USA > Iowa > Jones County > The history of Jones County, Iowa, containing a history of the county, its cities, towns, &c., biographical sketches of citizens history of the Northwest, history of Iowa > Part 25
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Under the act of July 2, 1852. 204,309.30 acres.
Of the five-section grant ..
3,200.00
Lands donated in Story County.
721.00
1
Lands donated in Boone County.
200.00 =
Total
208,430.30 acres.
The Trustees opened an office at Fort Dodge, and appointed Hon. G. W. Bassett their agent for the sale of these lands.
THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
The germ of the free public school system of Iowa, which now ranks sec- ond to none in the United States, was planted by the first settlers. They had migrated to the "The Beautiful Land" from other and older States, where the common school system had been tested by many years' experience, bringing with them some knowledge of its advantages, which they determined should be enjoyed by the children of the land of their adoption. The system thus planted was expanded and improved in the broad fields of the West, until now it is justly considered one of the most complete, comprehensive and liberal in the country.
Nor is this to be wondered at when it is remembered humble log school houses were built almost as soon as the log cabin of the earliest settlers were occupied by their brave builders. In the lead mining regions of the State. the first to be occupied by the white race, the hardy pioneers provided the means for the education of their children even before they had comfortable dwellings for their families. School teachers were among the first immigrants to Iowa. Wherever a little settlement was made, the school house was the first united public act of the settlers; and the rude, primitive structures of the early time only disappeared when the communities had increased in population and wealth. and were able to replace them with more commodious and comfortable buildings. Perhaps a no single instance has the magnificent progress of the State of Iowa been more marked and rapid than in her common school system and in her school houses, which, long since, superseded the log cabins of the first settlers. To- day, the school houses which everywhere dot the broad and fertile prairies of Iowa are unsurpassed by those of any other State in the great Union. More especially is this truc in all her cities and villages, where liberal and lavish appropriations have been voted, by a generous people, for the erection of large, commodious and elegant buildings, furnished with all the modern improvements, and costing from $10.000 to $60,000 each. The people of the State have ex- pended more than $10,000,000 for the erection of public school buildings.
The first house erected in Iowa was a log cabin at Dubuque, built by James L. Langworthy and a few other miners, in the Autumn of 1833. When it was completed. George Cabbage was employed as teacher during the Winter of 1833-4. and thirty-five pupils attended his school. Barrett Whittemore taught the second term with twenty-five pupils in attendance. Mrs. Caroline Dexter
219
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA.
commenced teaching in Dubuque in March, 1836. She was the first female teacher there, and probably the first in Iowa. In 1839, Thomas II. Benton, Jr., afterward for ten years Superintendent of Public Instruction, opened an English and classical school in Dubuque. The first tax for the support of schools at Dubugne was levied in 1>40.
Among the first buildings erected at Burlington was a commodious log school house in 1834, in which Mr. Johnson Pierson taught the first school in the Winter of 1834-5.
The first school in Muscatine County was taught by George Bumgardner, in the Spring of 1837, and in 1839, a log school house was erected in Musca- tine, which served for a long time for school house, church and public hall. The first school in Davenport was taught in 1838. In Fairfield, Miss Clarissa Sawyer, James F. Chambers and Mrs. Reed taught school in 1839.
When the site of Iowa City was selected as the capital of the Territory of Iowa, in May, 1839, it was a perfect wilderness. The first sale of lots took place August 18, 1839, and before January 1, 1840, about twenty families had settled within the limits of the town ; and during the same year, Mr. Jesse Berry opened a school in a small frame building he had erected, on what is now College street.
The first settlement in Monroe County was made in 1843, by Mr. John R. Gray, about two miles from the present site of Eddyville; and in the Summer of 1844, a log school house was built by Gray, William V. Beedle, C. Rentro, Joseph MeMullen and Willoughby Randolph, and the first school was opened by Miss Urania Adams. The building was occupied for school purposes for nearly ten years. About a year after the first eabin was built at Oskaloosa, a log school house was built, in which school was opened by Sammuel W. Caldwell in 1844.
