USA > Illinois > Atlas of the State of Illinois, to which are added various general maps, history, statistics and illustrations > Part 11
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G P. D.B.GRATTAN M.0 CALLATIA SALINE CO.ILL
JOHN H. NORRIS M. O. METROPOLIS
JAS. E. GOWAN M .D. METROPOLIS
WW H.PANKEY ESQ. HARRISBURG ILL.
JOHN H. WILSON ESQ HARRISBURG ILL
REV.W.C. ROPER GALLATIA SALINE CO,ILL.
W. E. BRANN M.O. HARRISBURG ILL.
A.M.CHEEK M. D. METROPOLIS ILL.
JOHN. O. YOUNG M.D. METROPOLIS ILL
HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
BY J. W. FOSTER, LL. D., Author of "The Mississippi Valley: its Physical Geography," etc., etc .; President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, ete.
REVISED BY C. A. ANDREWS.
THE discovery of Illinois is due to Jacques Marquetto, a Jesuit missionary, and Louis Joliet, an intelligent and enterprising fur-trader of Quehec.
Marquetto was born in 1637, in the north of France, of respectable parentage, and in early youth was placed under the instruction of the Jesuits, with a view to the priesthood. In 1666, be was sent to Canada, and thenee transferred to the Jesuit missions on the Upper Lakes, first pausing at Sault Ste. Marie ; then at La Pointe, at the head of Lake Superior; and then at St. Ignace, on the north shore of the Straits, opposito Mackinaw. He was a man of puro and simple faith, and did bis Master's work with a ebivalrous devotion.
Joliet was the son of a wagon maker at Quebee, and also received his early training from the Jesuits; but he preferred a life of commercial adventure, and at the time of tbo dis- eovery had already traversed the Upper Lakes.
Marquette, whilo at La Pointe, had heard through the Illi- nois, formerly residing on the shores of Miebigan, but at that time dwelling in a region thirty days' journey to the west, to which they had heen driven by the Iroquois, of the existence of a great river flowing through grassy plains on which grazed countless herds of buffalo; and Dablon and Allouez, the first missionaries to explore Wisconsin, had gained simdar informa- tion from the Mascoutins and Miamis, residiug on the west shore of Lake Winnebago.
This information had reached M. Talon, Intendant of Canada, a man fully alive to the progress of discovery, who recom- mended Joliet to the Governor as a suitable person to explore the Great River-a recommendation which was adopted, and Pere Marquette was designated to accompany him, for in those days religion and commerce went band in hand. Ae- cordingly Joliet repaired to St. Ignace, where they fitted out the expedition. With two canoes and five voyageurs, and a supply of eorn and smoked meat, thoy started on their jour- ney, May 17, 1673. They eoasted to the head of Green Bay, aseended the Fox River, crossed Lake Winnchago, and followed up the quiet and tortuous stream beyond to the portage. Hero their Indian guides, procured at the village of the Miamis, near the western bank of the Winnehago, refused to proceed further, but the good father, notbing daunted, launched his canoes in the Wisconsin, and on the 17th of June, ono month from the time of leaving St. Ignace, caught sigbt of the bluffs which hound the valley of the stream so long and ardently sought for. He floated down the mighty eurrent, landing at night to cook his evening meal, and then reemharking. Day after day and week after week they tbus journeyed, until they reached the mouth of the Arkansas, wben the Indians assumed sucb menacing attitudes that they regarded their lives in jeopardy. A conference, however, was obtained, and Mar- quette was informed that the savages below were hostile, and armed with guns obtained, no doubt, from the Spaniards. Spain and France were then at war, and he wns averse to trust himself within the domain of the former power. He there- fore resolved to retrace his course. This was on the 17th of July. Arrived at the mouth of the Illinois, they ascended that stream as far as the village of Kaskaskia, not the present sito of that village, but of one ahout seven miles below Ottawa. Here they procured guides, who conducted them up the stream to the head of the Desplaines, when by an easy portago they
entered the Chicago River, and tbns reached Lake Illinois, now Lake Michigan. Marquette, then, and bis little crew, were the first white men who visited what is now the site of the city of Chicago. This was more than one hundred and ninety years ago, and the region was an almost interminable marsh. From this point they eoasted along the western shore of the lake, and reached Green Bay late in September, baving, in the course ol' four months, paddled their eanoes over 2,500 miles. Here the two explorors separated, Marquette remain- ing to resume his missionary labors, while Joliet hastened to Quebee to announce to the Governor tho results of their expedition; but almost in sight of Montreal, in the rapids of La Cbine, his eanoe upset, a portion of his orew were drowned, and be himself narrowly escaped with the loss of all his papers.
We may he permitted, briefly, to trace the subsequent career of these two men, whose names are so prominently identified with the early history of our State.
Joliet visited Hudson's Bay, and engaged in trade with the Nortbern Indians. Subsequently, in consideration of his services, he received a grant of the islands of Mignan and Anticosti. Ho engaged in the fisheries, and in these pursuits explored the coasts of Lahrador. He was made Royal Pilot for the St. Lawrence, aud also Hydrographer at Quebec. He died poor, about 1699 or 1700, and was buried on one of the islands of Mignan.
