H. Dawson, 1856, and resigned March 14, 1857. Special clection ordered, and William H. Buchanan elected : William H. Buchanan. 1857 to 1859; Charles H. Toll, 1860 and 1861; George A. Griswold, 1862 to 1865; Robert Hagle, 1866 to 1869 ; Thomas G. Ferreby, 1870 and 1871 : Charles H. Ingwersen, 1872 and 1873 ; Jacob H. Walliker. 1874 and 1875: E. M. Purcell. 1876 to 1879, and present incumbent.
COUNTY OFFICERS.
Recorder and Treasurer .- Until 1865, the offices of Recorder and Treas- urer were combined in one incumbent. The names of those who held these offices are : James D. Bourne, 1840 to 1842; Z. Metcalf, 1843; Alexander Work, 1844 to 1846; R. R. Bedford, 1847; Lyman Buck, 1848 to 1852: Thomas F. Butterfield, 1853 to 1856 ; James Allison, 1857 to 1859; Stephen Lockwood, 1860 to 1862 (Mr. Allison was a defaulter, and resigned by request, and Mr. Lockwood, having been already elected, was, by appointment, installed at once into office) : Horace Anthony, 1863 to 1865.
Recorders .- Dennis Whitney, 1865 and 1866; Joseph D. Fegan, 1867 to 1870; Henry F. Bowers, 1871 to 1874; Daniel Correll, 1875 to 1878; Thomas HI. Ellis, 1879, and present incumbent
Treasurers .- Robert Williams. 1866 to 1869; Edwin R. Lucas, 1870 to 1877 : B. H. A. Henningsen, 1878, and present incumbent.
County Auditor .- The office of County Auditor was created by act of Legis- lature at its session of 1868. The first election was held at the general election fol- lowing, and the duties of the office began January 1, 1869. The then County Judge became ex officio Auditor until the expiration of his term. The follow- ing have filled this office : Kirke W. Wheeler, 1870 and 1871; John Pollock, 1872 to 1875; A. A. Wagner, 1876 to 1879, and present incumbent.
County Superintendent of Common Schools .- John Van Antwerp, 1858 and 1859: P. L. Hyde, elected in October, 1859, but declined to serve and Samuel S. Burdette appointed to fill the vacancy, 1860 and 1861 ; Isaac Bald- win. 1862 and 1863; Richard J. Crouch, 1864 to 1869 ; Roswell B. Millard, 1870 to 1873; Miss Lucy Curtis, 1874 and 1875 : Miss Kate Hudson, 1876 and 1877 : M. J. Wilcox, 1878 and 1879, and present incumbent.
School-Fund Commissioners .- R. R. Bedford, 1848 ; A. R. Bissell, 1848- 1856; E. Graham, 1856-1858. The office of School-Fund Commissioner was discontinued in 1858.
The following early record of the proceedings of Commissioner Bedford will give an index to the condition of the School Fund at that date, 1848 :
OFFICE OF SCHOOL-FUND COMMISSIONER, CLINTON COUNTY, IOWA, March 11, 1848.
Called to my assistance two School Inspectors to apportion the same according to law : and herewith is a true record of our proceedings. We, Hiram G. Warner and John P. Soliss, School Inspectors of Clinton County, and Robert R. Bedford, acting School-Fund Commissioner, of said
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HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY.
county, this day made an apportionment of school funds in the hands of said School-Fund Com- missioner, and herewith annex a true statement of said school funds as follows, to wit :
To De Witt, $43.17; Lyons Township, $34.33 ; Camanche Township, $31.92} ; Bloomfield Township, $24.302 ; Elk River Township, $21.763.
HIRAM G. WARNER, JOHN P. SOLISS, School Inspectors. R. R. BEDFORD, School-Fund Commissioner.
Drainage Commissioner .- William Dinwoodie, 1853 to 1856; James N. Miles, 1857 to 1860; George W. Thorn, 1861 to 1865 ; Charles L. Sherwood, 1866 and 1867; William W. A. Huntington, 1867 and 1869; J. H. Noble, 1870 and 1871; John Dawson, 1872 and 1873 ; J. R. Merrell, 1874 and 1875, when the office was abolished.