At Fort Des Moines, now the capital of the State, the first school was taught by Lewis Whitten, Clerk of the District Court in the Winter of 1846-7, in one of the rooms on " Coon Row," built for barracks.
The first school in Pottawattomie County was opened by George Green, a Mormon, at Couneil Point, prior to 1849; and until about 1854, nearly, if not quite, all the teachers in that vicinity were Mormons.
The first school in Decorah was taught in 1853, by T. W. Burdick, then a young man of seventeen. In Osceola, the first school was opened by Mr. D. W. Seoville. The first school at Fort Dodge was taught in 1855, by Cyrus C. Carpenter, sinee Governor of the State. In Crawford County, the first school house was built in Mason's Grove, in 1856, and Morris Me Henry first occupied it as teacher.
During the first twenty years of the history of Iowa, the log school house pre- vailed, and in 1861, there were 893 of these primitive structures in use for school purposes in the State. Since that time they have been gradually dis- appearing. In 1865, there were 796; in 1870, 336, and in 1875, 121.
Iowa Territory was created July 3, 1838. January 1, 1839, the Territorial Legislature passed an act providing that " there shall be established a common school, or schools in cach of the counties in this Territory, which shall be open and free for every class of white citizens between the ages of five and twenty-one years." The second section of the act provided that " the County Board shall, from time to time, form such distriets in their respective counties whenever a petition may be presented for the purpose by a majority of the voters resident within such contemplated district." These distriets were gov- erned by boards of trustees, usually of three persons; each distriet was required
220
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA.
to maintain school at least three months in every year ; and later, laws were enacted providing for county school taxes for the payment of teachers, and that whatever additional sum might be required should be assessed upon the parents sending, in proportion to the length of time sent.
When Iowa Territory became a State, in 1846, with a population of 100 .- 000, and with 20,000 scholars within its limits, about four hundred school dis- tricts had been organized. In 1850, there were 1,200, and in 1857, the number had increased to 3,265.
In March, 1858. upon the recommendation of Hon. M. L. Fisher. then Su- perintendent of Public Instruction, the Seventh General Assembly enacted that "each civil township is declared a school district," and provided that these should be divided into sub-distriets. This law went into force March 20. 1858, and reduced the number of school districts from about 3,500 to less than 900.
This change of school organization resulted in a very material reduction of the expenditures for the compensation of District Secretaries and Treasurers. An effort was made for several years, from 1867 to 1872, to abolish the sub- district system. Mr. Kiss:Il, Superintendent, recommended, in his report of January 1, 1872, and Governor Merrill forcibly endorsed his views in his annual message. But the Legislature of that year provided for the formation of inde- pendent districts from the sub-districts of distriet townships.
The system of graded schools was inaugurated in 1849; and new schools. in which more than one teacher is employed, are universally graded.
The first official mention of Teachers' Institutes in the educational records of Iowa occurs in the annual report of Hon. Thomas II. Benton, Jr., made December 2, 1850, who said, " An institution of this character was organized a few years ago, composed of the teachers of the mineral regions of Illinois. Wisconsin and Iowa. An association of teachers has, also, been formed in the county of Henry, and an effort was made in October last to organize a regular institute in the county of Jones." At that time-although the benecolul influence of these institutes was admitted, it was urged that the expenses of attending them was greater than teachers with limited compensation were able to bear. To obviate this ohjection, Mr. Benton recommended that " the sum of $150 should be appropriated annually for three years, to be drawn in instail- ments of $50 each by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and expendel for these institutions." Ile proposed that three institutes should be held annu- ally at points to be designated by the Superintendent.
No legislation in this direction, however, was had until March. 1858. when an act was passed authorizing the holding of teachers' institutes for periods not less than six working days, whenever not less than thirty teachers should desire. The Superintendent was authorized to expend not exceeding 8100 for any ote institute, to be paid out by the County Superintendent as the institute might direct for teachers and lecturers, and one thousand dollars was appropriatei to defray the expenses of these institutes.
December 6, 1858, Mr. Fisher reported to the Board of Education tis: institutes had been appointed in twenty counties within the preceding six mon ... .. and more would have been, but the appropriation had been exhausted.
