USA > Illinois > Atlas of the State of Illinois, to which are added various general maps, history, statistics and illustrations > Part 26
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The Supreme Court for the Southern Grand Division of Illinois also holds sessions at this point.
Agriculture is the pursuit of the greater part of the popu- lation, as is evinced by the average statistics of the eensus of 1870, at which time Jefferson County contained 118,951 acres of improved land, 94,888 aeres of woodland, with the ex- tremely small proportion of but 788 acres of other unimproved
land; the value of the farms being given at $3,375,968. The chief agricultural products stood as follows: Corn, 887.981 bushels; oats, 285,949 bushels; winter wheat, 100,553 bush- els; Irish potatoes, 52,309 bushels; hay, 10,460 tons. The chief manufacturing interests were : Flonring-mills, eight ; value of products, 8207,210; saw-mills, five; value of products, $49,820.
The population of the county, in 1870, was 17,864, nearly 12,000 being natives of the State. The other principal na- tivities of the inhabitants are Kentucky, Ohio nnd Iudiana, in the order of their occurrence, with a still smaller fraction of foreign birth.
JERSEY COUNTY.
JERSEY COUNTY is in the southwest quarter, bordering on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. It dates hack to 1839, when it was organized from Green with an area of 368 square miles. A few persons settled within the county as early as 1816-17, hut who is the oldest pioneer cannot be determined with accuracy. J. T. Grimes was born there in 1820. Jueoh Lurton's arrival dates back to 1817; W. D. F. Slaten, J. W. Slaten and Jesse White came in 1818; Marcus Gilham and Mary A. Mckinney in the following year ; John Brown, John Gunterman and David Newberry in 1820 ; Joseph Cone, Cyrus A single railroad line through this county would add greatly to its wealth and the rapidity of its development. The im- provements, though good, are destined to become much better, and the dny is not far distant when Jasper County will eon- tain not one, simply, but half a dozen railroad lines, and New- ton will number a thousand inhabitants for every hundred that it now contains. Tolman and George Stafford in 1821; G. W. and J. R. Slaten in 1822; John C. Whitlock and Thos. MeDow in 1823, the latter being still living; Jacob and Zedekiah Reddish iu 1829; Judge J. M. Hurd and C. M. Hamilton in 1830, and Judge Caleh Noble and George H. Jsekson in 1833. Among other early settlers were Thomas Cum nings, George Finley, Samuel Loften, John D. Gilliam, Joseph White, William Bates and Josiah T. Askew. The first entry of Irnd was made at Ed- wardsville, by John Wilkins, in 1820. Jerseyville, the county seat, was laid off hy Lott & Daley in 1834, and colonized largely hy New Jersey people. Tho first President of the vil- lage was John W. Lott. The earliest County Commissioners were Thomas Cummings, Solomon Calhoun aud Amnos Pruitt. JEFFERSON COUNTY. Robert L. Hill was Clerk of the Circuit Court ; Richard Gra- ham, Clerk of the County Court; J. N. English, Sheriff; Geo. JEFFERSON COUNTY, lying in a central position in the Edwards and White Counties, in the year 1819, with Mt. Vernon as its county seat, and contains an area of five hun- dred and seventy six square miles. II. Jackson, Recorder, and John R. Black, Treasurer. The southern half of the State, was organized from the territory of + first court was held in October, 1830, and Elijah Van Horne was foreman of the grand jury. Walter Cresswell was ap- pointed Justice of the Peace. Jerseyville has nearly 3,000 inhabitants, and lies on the St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railway. Grafton, near the junction of the Illinois and Missis- sippi Rivers, is noted for its stone quarries, which employ a large number of muen. The climate is very mild, and tho soil ex- ceedingly rich, being unsurpassed for stock raising and fruit growing. The population of the county is 15,054, of whom 8,041 are natives of Illinois, 712 of Ohio, and 2,552 of other countries.
JO DAVIENS COUNTY.