Coroners .- E. M. Downs, 1853 ; Joseph D. Fegan, 1857; William B. La Mont, 1858 (to fill vacancy) ; H. W. Perkins, 1858; James Harvey, 1859 to 1862; Asa Morgan, 1863; Jacob Soy, 1866 and 1867 ; Daniel McNeil, 1868 and 1869 ; Charles H. Lothrop, 1870 and 1871 ; John Mathews, 1872 to 1875; Lyman P. Adams, 1876 and 1877; E. Lukins, 1878 and 1879, and present incumbent.
County Surveyors .- Lyman Buck, 1840 to 1847 ; Thomas Watts, 1848 to 1852; T. E. Davidson, 1853 ; Roswell B. Millard, 1854; John O'Brien, 1855; Amos Matthews, 1856 ; George Lilly, 1857 ; resigned, James Runyon, 1858, appointed to fill vacancy ; Thomas S. Flathers, 1859 to 1861 ; Benjamin B. Hart, 1862 to 1871; T. N. Boutelle, 1872 and 1873 ; B. B. Hart, 1874 and 1875; Allen Slack, 1876 and 1877 ; R. G. Brown, 1878 and 1879, and present incumbent.
LEGISLATIVE.
Representation in Congress-Delegates .- William W. Chapman, in the XXVth and XXVIth Congresses ; Augustus C. Dodge, in XXVIIth, XXVIIIth and XXIXth Congresses.
Senators .- (See page 225.)
Members of Congress, Second District .- Shepherd Leffler, 1846 to 1851 ; Lincoln Clark, 1851 to 1853; John P. Cook, 1853 to 1855; James Thoring- ton, 1855 to 1857 ; Timothy Davis, 1857 to 1859; William Vandever, 1859 to 1863; Hiram Price, 1863 to 1869; William Smyth, 1869 to 1870 (died during his term): W. P. Wolf, 1870 (to fill vacancy) ; Aylett R. Cotton, 1871 to 1875; John G. Tufts, 1875 to 1877; Hiram Price, 1877 to 1879, and present incumbent.
TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE.
Council .- Scott and Clinton Counties : Jonathan W. Parker, 1838 to 1843; Robert Christie, 1843 to 1845; Laurel Summers, 1845 to 1846.
House of Representatives .- Scott and Clinton Counties : Laurel Summers, Jabez A. Burchard Jr. (after contest with Samuel R. Murray), 1838 and 1839; Laurel Summers, Joseph M. Robertson, 1839 to 1841 ; Joseph M. Rob- ertson, James Grant, 1841 to 1842. Clinton County : Eli Goddard, 1842 to 1843; John Brophy, 1843 to 1845; Shubael Coy, 1845 to 1846.
STATE LEGISLATURE.
Senators .- Scott and Clinton Counties : Loring Wheeler, 1846 to 1850; William E. Leffingwell, 1850 to 1852 for Scott and Clinton, 1852 to 1854 for Cedar and Clinton Counties. Cedar and Clinton Counties : Julius J. Mathews, 1854 to 1856, and for Clinton County 1856 to 1858; George M. Davis, 1858 to 1862 ; Norman Boardman, 1862 to 1866 ; John Henry Smith, 1866 to 1870 :
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HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY.