The Board of Education at its first session, commencing December 6. 1 .... enacted a code of school laws which retained the existing provisions for teacher- institutes.
In March, 1860, the General Assembly amended the act of the Board 1; appropriating " a sum not exceeding fifty dollars annually for one such institus ... held as provided by law in each county.'
2221
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA.
In 1865, Mr. Faville reported that "the provision made by the State for the benefit of teachers' institutes has never been so fully appreciated, both by the people and the teachers, as during the last two years.
By act approved March '19, 1874, Normal Institutes were established in each county, to be held annually by the County Superintendent. This was regarded as a very decided step in advance by Mr. Abernethy, and in 1876 the Sixteenth General Assembly established the first permanent State Normal School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, appropriating the building and property of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place for that purpose. This school is now " in the full tide of successful experiment."
The public school system of Iowa is admirably organized, and if the various officers who are entrusted with the educational interests of the commonwealth are faithful and competent, should and will constantly improve.
" The public schools are supported by funds arising from several sources. The sixteenth section of every Congressional Township was set apart by the General Government for school purposes. being one-thirty-sixth part of all the lands of the State. The minimum price of these lands was fixed at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre. Congress also made an additional donation to the State of five hundred thousand acres, and an appropriation of five per cent. on all the sales of public lands to the school fund. The State gives to this fund the proceeds of the sales of all lands which escheat to it; the proceeds of all fines for the violation of the liquor and criminal laws. The money derived from these sources constitutes the permanent school fund of the State, which cannot be diverted to any other purpose. The penalties collected by the courts for fines and forfeitures go to the school fund in the counties where collected. The proceeds of the sale of lands and the five per cent. fund go into the State Treasury, and the State distributes these proceeds to the several counties accord- ing to their request, and the counties loan the money to individuals for long terms at eight per cent. interest, on security of land valued at three times the amount of the loan, exclusive of all buildings and improvements thercon. The interest on these loans is paid into the State Treasury, and becomes the avail- able school fund of the State. The counties are responsible to the State for all money so loaned, and the State is likewise responsible to the school fund for all moneys transferred to the counties. The interest on these loans is apportioned by the State Auditor semi-annually to the several counties of the State, in pro- portion to the number of persons between the ages of five and twenty-one years. The counties also levy an annual tax for school purposes, which is apportioned to the several district townships in the same way. A district tax is also levied for the same purpose. The money arising from these several sources constitutes the support of the public schools, and is sufficient to enable every sub-district in the State to afford from six to nine months' school each year."
The taxes levied for the support of schools are self-imposed. Under the admirable school laws of the State, no taxes can be legally assessed or collected for the erection of school houses until they have been ordered by the election of the district at a school meeting legally called. The school houses of Iowa are the pride of the State and an honor to the people. If they have been some- times built at a prodigal expense, the tax payers have no one to blame but themselves. The teachers' and contingent funds are determined by the Board of Directors under certain legal restrictions. These boards are elected annually, except in the independent districts, in which the board may be entirely changed every three years. The only exception to this mode of levying taxes for support
222
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA.
of schools is the county school tax, which is determined by the County Board of Supervisors. The tax is from one to three mills on the dollar; usually. however, but one. Mr. Abernethy, who was Superintendent of Publie Instrue- tion from 1872 to 1877, said in one of his reports :
There is but little opposition to the levy of taxes for the support of schools, and there would be still less if the funds were always properly guarded and judiciously expendedl. How- ever much our people disagree upon other subjects, they are practically united upon this. The opposition of wealth has long since ceased to exist, and our wealthy men are usually the most liberal in their views and the most active friends of popular education. They are often foundl upon our school boards, and usually make the best of school officers. It is not uncommon for Boards of Directors, especially in the larger towns and cities, to be composed wholly of men who represent the enterprise, wealth and business of their cities.
At the close of 1877, there were 1,086 township districts. 3,138 indepen- dent distriets and 7,015 sub-districts. There were 9,948 ungraded and 476 graded schools, with an average annual session of seven months and five days. There were 7,348 male teachers employed, whose average compensation was $34.88 per month, and 12,518 female teachers, with an average compensation of $28.69 per month.