Jo DAVIESS COUNTY is in the northwest corner of the State, and has an area of 601 square miles. The first explorer of the region was a French trader named Le Seuer, who, in 1700, recorded the existence of a lead mine. The first white settler was Bouthillier, who located on the site of Gulena in 1820. John W. Shull and Dr. A. C. Muer established a trading post. A. P. Van Meter and - - Fredericks arrived in 1821, and from the latter the hamlet was enlled Fredericks' Point. In 1822, the government reserved a tract ten miles square, the western houndary being the Mississippi, in order to control the mining interest, and in the following year detailed Lieut. Thomas to grant mining permits, one-sixth of the min- eral excavated being withheld for royalty. In 1823, James Johnson came from Kentucky to work the mines, bringing sixty negra slaves, and erected a smelting furnace. During that year, the steamer Virginin ascended the river. The first white woman to settle in the county was Mrs. William Aduey, and the earliest physician, Dr. Muer. Immigratiou was quite rapid, and in 1826 the Point had a populatiou of 150. T. B. Hughlett taught the first school. A post office was established, the mad being carried to and from Vandalia every fortnight.
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County erganization was effected in February, 1827, its domain heing what has since been erected into nine counties. The name came from Gen. Joseph Hamilton Daviess, killed at Tip- pecanoe. The Commissioners were James Harris and Jona- than Browder. Hugh R. Coulter was appointed Clerk, Stro- der Inman, Sheriff, and Martin Warren, Assessor. Richard M. Young presided over the first Circuit Court. Other pioneers were D. S. Harris, Hiran B. Hunt, William Smith, James M. Strode, Benjamin Mills, William Calvin, Capt. Hathaway, Charles S. Hempstead, Scribe Harris and John Turney-the latter being the corliest lawyer. The settlers were actively engaged in the Winnebago War of 1827, and in the Black- hawk struggle every able-bodied man was forced into service. In 1836, n company was chartered for tho construction of a railway to Chicago. In 1846-7, the government put up the mineral lands for sale, and they were speedily purchased by individuals and companies.
Jo Daviess County affords a variety of scenery, ranging from cultivated prairie to river bluffs. For grain, the region is fine, the best lands lying in the eastern portion. It is drained by Fever and Apple Rivers, and well timbered. The Illinois Central Railway crosses the county along its uorthern border. The population in 1870 was 27,820. . Galena early became the chief town of Northwestern Illinois. It was given its present name when laid off by Licut. Thomas, in 1827. In 1841, it had grown to 650 houses, with over 2,000 inhabitants, and was incorporated as n city, Charles S. Hempstead being the first Mayor. Its population in 1870 was 7,000. With its later history are inseparably connected the names of Ulysses S. Grant, Elihn B. Washburne and John A. Rawlins The city is extremely picturesque iu appearance, the streets rising one nbove another and the dwellings perched on the hills.
Warren is a good business town, with some 2,000 inhabi- tants. Dunleith lies opposite Dubuque, Iowa, and is n place of considerable commercial importance. Elizabeth is located on the site of an old fort, and has large mining interests.
JOHNSON COUNTY.
JOHNSON COUNTY is near the southern end of the State ; has an area of 383 square miles, and, in 1870, contained 11,248 inhabitants. Its organization dates back to 1812. The tobacco crop for 1875 was over 3,000,000 pounds, valued at $150,000. The streams are the Cache River and Big Bay Creek. The Cairo & Vincennes Road ruas diagonally through. Vienna, the county scat, was incorporated in 1859; has a population of about 800, with two flouring-mills. Included in the population are 7,197 natives of Illinois, 885 of Ken- tucky, and 62 of foreign birth-the latter element being the smallest of any county in the State. Tho dividing ridge be- tween the waters of Cache and Bay Rivers, running south, and those of the Big Muddy and Saline, running north, stretches from east to west through the northern part of the county. The southern portion is lower, but mestly broken, and reaches to the Cypress Swamps. The regular coal measures do not exteud into Johnson County, but at several points there are outcrops of a minor coal seam of variable thickness. No ether valuable minerals have been discovered. The soil is of a superior quality, and the great staples, for years, have been wheat, corn and tobacco. Cotton thrives well, but has only been raised for home consumption. For fruit trees of all kinds no better situation could well be found, and for grape culture the prospects appear to be flattering. Saltpeter has, in small quantities, been obtained from under some cliffs of con- glomerate sandstone along the bluffs. Wcok copperas springs are very numerous. One of these, on a small branch of Little Bay River, was formerly a noted watering place, where people congregated from far and near, living in log cohins, the re- mains of which are still to be scen. The principal ingredient ef the waters is sulphato of iron. In the ordinary materials. for building the county is rich. Sandstone is abundant, und limestone of good quality may be obtained in the St. Louis and Chester groups.
