USA > Illinois > Edwards County > Combined history of Edwards, Lawrence and Wabash counties, Illinois. With illustrations and biographical sketches of some of their prominent men and pioneers > Part 13
USA > Illinois > Wabash County > Combined history of Edwards, Lawrence and Wabash counties, Illinois. With illustrations and biographical sketches of some of their prominent men and pioneers > Part 13
USA > Illinois > Lawrence County > Combined history of Edwards, Lawrence and Wabash counties, Illinois. With illustrations and biographical sketches of some of their prominent men and pioneers > Part 13
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Building Stone .- As indicated in the sections hereto- fore given, it will be seen that a fair quality of building stone may be obtained from the sandstone outcropping in various portions of these counties. The best is pro- bably that from the even-bedded sandstone above No. 11 coal, that is found in the central and northern portion of Edwards and north and northwest of Wabash. In the latter county, in the vicinity of Oriole, quarries have been opened where a good, evenly-bedded rock is ob- tained, the thin layer affording a good flag-stone, and the thicker beds utilized for foundation walls, etc. This ledge probably underlies all the highlands and ridges in the northwest part of the county. These will be de- veloped as the demand for building-stone increases. The ledge in the river bed at Rochester has been but slightly quarried, and at Walden's place quarries have been worked between this place and Mt. Carmel, where a fair quality of sandstone has been obtained from a bed that, in appearance, resembles the ledge in the Mt. Carmel bluff.
Sandstone of a fair quality is obtained at several points in the vicinity of Albion, some of which is con- cretationary and very hard, yielding a durable stone. No lime-stone suitable for building purposes is found in either county, although that obtained at Rochester Mills, and at Mr. Reel's place, north of Mt. Carmel, has been used to some extent in the neighborhood of the outerops.
Iron Ore .- Bands of Argillaceous iron ore are found disseminated more or less throughout many of the shale
beds, in these counties, but in such limited quantities that it can prove of but little value. Eight miles north- west of Albion, at the ford, on the S. W. qu. of Sec. 7, T. 1 S., R. 10 E. there is a better showing for this ore than found elsewhere in this region. The shale bed is four feet thick, and about one-half of this thickness is a clay iron ore of a fair quality. At the foot of the bluff several tons of ore may be collected from the debris, where it has been washed out of the shale by the river current. Twenty inches of coal of fair quality overlies ferruginous shale.
Potter's Clay is found in the bank of Greathouse creek, near Mt. Carmel. This is said to be of fair quality, and could be worked with success. Good brick clay is abundant in nearly all localities, while sand suitable for all building purposes is found in the river bluffs and creek valleys.
LAWRENCE COUNTY.
This county contains an area of about three hundred and sixty-two square miles. The surface is generally rolling, and is thus well prepared for natural drainage. Originally it was mainly covered with heavy timbers, interspersed here and there with small prairie belts. The elevation above the water courses is nowhere very great, the uplands ranging from fifty to about a hundred feet in alıitude.
Loess and Drift .- At various places along the Wahash river may be found beds of brown clay and yellowish marly sands, averaging from ten to twenty feet in thick- ness. These probably represent the age of the Loess. They are underlaid by gravelly clays intermingled with small boulders, ranging in size from an inch to a foot or more in diameter. Away from the river bluffs, on the uplands, there may be found these gravelly clays from fifteen to twenty feet above the bed rock ; and in sink- ing wells, especially in the northern portions of the county, a sufficient supply of water can only be reached by going from ten to upwards of forty feet below the Drift clays into the shales or sandstone beneath. In the vicinity of Lawrenceville there is usually from five to six feet of brown gravelly clay resting upon the bed rock ; but before reaching this you pass through a strata of brown or buff-colored clay, quite free from gravel, and about twelve feet in thickness.
Stratified Rocks .- All the formations that outcrop in this county below the superficial deposits heretofore mentioned, belong to the upper Coal Measure, and in- clude a vertical thickness not to exceed two hundred feet. At St. Francisville, on the Wabash, there appears an outcrop of massive gray sandstone, which is believed to be the same as that found in Wabash county, at Hanging-rock bluff, and is the lowest rock seen in this county. The section here is as follows :
Feet.
Shale .
Impure iron ore .
1
Thin-bedded sandstone and sandy shale 16
Massive gray sandstone .
20 to 25
Unexposed to river level . 10 to 13
-
,
54
HISTORY OF EDWARDS, LAWRENCE AND WABASH COUNTIES, ILLINOIS.