A. B. Ireland, 1870 to 1874; N. A. Merrill, 1874 to 1879, and present incum- bent.
Representatives .- William E. Leffingwell. 1846 to 1848 ; James D. Bourne, 1848 to 1850; William G. Haun, 1850 to 1854; Joseph H. Brown, 1854 to 1856 ; George Smith, floating member from Cedar, Clinton and Scott, 1854 to 1856; Charles H. Toll, 1856 to 1858; Horace Anthony, Thomas Watts, 1858 to 1860 ; Nathaniel B. Baker, George W. Parker, 1860 to 1862; George W. Parker, John S. Maxwell, 1862 to 1864; George W. Parker, Samuel G. Magill, 1864 to 1866; B. R. Palmer. George W. Thorn, 1866 to 1868; Charles G. Truesdell, Aylett R. Cotton, Charles E. Leffingwell, 1868 to 1870; Aylett R. Cotton, Benjamin Spencer, Samuel H. Rogers, 1870 to 1872; James Van Deventer, George Rule, N. A. Merrill, 1872 to 1874 ; Edward Svendsen, Eben- ezer Dorr, Henry Muhs, 1874 to 1876; John A. Young, Edward H. Thayer, HI. Horstman, 1876 to 1878: A. A. Gardner, J. A. Young, 1878 to 1880.
POLITICAL ECONOMY.
Had such great naturalists as Humboldt or Agassiz visited the Northwest before it was settled, it is possible that their contemplative eyes might have dis- cerned that the speedy settlement and comfortable habitation of the Iowan rolling prairies by civilized men, would depend upon the growth of industrial enter- prises, fed by raw material from the pine forests of Wisconsin. But, it is not at all likely that even the most prophetic ken would have foreseen the complexity and extent of the commerce to which the unpromising prairies of Clinton would owe an unexcelled prosperity. Many were the croakers, on the other hand, who scoffed at the idea of treeless prairies ever being profitably or thickly settled. " With what do you intend to build ?" said they, disdainfully regarding as insufficient the timber belts along the rivers. Few would have had the hardi- hood, even those then thought most sanguine, to have even imagined, much less prophesied the acres and square miles of log rafts, and leagues of lumber- loaded cars, destined not only for the people of Clinton County, but of the illimitable prairies beyond. Still less did any one dip "into the future, far as human eye could see," and dream that those houses would be warmed by coal from other prairies in Iowa or Illinois, or that the surplus products, the beef, pork, eggs and butter of those prairies, would find a market in Europe. Still less did any one dream that the creaking emigrant wagon would be superseded by through trains from sea to sea, or that these prairies would, before half a cen- tury had passed, echo to the clattering thunder of a train traversing the con- tinent in seventy hours.
Nathaniel Hawthorne's tale of the man who roamed over the world, in search of a treasure really at his very door, is recalled and paralleled by the trains of emigrants that, during the years from 1840 to 1847, streamed across the river at the Lyons ferry, and passed westward further into the wilderness, and away from water communication, disdainfully driving over, or overlooking what are now the fairest prairie farms of Clinton County. Having left timbered sections, they were in search of locations near, or in the belts along the interior rivers. Little did they dream of the advantages the Mississippi was destined to offer in supplying building material and fuel from the great northern pineries. But even those pioneers who located in the prairies of Clinton County thought it necessary to also take up a timber claim, if possible. Many laboriously hauled therefrom, a distance of from two to fifteen miles, the materials for the first hewn or frame houses, and for fencing the first inclosures of land broken for seeding. But what was the result of these various surroundings and locations, in the
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HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY.
view of an apparently acute and impartial observer, may be inferred from the letter of a tourist through the country, who, it is to be hoped, was not writing in the interest of any one who had prairie lands to sell. The letter appeared in 1855, in the Lyons Mirror :
Here is another conclusion that I have lately come to-that prairie farms look the best, and are the most profitable. I have come to this conclusion after traveling through several States. *
* * To illustrate this, and to compare the farmer of one part of the Union with another, will the reader accompany me to look at a farm in the New England States ? There the soil will scarcely produce anything unless manured, and will not afford the farmer a living unless all work-the inmates of the house at the spinning-wheel or at some useful employment, as well as the father and sons in the field. This is so true, that the New England family has become noted for its industry and economy. It is not so with the farmers around me ; they live in com- parative luxury compared with the former. Let us look at Pennsylvania. The soil there is richer than in Maine, and withal they have plenty of timber, a thing so greedily hunted by some that they sometimes pass by a valuable soil for it. A respectable farmer from Pennsylvania remarked to me this morning that he had come here to get away from timber ; and well he might, for in Pennsylvania it takes onė man's life to make a farm, and then he is called to leave it for others to enjoy. It is not so here. A man can make one in two or three years, and enjoy the benefits of it the remainder of his life.