The number of persons between the ages 5 and 21 years, in 1877. was 567.859; number enrolled in public schools, 421,163; total average attendance, 251,372; average cost of tuition per month, $1.62. There are 9,279 frame, 671 brick, 257 stone and 89 log school houses, making a grand total of 10.296, valued at 89,044,973. The public school libraries number 17.329 volumes. Ninety-nine teachers' institutes were held during 1877. Teachers' salaries amounted to 82.953,645. There was expended for school houses, grounds, libraries and apparatus, $1.106,788, and for fuel and other contingencies. $1.136,995, making the grand total of $5,197.428 expended by the generous people of Iowa for the support of their magnificent public schools in a single year. The amount of the permanent school fund, at the close of 1877, was $3,462.000. Annual interest, 8276,960.
In 1857, there were 3,265 independent districts, 2,708 ungraded schools, and 1,572 male and 1,424 female teachers. Teachers' salaries amounted to $198,142, and the total expenditures for schools was only $364,515. Six hun- dred and twenty-three volumes were the extent of the public school libraries twenty years ago, and there were only 1.686 school houses, valued at $571.064.
In twenty years, teachers' salaries have increased from $198,142, in 1857, to $2.953,645 in 1877. Total school expenditures, from $364,515 to $5,197,428.
The significance of such faets as these is unmistakable. Such lavish expen- ditures can only be accounted for by the liberality and public spirit of the people, all of whom manifest their love of popular education and their faith in the public schools by the annual dedication to their support of more than one per cent. of their entire taxable property ; this, too, uninterruptedly through a series of years. commencing in the midst of a war which taxed their energies and resources to the extreme, and continuing through years of general depression in business-years of moderate yield of produce, of discouragingly low prices, and even amid the seanty surroundings and privations of pioneer life. Few human enterprises have a grander significance or give evidence of a more noble purpose than the generous contributions from the scanty resources of the pioneer for the purposes of public education.
223
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA.
POLITICAL RECORD.
TERRITORIAL OFFICERS.
Governors-Robert Lucas, 1838-41; John Chambers, 1841-45 ; James Clarke, 1845.
Secretaries-William B. Conway, 1838, died 1839; James Clarke, 1839; O. H. W. Stull, 1841 ; Samuel J. Burr, 1843 ; Jesse Williams, 1845.
Auditors-Jesse Williams, 1840; Wm. L. Gilbert, 1843 . Robert M. Secrest, 1845.
Treasurers-Thornton Bavliss, 1839 ; Morgan Reno, 1840.
Judges-Charles Mason, Chief Justice, 1838; Joseph Williams, 1838; Thomas S. Wilson, 1838.
Presidents of Council-Jesse B. Browne, 1838-9: Stephen Hempstead, 1839-40: M. Bainridge, 1840-1; Jonathan W. Parker, 1841-2; John D. Elbert, 1842-3; Thomas Cox, 1843-4; S. Clinton Ilastings, 1845; Stephen Hempstead, 1845-6.
Speakers of the House-William HI. Wallace, 1838-9; Edward Johnston, 1839-40; Thomas Cox, 1840-1; Warner Lewis, 1841-2; James M. Morgan, 1842-3; James P. Carleton, 1843-4; James M. Morgan, 1845; George W. MeCleary, 1845-6.
First Constitutional Convention, 1844-Shepherd Leffler, President ; Geo. S. Hampton, Secretary.
Second Constitutional Convention, 1846-Enos Lowe, President; William Thompson, Secretary.
OFFICERS OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT.