On the Embarras river, just below the dam at Law- renceville, may be found the following section :
Feel.
Brown and bluish-gray argillaceous Shale . 10 to 12
Bituminous sod partly calcareous shale with bands of
iron ore and numerous fossils .
4 to 5
Black slaty shale .
3 to 5
Dark gray limestone in river bed 1
A repetition of the above section is found two miles east of Lawrenceville, but the bluff is much higher and a larger thickness of strata is exposed, giving the follow- ing section :
Feet.
Micacious sand stone and shale . 20 to 25
Bluish-grsy calcareous shale, with iron bands and
fosssils .
4 to €
Black laminated shale, with concretions of black lime-
stone .
4 to 5
Brittle dark-gray limestone 11% to 2
Bluo and brown shale, partly ar gillaceous and bitu- minous . 12 to 14
Two wells were sunk on Mr. Plummer's farm, in the S. E. qr. of Sec. 25, T. 5 N., R. 12 west. The one near his house, passed through eighteen inches of coal at a depth of eighteen feet. The other, located a quarter of a mile to the north, was sunk to the depth of forty-three feet, Faxing mostly through sandstone and shale. At Mr. Porter's place, which adjoins Mr. Plummer's on the south, a well was sunk to the depth of fifty-six feet, with the following showing :
Feet.
Drift clay, soil, etc.
18
Sandstone .
11
Blue shales, bituminous at the bottom ..
27
The coal vein passed through in the well of Mr. Plummer must lay above the sandstone in the Porter well, which had probably been eroded away at that point hy water currents during the Drift-epoch. At a well half a mile west of Mr. Plummer's, a bed of cel- lular iron ore occurs in the sandstone near its base, and was passed through in this well about sixteen feet below the surface. The iron ore was reported to be two feet thick in the well, but at the outcrop, a quarter of a mile away, its thickness was only about six inches. But for its being so sandy it might be valuable for smelting pur- poses.
In the bluffs of the Embarras river, on the N. W. qr. of Sec. 33, T. 5, R. 12, a massive sandstone exposure indicates the following section :
Ft. In.
Massive sandstone .
8 to 10
Ferruginous conglomerate 2 to 3
Coal (probably local) . 0 8
Slope covered to the river level 10 to 12
A hundred yards above where this section is visible, the sandstone continues down the river level without indications of coal. It is probable that the thin coal vein, just over the line in Crawford county, on Brushby creek, is of the same formation as the above, and as it is there from forty to fifty feet above the creek level, it indicates a westerly deflection of the strata equal to about six or seven fect to the mile. On the Embarras for some distance above this point, no rocks are known
to outcrop, and below there is not much exposure be- tween this and the dam at Lawrenceville.
On the south side of Indian creek, three miles south of Lawrenceville, and at several places in the neighbor- hood, a coal vein is found and worked sufficiently to supply the local demand for coal. The seam ranges from twelve to eighteen inches in thickness, and is mined by stripping along its outcrop in the banks of the small streams.
The following sections and notes have been reported by Prof. Cox :
At Leed's quarry, on Indian creek, one mile west of St. Francisville road, is found the following section :
Ft. In.
Gray shale . 6
Carbonaceous shale 6
8
Sandstone, in even beds 3
This sandstone is suitable for good building stones, and was utilized in the bridge abutments on Embarras river. On the north bank of the above river, at Shaker mill, the following section was found :
Ft.
Soil and Drift
5
Thin bedded Sandstone, 2 to 8 inches 8
Massive Sandstone 13
Section on Indian creek, three miles south of Law. renceville :
FL. ID.
Soil and Drift .
10
.Argillaoeous ehale, with iron bands. 25
Impure coal .
Fire-clay and grey shale . 5
Bluish sandstone in bed of creek . 2
The approximate section of rocks out-cropping in the county is as follows :
Ft.
Brawn and gray sand stone, the lower part in massive beds 60 10 75
Coal, No. 12. 1 to 116
Shales, with bands of argillaceons iron ore. 30 to 35
Coul, No. 11 . 0to 1
. Sandstone, top thin-bedded and shaly, bottom massive . . 30 :0 35
ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
Building Stone .- In the foregoing section both the sandstones afford building stone of fair quality for cer- tain purposes, and large quarries have been opened in the upper seam, in the vicinity of Summer, for the use of the Ohio and Mississippi railroad. Small quarries are operated in various localities in the northern and central part of the county. Leed's quarry on Indian creek is probably in the lower bed, and the rock obtained there is in thin even beds, ranging from four inches to a foot in thickness.