"The county ia one of the smallest in the Stote, but the fine elimate, rich soil, excellent water, abundance of timber and building atone, besides the various mineral deposits in the county, will in time place it among the wealthiest in Illinois.
COUNTY HISTORIES.
KANE COUNTY.
KANE COUNTY lies in the northeastern quarter of the State, and as first organized comprised thirty-six congressienal townships, since reduced to fifteen. The county is admirahly suppliod with timber, and the Fox River flows southward through the eastern tier of townships. As to the earliest settlement of Kane County authorities widely differ. By some it is claimed that Daniel S. Haight and Mr. Brown located near Herrington's Island, in June, 1833, and that the latter erected the first house in the county ; while ethers insist that the first actual settler was Christopher Payne, whe come from North Carolina, and located with his family one milo east of Batavia, in October, 1833. Col. Nathaniel Lyon and Capt. C. B. Dodson settled near Batovia in the spring of 1834, at which time there were but five families in the county.' Dur- ing that season, some forty families located along the Fox River. The region was then in full possession of the Potta- wattomies, the grand wigwam of Wanbansie being a little north of Aurora, They were removed to Council Bluffs and Kansas in the fall ef 1835, by Capt. Dodson. The latter built the first store ond saw-mill at Clybournville, in 1834. The earliest school was taught in 1834, by a Mr. Knowles, from Vermont, in n log cabin near Batavia. The first church was erganized at Batavia in 1835. Geneva was the first post office and James Herrington the Postmaster. Dodson Vandeventer was the first native white child, and was born in the "Big Woods," iu October, 1834. Rev. N. C. Clark in that year -preached the first sermon. The county was organized in June, 1836, under the following officers: Commissioners, Solomon Dun- ham, Eli Barnes and Mr. Morgan ; Sheriff, B. F. Fridley ; Recorder, David Dunham ; Surveyor, Mark W. Fletcher. The county seat was located at Geneva. The publie lands canie into market in 1842. John Thomas published the first news- paper, in 1841, at St. Charles. The first railroad to the Fox River was the St. Charles branoh, connecting with the Galena road, which commenced operations in December, 1849. Kane County sent to the war 3,990 men, 118 in excess of ler total quoto, and her population, in 1870, was 39,151. Eight railway lines operate a total of over ono bundred miles ef rail within the county. There are four excellent stone quarries and n number of mammoth manufacturing estoblishments. Aurora, in tho southeastern portion of the county, has a population of over 12,000. Her greatest enterprise is the car shops ef the Burlington Road, which dishurse over $100,000 per month to their 2,500 employes. Jennings Seminary went into operation in September, 1859. Elgin was settled in 1835, by James 'T. and Hezekiah Gifford and Joseph Kimball, and now has a population of 7,000. It was chartered as n city in 1854. The chief manu- facturing enterprise is the National Watch Factory, established in 1867. St. Charles is a thriving town of 2,000 inhabitants, possessing a magnificent water power. Geneva has about 2,000 inhabitonts, with three fino flouring-mills. Dundee ships to Chiesgo ever a million gallons of milk per year. Car- penterville, Lodi, Batovia, Clintonville and Blackberry are thriving towns.
KANKAKEE COUNTY.
Washington and Frank Bourbonnais, ewned the 960 acres of land where Kankakee City now stands, Upon the removal of the tribe beyond the Missouri, A. M. Wiley went to Council Bluffs and purchased tho tract, nt $1.25 per acre, Isaac C. Elston furnishing the money. Messrs. Ketchum, Gray, Mason and Aspinwall subsequently bought the land and laid out the oity. Chatfield & Strunk erected the first grist-mill, at Mo- mence, and Perry & Worcester the pioneer saw-mill, nt Bour- bonnais. The first school house was not the latter place. Mr. Clark built the first store at Kankakee, in 1852, and Obadiah Jackson the second. The earliest post office in the county was estohlished in 1836, aud called Kankakee, Dr. Hiram Todd being Postmaster. Rov. James McLain and William Durham built a Methodist Church at Kankakee in 1854. The county was erected from Will and Iroquois, in 1853, the owners of the Kankakee town site giving 85,000 toward tho erection of county buildings, and making their earliest sale of lots in the following year. The first county officers were as follows : Judge, Philip Worcester; Clerk, George M. Stowell; Sheriff, George W. Byrns; Treasurer, David Perry; School Commis- sioner, James Gay; Circuit Clerk, Jacob Gutterson. The surface is mostly low, rolling prairie, with ahundance of water and timber. Agriculture is the chief pursuit. Coal is abun- dant. The railways are the Illinois Central, the Chicago, Dan- ville & Vincennes, and the Kankakec & Indiana. The popula- tion, in 1870, was 24,352. Kankakce City has an excellent water power, on which are located several extensive manufac- turing establishments, and contains nearly 6,000 inhabitants. Momence is a thriving town of 1,500 people, shipping grain by the Danville Road.