This morning I started from Camanche, taking a westerly course toward De Witt. I came to one of the finest prairies I ever saw. It is spotted with groves, and plenty of springs of good water. The soil is a rich, black loam. The land is all bought, and mostly improved. In fact, the large fields and good frame buildings present the appearance of an old-settled country, although it is only three or four years since the majority of the farmers settled there. Yet I see a number of 80 or 160 acre cultivated fields that have yielded thirty bushels of wheat per acre, without manure. That is truly rich. The houses are good, large frame buildings, and painted. The barns and sheds have a neat appearance. The farm-yard is well stocked with cattle, sheep, hogs and horses, all of which they raise. The whole-even the fields-have a neat- ness almost equal to a gentleman's country residence. I do not think I have seen, anywhere, a more prosperous community of farmers.
Let us compare the prairie farms with those in the timber or oak openings. Everything about the latter has a meager appearance. The houses, outbuildings and fences look generally as though a botch-workman had been the only person who had done anything. The soil is about half-cultivated. The owners are of the poorer class, and not the best-informed. How does this compare with the prairie farm I have described ? The cause of the difference between these kinds of farms and their owners is, I think, easily accounted for. On the timbered farm, there is the material for making a honse, outbuildings, fences, etc., so that, if the land is bought of Government, the purchaser gets, with the soil, the material for making a farm, at ten shillings per acre. Consequently, such is generally bought up by such of the first settlers as have little or no capital, but avail themselves of the pre-emption law. Such land requires almost endless labor to clear, but less capital to get along with, and, as labor is the poor man's only capital, perhaps such land is the best for him. If I have capital, give me prairie to make a farm out of, provided I get a grove sufficiently near to supply me with firewood. I am not the only one with these views. The moneyed farmer who comes West, by his actions says he is of the same opin- ion. I would advise such men, coming West to look for land, to travel through the country, as there is some fine prairie, which I presume can be bought at $4 or $5 per acre.
From the previous survey of the characteristics of the soil, climate and transportation facilities of Clinton and sister counties, it is readily perceived that they present an environment in the highest degree favora- ble to the evolution of an exalted type of humanity. Whether these natural advantages and bounties would have been equally improved had they remained within the grasp of the Frenchman or fallen into the hands of the Spaniard, may be greatly doubted. The great-souled La Salle and the iron-hearted De Soto had but few kindred spirits among their followers. Had such been the decree of destiny, the fair lands of Iowa would have been peopled by the sluggish and stupid counterpart of the French-Canadian-too indolent to catch the spirit of modern enterprise ; or, the prairies of the upper river might have been polluted by such a population as the degenerate Spanish of Cuba or Mexico. But a beneficent Providence ordained that the fruitful and well- watered garden and granary of the West should be had and held by the North- ern type of man, with whom individualism was the dominant sentiment, liberty
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HISTORY OF CLINTON COUNTY.
and self-government his strongest passions, and toleration his broadest creed. As the Hindoo Koosh Mountains of Central Asia were the cradle of the pro- gressive white races, whence they set out on a westward course, to diverge into the various nationalities of Europe, so the Mississippi Valley seems inevitably destined to become the home of these nations' manhood, where they will again converge and unify, soberly applying, in peace and tranquillity, the lessons learned during their stormy youth in Europe.
SOCIOLOGICAL.
The life of the carly settlers, compared with the pioneers in Eastern for- ests, was quiet and uneventful. It has been well said, " Happy is the people that has no history," and the relative freedom of early Iowa from turmoil and adventure, was one of the principal causes of the rapidity and stability of its prosperity. The red man had vanished years before, leaving scarcely a relic behind, and never again to revisit his old haunts. such as the picturesque bluff above Lyons, except as an exile or captive. Perhaps social life would have been more intense had there been a common enemy to knit the settlers frater- nally together for the general defense. But none of them would have been likely to consider that a compensation for the " terror by night and the arrow that flieth by day." that on other frontiers afflicted the pioneers of civilization.
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