The limestone at Lawrenceville, and at the bridge two miles east on the Embarras, is somewhat argillaceous, and, therefore, is not to be depended upon where it is subjected to the section of frost and moisture. This is the only limestone developed in the county, and is not adaped for either the lime-kiln or building purposes.
Coal .- Oa account of the thinness of the seams of coal reached in the county, it can only be mined by stripping. It is a very good quality, but worked only in a small way.
- Shale.
55
HISTORY OF EDWARDS, LAWRENCE AND WABASH COUNTIES, ILLINOIS.
Just north of the county line in the edge of Crawford county, at Nettle's coal mine, the vein is about 18 inches thick, and is overlaid by about a foot or more of hard bituminous shale resembling cannel coal. . The man- ner of mining it is by tunnelling into the bank along the line of outcrop, but no permanant entry was constructed, and when work stopped the roof caved in and filled the opening so that a new entry was required as often as the work was resumed.
If the well sunk at Lawrenceville has been conducted by experts, and an exact record kept of strata passed through, the question would have been determined whether any thick vein of coal exists within four hun- dred feet of the surface, in the county. Nothing, how- ever, has been positively determined, further than the fact that two coal seams of uncertain thickness were found, one at a depth of about 340 and the other at 440 feet below the surface. It is evident that deep mining is the only means of obtaining this fuel to any great ex- tent within the limits of this county; and if the coal de- mand would justify reasonable expenditure in sinking deep shafts, fair returns might reasonably be expected.
Iron Ore .- The shales intervening between coals 11 and 19 contain numerous bands of argillaceous iron ore, but are of little practical value. At the base of the upper sandstone a ferruginous bed is frequently met with sometimes appearing as a conglomerate of iron nodules in sandstone. In a well on section 25, T. 5 N., R. 12 W., this conglomerate was reported to be two feet thick, and consisted partly of a very good quality of brown hematite ore, but other portions were too much mixed to be of value for the production of iron.
CHAPTER V.
FLORA.
IN speaking of the flora of these counties, it is not the purpose of this work to treat ex- haustively on the plants of the respective counties, but rather to give a list of the native trees and grasses found within their limits.
" Mere catalogues of plants growing in any locality," says a popular writer, " might without a little reflection, be supposed to possess but little value ; " a supposition, however, which would be far from the truth. The care- ful and intelligent husbandman looks at once to the
. native vegetation as a sure indication of the value of uncultivated lands. The kinds of timber growing in a given locality will decide the qualities of soil for agri- cultural purposes. So too, the artisan in wood, will find what materials are at hand the best suited for his pur- poses. By the botanist, the state of Illinois is usually considered under three divisions ; the heavily timbered regions of the south, the flora which is remarkable for
its variety ; the central portion, consisting mainly of prairie, and the northern section composed of both prairie and timber. Below we append a list of the uative forest trees and shrubs of these counties. For this data we are indebted to the State report, the list of which was kindly furnished by Dr. J. Schenck of Mt. Carmel, Wabash county :
Acer rubrum, L., red or swamp maple.
Acer dasycarpum, Ehrhardt, white or sugar maple.
Acer saccharinum, common augur maple.
Acer saccharinum, var nigrum, black sugar maple.
Aeaculus glabra, smooth or Ohio buckeye.
Alnus serrulata, smooth alder. Amorpha fruticosa, false indigo, Asimina triloba, common paw paw. Betula lenta, cherry or sweet birch. Betula nigra, river or red birch.
Carpinus Americana, ironwood; hornbeam.
Carya olivæformis, pecan nut. Catalpa speclosa, Warder; Indian bean.
Carya alba, shellbark or shagbark hickory.
Carya microcarpa, small-fruited hickory.
Carya Sulcala, Nutt., Western ahellbark, hickory.
Carya tomentosa, mockernut ; white-hearted hickory.
Carya procina, pignut or broom hlekory. Carya amara, bitternut or swamp hickory.
Celtis occidentalis, hickory ; sugarberry. Celsia Mississippienaia, Mississippi høckberry.
Cephalanthus occidentali-, button buah. Cercis Canadensis, red-bud ; Judas-tree. Cornus Florida, flowering dogwood. Corpus aericen, silky cornell ; kinnikinnik.