Governors-Ansel Briggs, 1846 to 1850; Stephen Hempstead, 1850 to 1854; James W. Grimes, 1854 to 1858; Ralph P. Lowe, 1853 to 1860; Sam- uel J. Kirkwood, 1860 to 1864; William MI. Stone, 1864 to 1868 ; Samuel Morrill, 1868 to 1872 ; Cyrus C. Carpenter, 1872 to 1876 ; Samuel J. Kirk- wood, 1876 to 1877; Joshua G. Newbold, Acting, 1877 to 1878; John II. Gear, 1878 to
Lieutenant Governor-Office created by the new Constitution September 3, 1857-Oran Faville, 1858-9; Nicholas J. Rusch, 1860-1; John R. Needham, 1862-3; Enoch W. Eastman, 1864-5; Benjamin F. Gue, 1866-7; John Scott, 1868-9; M. M. Walden, 1870-1; II. C. Bulis, 1872-3: Joseph Dy- sart, 1874-5; Joshua G. Newbold, 1876-7 ; Frank T. Campbell, 1878-2.
Secretaries of State-Elisha Cutler, Jr., Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 4, 1848; Josiah II. Bonney, Dec. 4. 1848, to Dec. 2, 1850; George W. MeCleary, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 1, 1856; Elijah Sells, Dec. 1, 1856, to Jan. 5, 1863; James Wright, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867; Ed. Wright, Jan. 7, 1867, to Jan. 6, 1873; Josiah T. Young, Jan. 6, 1873, to
Auditors of State-Joseph T. Fales, Dec. 5. 1846. to Dec. 2, 1850; Will- iam Pattee, Dec. 2, 1850. to Dec. 4, 1854; Andrew J. Stevens, Dec. 4, 1854. resigned in 1855; John Pattee, Sept. 22. 1855. to Jan. 3, 1859; Jonathan W. Cattell, 1859 to 1865; John A. Elliot, 1865 to 1871; John Russell, 1871 to 1875; Buren R. Sherman, 1875 to
Treasurers of State-Morgan Reno, Dec. 18, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850; Israel Kister, Dec. 2. 1850. to Dec. 4, 1852 : Martin L. Morris, Dec. 4, 1852, to Jan. 2, 1859 ; John W. Jones, 1859 to 1863 ; William II. Holmes, 1863 to
224
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA.
1867 ; Samuel E. Rankin, 1867 to 1873; William Christy, 1873 to 1877; George W. Bemis, 1877 to -.
Superintendents of Public Instruction-Office created in 1847-James Harlan, June 5, 1845 (Supreme Court decided election void) ; Thomas HI. Benton, Jr., May 23, 1844, to June 7, 1854; James D. Eads, 1854-7 ; Joseph C. Stone, March to June, 1857; Maturin L. Fisher, 1857 to Dec., 1858, when the office was abolished and the duties of the office devolved upon the Secretary of the Board of Education.
Secretaries of Board of Education-Thomas H. Benton, Jr., 1859-1863; Oran Faville, Jan. 1, 1864. Board abolished March 23, 1864.
Superintendents of Public Instruction-Office re-created March 23, 1864- Oran Faville, March 28, 1864, resigned March 1, 1867 ; D. Franklin Wells, March 4, 1867, to Jan., 1870; A. S. Kissell, 1870 to 1872; Alonzo Abernethy, 1872 to 1877 ; Carl W. Von Coelln, 1877 to
State Binders-Office created February 21. 1855-William M. Coles, Mav 1, 1855, to May 1, 1859; Frank M. Mills, 1859 to 1867: James S. Carter, 1867 to 1870; J. J. Smart, 1870 to 1874; H. A. Perkins, 1874 to 1875; James J. Smart, 1875 to 1876; HI. A. Perkins, 1876 to
Registers of the State Land Office -- Anson Hart, May 5, 1855, to May 13, 1857 ; Theodore S. Parvin, May 13, 1857, to Jan. 3, 1859; Amos B. Miller, Jan. 3, 1859, to October, 1862; Edwin Mitchell, Oct. 31, 1862, to Jan 5, 1863; Josiah A. Harvey, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867 ; Cyrus C. Carpenter, Jan. 7, 1867, to January, 1871 ; Aaron Brown, January, 1871, to to January, 1875; David Secor, January, 1875, to - .