KENDALL COUNTY.
KENDALL COUNTY is in the northeastern quarter of the Stato, having within its borders 324 square miles. The Pot- ta wattomies were the original occupants ef the region. Shahbona was their Council Chief, and Wauponsce their Warrior Chief. They took their departure from the Valley of the Fox in 1836, in charge of the government agent. Among the pioneers in and 'about Oswego were John Wilson, Edward Ament, David Carpenter, Samuel Smith, E. Morgan, John and William Wormley, and Daniel, John, Walter and Elijah Pierce. S. Duryea kept the first store, aud Titus Howe built the first mill at Yorkville. Messrs. Osborn, Strale and Plum opened the earliest store on the site of Oswego. In 1835, Rev. Wilder B. Mack, a Methodist Missionary, held the first relig- ious services on the farm of Daniel Pierce, near Oswego. A post office was established at Hudson (now Oswego) in 1837. The county was erected, in 1841, from the territory of Kane and La Salle Counties, and named after President Jackson's
Postmaster General. Hon. Thomas Ford held the Circuit Court in Yorkville. George W. Johnson was Sheriff, and Seth B. Farwell, Stote's Attorney. The Commissioners were Reuben Hunt, Jeremiah J. Cole and Levi Hills, and their Clerk, Marcus A. Fenton. Oswege was, in 1845, made the scat of government, but in 1849 it was again estoblished at Yorkville. The county had, in 1870, a population of 12,399. The surface is mostly prairie, the soil rich and timber obun- dant. The Fox River runs southwestwardly through the county. The main liue and Fox River Branch of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quiney Railway run across the region. Yorkville, Oswego and Plano are prosperous villages in an agricultural community.
KANKAKEE COUNTY lies on the northeastern border of the Stote, and contains 608 square miles. As early as 1679, La Salle descended the Kankakee River to its mouth. Noah Vasseur, a Frenchman, was undoubtedly the first white aet- tler within the limits of the county. Thomas Durham was the earliest American resident, and he and Vasseur crected the first cohin at Bourbonnais. Widow Parker kept the pioneer hotel there. Among the early scttlers were David and Sterling KNOX COUNTY. Bloom, Aaron Reed, Dr. Hiram Todd, William Durham, William Reutz, Case and Sylvester Wadsley, James and KNOX COUNTY was laid off by the Legislature in 1825, named after a Revelutionary General, and contains 720 square miles. The pioncer of the region was Daniel Robertson, who settled in Henderson Grove in 1828, and was immediately fol- lowed by Riggs Pennington, Stephen Osborn, Robert Nance, Eaton Nance, Rev. Jacob Gum, John B. Gum, James Gum, Zephaniah Gum, Benjamin Coy, Alexander Frakes, Robert Groenwell, Thomas Sheldon and Nicholas Voil, with their fam- ilies. The child ef Zephaniah Gum was the first born in the county, und Philip Nance was tho first to die. Tho earliest George Byrns, Williams and Bishop Parish, William Nichols, Thomas, Daniel and James Van Meter, William Baker, Peter Lowe, Samuel Jehnson, Washington Case, Egbert Ostrander. John Blackstono, Allen and William Rakostraw, Edwin Woodward, Dudley, Daniel and Revillo Beebe, Robert Hill, A. S. Vale, Martin O'Brien, Lanson Baldwin, Jeptha and Robert Hawkins, Samnel Exline, Lyman Worcester, Ebenezer Higgins, James Graham, Dr. David Lynds, Dr. Mazuzan, Elder Morrison and Paul Hatheway. Two Indians, named | marriage ceremony was the double one of F. T. Hash to Eliz-