Cornus paniculata, panicled cornell. Corylus Americana, wild hazelnut.
Corylus rostrata, beaked hazelnut.
Cratægua tomentosa, black or pear thorn.
Cratægus tomentosa var., Mollis.
Cratægus punctata, Jacq. Cra ægus cordata Washington thorn.
Cratægua Crus-galli, cockspur thorn.
Diospyros Virginiana, common persimmon.
Euonymus atropurpureus, burning-bush; wahoo.
Euonymus Americanus, strawberry-buah.
Fagus ferruginea, American beech. Fraxinus Americana, white ash.
Fraxinus pubescens, red ash. Fraxinus viridia, green aah.
Fraxinua quadrangulata, blue ash.
Gleditschia trlacanthos, honey-locust.
Gleditschia monosperma, Walt; one-seeded or water locust.
Gymnocladua Canadensis, coffee tree.
Hydrangea arborescens, wild hydrangea.
Hydrangea prolificum, shrubdy St. John's wort.
Ilex decidua, Walt.
Juglans cinerea, butternut.
Juglans nigra, black walnut.
Juniperus communis, common juniper.
Lindern Benjoin, spice-bush; Benjamin-bush.
Liquidambar Styracifina, sweet gum tree.
Lirlodendron Tulipifera, tulip-tree ; poplar.
Morus ruba, red mulberry.
Negundo aceroides, box-elder.
Nyssa multiflora, black gum ; tupelo.
Ostrya Virginlea, hop-horn beam, leverwood.
Plafanua occidenfalls, sycamore; plane-tree.
Populus heterophylla, cottonwood; downy poplar.
Populus monilifera, necklace poplar ; cottonwood.
Populus tremuloldea, American aspen.
"inos verticillata, black elder ; winterberry.
Prudtis Americana, wild yellow or red plum.
Prunus insita, Bullace plum. Prunus serotina, wild black cherry.
Pyrus coronaria, aweet-scented crab apple.
Pyrus angu- tifolia. narrow-leaved crab apple.
Ptelea trifoliata, wafer ash; abrubby trefoil.
Quercus alba, white oak. Quercus stellala, Wang ; post oak.
Quercus macrocarpa, burr or overcup oak. Quercus macrocarpa, var. oliviformia; olive-fruited overcup oak.
Quercus lyrata, Walt. ; lyre-leaved onk.
56
HISTORY OF EDWARDS, LAWRENCE AND WABASH COUNTIES, ILLINOIS.
Quercus blcolor, var. Michauxii, Engelm ; large-fruited swamp oak. Quercus muhlenberxii, Engelm ; chestnut oak.
Quercus tinctoria, black or tanner'a oak. Quercus coccinen, scarlet oak. Quercus rubera, red oak. Quercua falcata, Michaux ; Spanish oak. Quercus palustris, pin or water oak. Quercus nigra, black-jack or barren oak. Quercus phellos, willow oak.
Quercua imbricaria, laurel or ahingle onk. Rhus tophina, staghorn aumach. Rhus glabra, smooth sumach. Rhus copallin, dwarf sumach. Salix tristis, dwarf gray willow. Salix discolor, glaucous willow. Sallx criocephala, wooly-headed willow.
Salix petiolaris, long-stalked green oaier.
Salix nigra, black willow. Salix rigida, atiff-leaved willow. 1
Sambucua (anadensia, common elder.
Sassafras officinale, sassafras. Spiraea opulifolia, L., nine barks.
Spiraea salicifola, L., meadow aweet. Staphylea trifolia, bladder nut.
Symphoricarpus occidentalis, wolf or buckberry.
Symphorlcarpus vulgaris, Indian currant.
Taxodium diatiohum, American bald cypress. Tilia, American basawood; liadan.
Tilia heterophylia, white basawood.
Ulmus fulva, alippery elm. Ulmus Americana, American or white elm.
Ulmus alata, winged elm.
Viburnum prunifollum, black haw.
Viburoum nudum, white rod.
Zanthoxylum Americao, prickly ash.
The plants are many and rare, some for beauty, while others are most valuable for their medicinal pro- perties. The pinkroot, the columbo, ginseng, boneset, pennyroyal, and others are utillized as herbs for me- dicine. Among the plants of beauty are phlox, the lily, the asclepias, the mints, golden rod, the eyebright, gerardia, and hundreds of other varieties which adorn the meadows, the timber, and the brook-sides; besides the above there are many varieties of the climbing and twining vines, such as the bitter-sweet, trumpet-creeper, woodbine, the clematis, the grape and others, which fill the woods with gay festoons, and add grace and beauty to many a decayed monarch of the forrest.