State Printers-Office created Jan. 3, 1840-Garrett D. Palmer and George Paul, 1849; William H. Merritt, 1851 to 1853; William A. Hornish. 1853 (resigned May 16, 1853); Mahoney & Dorr, 1853 to 1855; Peter Moriarty, 1855 to 1857: John Teesdale, 1857 to 1861; Francis W. Palmer. 1861 to 1869; Frank M. Mills, 1869 to 1870; G. W. Edwards, 1870 to 1872; R. P. Clarkson, 1872 to - -.
Adjutants General-Daniel S. Lee, 1851-5; Geo. W. McCleary, 1855-7: Elljah Sells. 1857 : Jesse Bowen, 1857-61; Nathaniel Baker, 1861 to 1877; John H. Looby, 1877 to
Attorneys General-David C. Cloud, 1853-56 : Samuel A. Rice, 1856-60: Charles C. Nonrse. 1861-4; Isaac L. Allen, 1865 (resigned January, 1866); Frederick E. Bissell. 1866 (died June 12. 1867); Henry O'Connor, 1867-72; Marsena E. Cutts, 1872-6; John F. McJunkin, 1877.
Presidents of the Senate-Thomas Baker, 1846-7; Thomas IInghes, 1848; John J. Selman. 1848-9; Enos Lowe. 1850-1: William E. Letfing- well, 1852-3; Maturin L. Fisher, 1854-5; William W. Hamilton, 1856-7. Under the new Constitution, the Lieutenant Governor is President of the Senate.
Speakers of the House-Jesse B. Brown, 1847-8; Smiley H. Bonhan, 1849-50; George Temple, 1851-2; James Grant, 1853-4; Reuben Noble, 1855-6; Samuel McFarland, 1856-7; Stephen B. Sheledy. 1858-9: John Edwards, 1860-1; Rush Clark. 1862-3; Jacob Butler, 1864-5; Ed. Wright, 1866-7; John Russell, 1868-9; Avlett R. Cotton. 1870-1; James Wilson, 1872-3; John II. Gear, 1874-7 ; John Y. Stone, 1878.
New Constitutional Convention, 1859-Francis Springer, President ; Thos. J. Saunders, Secretary.
225
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA.
STATE OFFICERS, 1878.
John H. Gear, Governor; Frank T. Campbell, Lieutenant Governor ; Josiah T. Young, Secretary of State; Buren R. Sherman, Auditor of State; George W. Bemis, Treasurer of State; David Secor, Register of State Land Office; John HI. Looby, Adjutant General; John F. McJunken, Attorney General : Mrs. Ada North, State Librarian : Edward J. Holmes, Clerk Supreme Court; John S. Runnells, Reporter Supreme Court: Carl W. Von Coelln, Superintend- ent Public Instruction ; Richard P. Clarkson, State Printer; Henry A. Perkins, State Binder; Prof. Nathan R. Leonard, Superintendent of Weights and Measures; William H. Fleming, Governor's Private Secretary; Fletcher W. Young, Deputy Secretary of State; John C. Parish, Deputy Auditor of State; Erastus G. Morgan, Deputy Treasurer of State; John M. Davis. Deputy Reg- ister Land Office; Ira C. Kling, Deputy Superintendent Public Instruction.
THE JUDICIARY.
SUPREME COURT OF IOWA.
Chief Justices .- Charles Mason, resigned in June, 1847; Joseph Williams, Jan., 1847, to Jan., 1848; S. Clinton Hastings, Jan., 1848, to Jan., 1849; Joseph Williams, Jan., 1849, to Jan. 11, 1855; Geo. G. Wright, Jan. 11, 1855, to Jan., 1860; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan., 1860, to Jan. 1, 1862; Caleb Baldwin. Jan., 1862, to Jan., 1864 : Geo. G. Wright, Jan., 1864, to Jan., 1866; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan., 1866, to Jan., 1868; John F. Dillon, Jan., 1868, to Jan., 1870; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1870, to Jan. 1, 1871; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to Jan. 1, 1572; Joseph M. Beck. Jan. 1, 1872, to Jan. 1, 1874; W. E. Miller, Jan. 1, 1874, to Jan. 1, 1876; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1876, to Jan. 1, 1877; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1877, to Jan. 1, 1878; James H. Rothrock, Jan. 1, 1878.
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