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abeth Razor and Alexander Osborn to Naney Hendricks. Judge Strodes held the first court in 1830, and Mr. Barrett built the Spoon River mill in 1834. Tho Governor appointed Riggs Pennington, Philip Hash and Charles Hansford a com- mission to organize Knox County, and they . held their first meeting iu July, 1830, at the house of John B. Gumu, near the site of Henderson. The site of Knoxville was selected as the permanent seat of government, aud Rees Jones was paid eight dollars to proceed to Springfield and preerupt the same. Parnach Owens surveyed the new town. The earliest eomt houso was erected in the winter of 1830-1, was of logs, two stories high, and cost $197. The main line and tho Peoria branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad run through the county, and the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Road touches the northwest corner. Tho almsbouse is on the north side of Knoxville, and cost $45,000. Galeshurg is best known for its educational institutions, chief of which are Knox College and Lombard University. The former owes its origin to Rev. Dr. George W. Gale, of Whiteshoro, N. Y., who secured subscriptions to the amount of $21,000 to pur- chaso thirty-six square miles, on which to place a village and the college, dividing the remainder into farms at five dollars per acre, at which figure tho subscribers received lands to the amount of their suhseription. At a meeting of subscribers, at Rome, N. Y., in May, 1835, an exploring committee was sent out, which spent three months in Indiana and Illinois, and in August the purchasing committee seeured nearly 11,000 aeres near Knoxville, at a cost of ahout $15,000. A colony of sub- scribers removed there early in 1836, and Knox College was founded on the site of the city of Galesburg. Lombard Uni- versity was founded by the Universalists in 1852; is on a solid financial hasis; has a library of three thousand volumes and a valuable cabinet of minerals and curiosities. Galesburg now has a population of 12,000. Abingdon College, located at Abingdon, was chartered in 1855, and tbe present edifice cost $80,000. It is under the fostering care of the Church of Christ. Hedding Female College and Seminary, at Abingdon, was founded in 1855. St. Mary's School, at Knoxville, is of the Episcopal denomination, and is in a flourishing eondi- tion. The stock yards of the Burlington Road are in the south- west part of Galeshurg, and cover twenty-four acres of ground. Knoxville and Galesburg have several large manufacturing es- tablishments. Spoon River is the chief stream in the county.
LAKE COUNTY.
LAKE COUNTY is in the northeastern corner of the State, with an area of 472 square miles. Its settlement commeneed in 1834, and was mainly upon the Des Plaines River, at dif- ferent points to the eastward. The Indians vacated the region in the year following, and relies of their wigwams and corn fields are still apparent upon the horders of the Pistakee lakes. Among the white pioneers were Rausom and Ricbard Steele, Capt. Wright, Samuel Brookes, William Cooley, Seth Wash- burn, William Easton, Matthias Mason, A. S. Wells, John Herrick, H. B. Steele, Tobias Wynkoop, William Lovejoy, Elmsley and Peleg Sunderlin, Nelson Landon, George Kim- ball, Willard Jones, Phineas Sherman, Arthur Patterson, Ben- jamin Marks, Leonard and George Gage and George A. Drury. Flour sold for twenty dollars per barrel iu 1835, and oats for two dollars per bushel in 1836. In the latter year, a meeting of inhabitants on the upper Des Plaines was held at Independence Grove, Samuel Brooks in the chair, and measures perfected to maintain order and encourage immigration. The pioneers held the first election for McHenry County near Half Day, in Lake County, in 1837. The latter county was erected iu 1839, the Commissioners to locate the seat of justice being Edward E. Hunter and William Brown, of Cook, and Col. E. C. Berry, of Fayette. They selected Libertyville as the county sest. The first Sheriff was Henry B. Steele, and the first Treasurer, Matthias Mason. Hon. John Piersons held the Circuit Court, Alonzo Huntington being State's Attorney. The State census, in 1840, showed a population of 2,905. The people of Littlo Fort (now Waukegan) in the following year secured the removal of the seat of government. At that place, Thomas Jenkins had establisbed a store, but inhabitants were few and far between. The quarter seetion for the county buildings was purchased at the Chicago Land Office in April,
COUNTY HISTORIES.