GRASSES.
In speaking of these we purposely exclude the grain plants, and confine ourselves to those valuable grasses which are adapted to the sustenance of the lower animals.
Timothy grass or cat's tall, naturalized.
Agrastua vulgaris, red top or herb grass.
- Muhlenbergia diffusa, numble will.
Calamgrastia Canadeusi-, blue joint. Dactylia glomerata, orchard grass. Poa Pratenais, Kentucky blue grass. Poa Compressa, true blue grass. Festuca Elator, meadow fescue. Bromus Leculinus, cheat chess; forelgn.
Phragmitea Communis, the reed.
Arundinaria Macrosperma, or cana.
Solium Perennl, perennial ray grass. Anthoxanthum Odoratum, sweet-scented vernal grass. Phalaris Arundinacea, reed canary grass.
Paspalum Setaceum. Panlcum Sangulnale, crab grass. PanIcum Glabrum, smooth panicum. Panicum Capillare, witch grass.
Panicum crusgalli, barnyard grass. Setarla Glaura, foxtail. Setaria Viridla, bottla grass. Getaria Italica, milleț. Andropogon Scoparius, brown-beard grass.
In the above lists we have given the botanical as well as the common terms, believing such a course best to pursue in the study of plants, and more beneficial to the student or general reader. Some plants may have been omitted, yet we think the lists quite complete.
CHAPTER VI. -
FAUNA.
F the ruminating animals that were indigenous to this territory, we had the American Elk (Cervus Canadensis), and still have the deer of two kinds; the more common, the well-known American deer (Cervus Virginianus), and the white-tailed deer (Cervus Leucurus). And at a pe- riod not very remote the American Buffalo (Bos Ameri- canus), must have found pastures in this portion of the state. The heads, horns and bones of the slain animals were still numerous in 1820. The Black Bear (Ursus Americanus) were quite numerous even in the memory of the older settlers. Bears have been seen in the counties within the last thirty years. The Gray Wolf (Canis Occidentalis) and Prairie Wolf (Canis latrans) are not unfrequently found, as is also the Gray Fox (Vulper Virginianus), which still exists by its superior cunning. The Panther (Felis concolor) was occasionally met with in the earlier times, and still later and more common, the Wild Cat (Lynx rufus). The Weasel, one or more species ; the Mink (Putorius Vison) ; American Otter (Latra Canadensis) ; the Skunk (Mephitis Mephitica) ; the Badger (Taxidea Americana) ; the Raccoon (Pro- cyon Lotor); the Opossum (Didelphys Virginiana). The two latter species of animals are met with in every por- tion of the United States and the greater part of North America. The coon-skin, among the early settlers, was regarded as a legal tender. Of the Squirrel family we have the Fox, Gray, Flying, Ground and Prairie Squir- rel (Scirus Ludovicanus, Carolinensis, Volucella, Stria- tus and Spermaphilus). The Woodchuck (Arctomys Monax) ; the common Musk Rat ( Fiber Zibethicus). The Bats, Shrews and Moles are common. Of the muridæ we have the introduced species of Rats and Mice, as also the native Meadow Mouse, and the Long- tailed Jumping Mouse (Meriones Labradorus), frequently met with in the clearings. Of the Hare, the Lupus Sylvaticus (the so-called Rabbit) is very plentiful. Several species of the native animals have perished, being unable to endure the presence of civilization, or finding the food congenial to their tastes appropriated by stronger races. Many of the pleasures, dangers and excitements of the chase are only known and enjoyed by most of us of the present day through the talk and tradition of the past. The Buffalo and the Elk have passed the borders of the Mississippi to the westward, never more to return.
57
HISTORY OF EDWARDS, LAWRENCE AND WABASH COUNTIES, ILLINOIS.