Marquette, originally of a frail constitution, by his exposures had contracted the seeds of a fatal disease; but be was pos- sessed of a longing desire to plant the standard of the Cross among the people of the Illinois Valley, and it. was not until the subsequent fall (1674) that he was enabled to carry his plan into execution. Late in October, with two voyageurs, he left Green Bay and proceeded to Chicago. He ascended the river about two leagues, where he built a hut and passed the winter. Game was abundant; buffalo, deer and turkeys were shot in sight of the hut. The voyage to Chicago, so late in the season, had been unpleasant. Cold winds swept the lake and lasbed it into a foam, and the camp fires at night failed to give a genial warmth. These exposures told on the good father. His hemorrhage returned, and he predicted that this journey would be his last. With the return of spring his dis- ease relented, when he descended the river to the Indian vil- lage below Ottawa, where he gathered the people in a grand councd, and preached to them concerning Heaven and Hell, and the Virgin whose protection he had specially invoked. A few days after Easter, he returned to Lake Michigan, when he embarked for Mackinaw, passing around the head of the lake be- neath the great sand-dunes wbich line the sbore, and thence - along tho eastern margin to where a small stream discharges itself into tho great reservoir, south of the promontory knowu as the "Sleeping Bear." Marquette bad for some time lain prostrate iu the bottom of the canoc. The warm breath of spring revived him not, and tho expanding huds of the forest did not arrest his dimmed gaze. Hero he requested them to land. Tenderly they bore him to the bank, and built for his shelter a bark hut. He was aware that his hour had come. Calmly he gave directions as to the modo of his burial, eraved the forgiveness of his companions if in aught he bad offended them, administered to them the sacrament, and thanked God
that he was permitted to die in the widerness. As the night stole on, he insisted that they rest, and he retired for prayer. Two hours after, they found him dead in a kneeling attitude. This event happened May 18, 1675. Upon the bank of the stream which bears his name they dug his grave, and buried him as directed; but this was not to be his final resting place. A party of Ottawas, a year or two afterward, being in the vieinity, opened the grave, placed the relies in a birchen box, and conveyed them in a eanoe, escorted by many others, to St. Ignace. As the Indians approached the shore, singing their rude funeral songs, priests, neopbytes aud traders gathered to receive the sacred trust, wbicb was deposited beneath the floor of the ebapel in which the good missionary bad so often performed tbe rites of his faith.
But there was one tben residing at Fort Frontenae (now Kingston), who was destined to enlarge the discoveries thus begun; and, instead of estahlisbing missions in the region, sought to make its resources available for commercial purposes. This man was Rene-Robert Cavalier Sieur de la Salle, better known as La Salle. He was born at Rouen, France, in 1643, and was descended from an old and affluent family. He became early attached to the Jesuits, and was noted for his proficieney in mathematics. There was implanted in his breast a strong love for adventure, a restless spirit which could not brook the restraints of a religious life. He accordingly hroke loose from the order, and sailed for Canada, wbere he arrived in 16GG. The priests of St. Sulpice were the proprietors of Montreal and the surrounding region, and, wishing to extend their line of settlements, they granted to La Salle a large traet of land at La Chine, and he at once entered upon the improvement of his domain. In his intercourse with the Seneca Iroquois he heard of a river called the Ohio, whieb flowed into tho sea, and whose mouth could only be reached hy a journey of eight or nine months. He resolved to explore its course, and, his plans having received the assent of the Governor, he sold his grant in order to raiso the necessary funds. The Seminary had resolved upon a similar oxpedition, and the result was that both hecame merged. The combined party consisted of twenty-four men and seven eanoes. With them were two other canoes, filled with a party of Senecas, who acted as guides. Leaving La Chine, they ascended the St. Lawrence, entered Lake Ontario, and skirted the southern shore of that lake to the mouth of the Genesee, on whose banks was a great village. Here they met the ebiefs in eouncil, aud asked for guides; but the request was evaded. An Indian from the village of Ganastoque, at the head of Lake Ontario, offered to guido them. Accordingly they departed, passed the Niagara within sound of the great cataract, and reached the village. Soon they were astonished hy the arrival of Joliet, who had been dispatched to explore the eopper mines of Lake Superior, hut had heen unsuccessful, and was now on his return to Montreal. Joliet showed the priests of the party a map of the region which he had traversed, and spoke of the spiritual needs of tho Indians; whereupon the Sulptitians resolved, so far as they wore concerned, to change the direction of the voyage to that quarter, while La Salle, who had been attacked by a fever, on the plea of sickness, resolved to remain behind. The separation took place the last of September, 1669. What were La Salle's movements is not clearly known; hut, from
167
an unpublished memoir made up of his own conversations, it is inferred that he went to Onondaga, and thence made his way to a place six or seven leagues from Lake Erie, where he struck an affluent of the Ohio, which be descended to its june- tion, and followed the main stream to the falls near Louisville, when his voyageurs deserted him, and he was compelled to re- traee his steps alone. It is further stated that, the following year, he penetrated to the head of Lake Michigan, erossed over to the Illinois, and descended the Mississippi as low as lati- tude 36 degrees north.
In 1673, however, La Salle emerged Irom the obseurity which for three years had shrouded his life, and from that time forth there is no difficulty in tracing his career. Fron- teuae, a man of vast designs and iudomitable force, had become Governor of Canada, and in La Salle he recognized an ageut capable of carrying out those designs. He had resolved to establish a froutier post at the Bay of Quinte, on Lake On- tario, and had deputed La Salle to visit Onondaga, the princi- pal seat ol' the Iroquois, and summou the chief's to meet him there; but the site was afterward changed to where Kingston now stands. The Governor, escorted by one hundred and twenty eanoes and four hundred men, proceeded to the point of destination, where he arrived on the 12th of July. Here he held a council with the Indians. Meanwhile his engineer traced out the lines of a fort, and the men set- to work to eon- struet it. As it was palisaded, the fort was soon enclosed ; and the Governor, leaving a sufficient garrison. returued to Montreal.
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