1841. It was surveyed hy John A. Mills, and the lots sold in May, a great number of straugers being present as bidders. Hiram Kenuicott opened a stock of goods at Mettawa, in 1835, aud orected the earliest saw-mill in Vernon. The pioneer sebool was taught in the latter town by Laura B. Sprague, in 1836. D. B. and T. Q. Gago huilt the first house at Antioch, in 1837. Wm. Taylor made a elaim on the north side of Taylor's Lake, in 1835. The earliest house in Hainesville was erected in 1839, and Elijah M. Haines was Postmaster in 1846. Nelson Laudon was tho pioneer in Benton Township, and his wife the first white woman in the region. Jacob Cadwell and four sons made claims in Deerfield in the spring of 1835. Ela Township took its name from George Ela, settling in 1835. Thomas H. Payno, Joseph Wood and Joel H. Johnson were the first whites to set foot on Fort Hill, the former giving it name. Devereaux and Henry Goodale were early settlers iu the Grant Township. Jaeoh Miller ereeted a saw and grist-mill in Newport in the spring of 1836, and died, after making the overland voyage to California. Tbe post office at Half Day was established in August, 1836. Amos Bennett, a colored pioneer of Warren, declared that he planted the first corn in Lake County after the Indians. D. O. Dickinson huilt a dry goods store in Waukegan in 1841. Steamhoats began to touch there regularly in 1844. It was incorporated in 1849, with 2,500 inhabitants. The census of 1870 gave Lake County a population of 21,014. Its name comes from the fact that it contains upward of forty small lakes. Tbe general surface is undulating, ahout equally divided between sand, prairie aud second growth timher. The Mil- waukee branch of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway hugs the lake shore, while the Chicago & St. Paul Road runs a few miles westward. Waukegan is a thriving town of nearly 5,000 inhabitants, with several manufactories. The Glen Flora mineral spring attraets numerous sufferers. Highland Park and Lake Forest are elegant residence towns on the lake bluff inbahited almost wbolly by Chicago business men.
LA SALLE COUNTY.
LA SALLE COUNTY has a history dating haek to 1675, at which time Father Marquette established a Catholic mission at an Indian village on the Illinois River, seven miles west of Ot- tawa. The explorer, La Salle, huilt a fort on Starved Roek, which was completed in 1682, and for many years was the headquarters for the Northwest of the missionaries and the French Government. Upon it the Iroquois Indians for six days unsuccessfully eoneentrated their forces. At that period the Illinois tribes mustered six or eight thousand strong, and their lodges extended along the river for a mile or more. The last of this powerful confederation were starved to death hy their enemies at the rock named after that event. The surface of La Sallo County is undulating, with a considerable descent toward the Illinois River, which runs mostly through its center. Mendota lies 239 feet above the level of La Salle. The scenery along the Illinois and Vermilion is among tho grandest in the northern region of the State. The notai natures are Starved Rock, Buffalo Rock and Deer Park. Falı wer has a great curiosity in two oak trees, united by a ligament like that of the Siamese Twins. The county comprises thirty-two town- ships or 1,152 square miles. The soil on the prairies is black mold, and timher abounds on the bluffs and along the streams entering the Illinois. Among the wild fruits are plums, grapes and gooseberries, An ample supply of water is obtained by sinking wells from fifteen to forty feet. The water supply for Ottawa is taken from a gravel hed on the bluff, 125 feet ahove the level of the city. At that point saudstone is reached at a depth of 171 fect. Pure white quartz sand is abundant, as also stone for the manufacture of lime. Four immense beds of coal underlio the county, and six coal shafts are in operation. Excellent hydraulic cement is made from the calciferous for- mation. Seven railways penetrste tho county. The canal sur- vey hy Capt. Long, in 1816, was the first ineident of early set- tlement, followed by the county survey in 1819. James Gal- loway trapped south of Marseilles in 1822. In the succeeding year, trading houses were opened near Ottawa by Dr. Davidson, and near La Salle hy Amasa Crosicr. David Pembrook huilt a cabin on the bluffs, near Ottawa, in 1824, and David Walker at the mouth of Fox River in 1825. The earliest ferry crossed the river at Peru in 1828, in which year George Galloway
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