Of Birds may be mentioned the following :*
Among the Game Birds most sought after are the Meleagris Gallopavo (Wild Turkey), and Cupidonia Cupido (Prairie Hen), which afford excellent sport for the hunter and are quite plentiful; Pinnated Grouse (Bonasa Umbellus) ; Ruffled Grouse (Ortyx Virgini- anus) ; Quail (Philohela Minor); Woodcock (Gallinago Wilsonii) ; English Snipe (Macrorhamphus Griseus) ; Red-breasted Snipe (Gambetta Melanoleuca) ; Telltale Snipe (Gambetta Flavipes) ; Yellow Legs (Limosa Fe- doa) ; Marbled Godwit (Scolofax Fedoa, Wilson) ; Nu- menius Longirastris (Long-billed Curlew) ; Numenius Hudsonicus (Short-billed Curlew) ; Rallus Virginianus (Virginia Rail) ; Cygnus Americanus (American Swan) ; Cygnus Buccinator (Trumpeter Swan) ; Anser Hyper- boreus (Snow Goose) ; Bermicala Canadensis (Canada Goose) ; Bermicala Brenta (Brant); Anas Boschas (Mallard); Anas Obscura (Black Duck) ; Dafila Acuta (Pintail Duck) ; Nettion Carolinensis (Green-winged Teel) ; Querquedela discors (Blue-winged Teel) ; Spatula Clypeata (Shoveler) ; Mareca Americana (American Widgeon); Aix Sponsa (Summer, or Wood Duck) ; Aythaya Americana (Red-head Duck) ; Aythaya Val- lisneria (Canvass-back Duck) ; Bucephala Albeola (But- ter Ball); Lophodytes Cucculatus (Hooded Merganser) ; (Pelecanus erythrorhynchus), Rough-billed Pelican ; Columbus torquatus), The Loon ; (Aegialatis vociferus), Killdeer Plover ; Ball Head, Yellow Legged and Up- land Plover; (Tantalus loculator), Wild Ibis, very rarely visit this locality ; Herodus egretta), White Heron ; (Ardea Herodus), Great Blue Heron ; (Botaurus lenti- ginosus), Bittern ; (Grus Canadensis), Sand Hill Crane ; (Ectopistes migratoria), Wild Pigeon ; (Zenaidura Caro- linensis), Common Dove; (Corvus carnivorus), American Raven ; (Corvus Americanus), Common Crow ; (Cyanu- rus cristatus), Blue Jay ; (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), Bobo'link ; (Agelaius phœnicians), Red-winged Black Bird ; (Sturella magna), Meadow Lark ; (Icterus Balti- more), Golden Oriole; (Chrysometris tristis), Yellow Bird ; (Junco hyemalis), Snow Bird ; (Spizella Socialis), Chipping Sparrow ; (Spizella pusilla), Field Sparrow ; (Melospiza palustris), Swamp Sparrow; (Cyanospiza cyanea), Indigo Bird ; (Cardinalis Virginianus), Car- dinal Red Bird; (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), Cheewink ; (Sitta Carolinensis), White-bellied Nuthatch; (Mimus polyglottus), Mocking Bird ; (Minus Carolinensis), Cat Bird ; (Harphorhynchus rufus), Brown Thrush ; (Trog- lodytes ædon), House Wren; (Hirundo horreorum), Barn Swallow; (Cotyle riparia), Bank Swallow; (Progne purpurea), Blue Martin ; (Ampellis cedrorum), Cedar Bird ; (Pyrangra rubra), Scarlet Tanager ; (Pyrangra astiva), Summer Red Bird; (Tardus migratorius), Robin, came less than forty years ago ; (Sialia Sialis), Blue Bird ; (Tyrannus Carolinensis), King Bird; (Sayornis fuscus), Pewee ; (Ceryle alcyon), Belted Kingfisher ; (Antrostomus vociferus), Whippoorwill ; (Chordeiles
popetue), Night Hawk; (Chætura pelasgia), Chimney Swallow; (Trochilus colubris), Ruby-throated Humming Bird ; (Picus villosus), Hairy Woodpecker ; (Picus pu- bescens), Downy Woodpecker ; (Melanerpes erythroce- phalus), Red-headed Woodpecker ; (Colaptes auratus), Golden-winged Woodpecker; (Conurus Carolinensis), Carolina Parrot ; (Bubo Virginianus), Great Horned Owl ; Syrnium (nebulosum), barred owl; (Nyctea nivea), Snow y Owl; (Cathartes aura), Turkey Buzzard; (Falco colum- barium), Pigeon Hawk ; Nauclerus furcatus), Swallow- tailed Hawk ; (Icteria Mississippiensis), Mississippi Kite; (Buteo boroalis), Red-tailed Hawk; (Haliatus leucoce- phalus), Bald Eagle; (Falco fulvius), Ring-tailed Eagle.
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