Combined history of Edwards, Lawrence and Wabash counties, Illinois. With illustrations and biographical sketches of some of their prominent men and pioneers, Part 16

Author:
Publication date: 1883
Publisher: Philadelphia, J. L. McDonough & co.
Number of Pages: 490

USA > Illinois > Edwards County > Combined history of Edwards, Lawrence and Wabash counties, Illinois. With illustrations and biographical sketches of some of their prominent men and pioneers > Part 16
USA > Illinois > Wabash County > Combined history of Edwards, Lawrence and Wabash counties, Illinois. With illustrations and biographical sketches of some of their prominent men and pioneers > Part 16
USA > Illinois > Lawrence County > Combined history of Edwards, Lawrence and Wabash counties, Illinois. With illustrations and biographical sketches of some of their prominent men and pioneers > Part 16

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James O. Wattles was another distinguished early settler. It is said that he was a good lawyer, and when engaged in reading his briefs or other papers, he did so with the paper upside down. This was caused by a peculiarity of the eyesight. He was elected Judge of the fifth Judicial District of Illinois, by the General Assembly, and commissioned January 19, 1825, and was legislated out of office, January 12, 1827. He moved to New Harmony, Indiana, about the time of the settlement of Robert Owen, at that place.

Ex-Governor, Augustus C. French, also commenced his life in the west, at the town of Albion. He was a graduate from one of the eastern colleges. On his ar- rival at Albion, he possessed but his education and wits to make a livelihood. He first taught school at two dollars a quarter for each pupil, and in the meantime commenced the study of law, in which profession he gained some reputation. Subsequently he was elected to the Legislature, and in 1846, was elected Governor of the State. Prior to this, however, he had removed to another part of the State.

Henry I. Mills was a prominent settler of early times. He was a native of Ohio, but had for several years lived at Vincennes, Indiana, before coming to Illinois. He first located in section 28, on the prairie that bears his name. His family then consisted of his wife and two children. He soon became popular among the early settlers and as early as 1820, was promoted to the office of Sheriff, which position he held until 1826. In 1838, he was appointed School Commissioner, being the second . officer for this position in the county. Twelve years prior to this, we find him in the State Legislature, where

he served as Representative, from 1826 to 1828. Again in 1832, lie is sent to the State Senate, served one term, and in 1838, is re-elected to the same position, where he remained until 1840. He died at the old homestead, in the spring of 1854. Three of his sons, born of his second marriage, are now living at the old farm.

Benjamin Ulm was a native of Ross county, Ohio, and came to the county in 1820, and is one of the few survivors of the early settlers. He now resides in sec- tion 32, township 2 north, range 14 west, and has ever been considered one of the staunch citizens of the county.

One who figured very prominently, for many years in the civil matters of the county, was Walter L. Mayo. He was elected Clerk in 1831, and served continuously in this capacity until 1870. He was a genial, popular, whole souled man, and had the confidence of all who knew him. He amassed a good competency, and subse- quent to 1870, he moved with his family to Leaven- worth, Kansas. While returning to Olney, Illinois, to transact some business, he was way-laid, as supposed, in East St. Louis, and nothing has ever been heard of the cause of his untimely and sudden death.

Alexander Stewart, who has seen the town of Albion grow up almost from its infancy, is among the early prominent business men of the English settlement. Mr. Flower in speaking of him says: "Nearly forty years ago, (it is now nearly sixty) a young Scotchman in his teens, rode up to my house and wished me to pur- chase his horse, saddle and bridle, which I did for sixty dollars-a good price in those days. I built him a forge, which he rented at first and afterwards purchased. With the proceeds of the horse, he purchased iron and went to work. This was the beginning of Alexander Stewart, who, after several years of labor and industry, added to his blacksmith shop a store. Business and capital increasing, he soon went largely into the produce trade of the country, of which pork, corn and wheat, are the staples. He is also proprietor of a large flour- ing-mill at Graysville."

It is but a short time since the writer saw Mr. Stewart, who is yet living and enjoying the comforts and luxuries of a good home, the legitimate results of ardent, honest labor. He is now somewhat feeble, and has withdrawn from active life, yet is a living monument or what frugality and industry may accomplish, as his possessions may be counted by tens-of-thousands.

One peculiarity of the ups and downs of the English colony is, that those who came with an abundance, died, after years of struggle with the various freaks of fortune, with far less than they brought with them, while those of little or no means have made comfortable homes, and attained a degree of wealth which is commendable to their many years of industry.

EARLY MARRIAGES.

The following list includes the marriage licenses grant- ed in the county ' after its organization to 1817, as appears upon the license record :

HISTORY OF EDWARDS, LAWRENCE AND WABASH COUNTIES, ILLINOIS.

Name. Date of license. By whom married. Date of mrrge. Jeremiah Wood to

June Phelpatt, January 11th, 1815, William Smith, J. P. Jan. 11th, 1815 Jeremiah Hogue to

Jane Bathe. Feb. 11th, 1815, James Shaw, Esq. Feb. 14th, 1815 J. McIntosh, J. C. C. Mar. 18th, 1815

Samnel Putnam to Relief Chafee, March 15th, 1815 Joseph Robertson to Sally Barney, May 17th, 1815,

Jarvis Ford Ice to

Susan Gard, June 16th, 1815, John Barger to Catharine Minor, July 4th, 1815,

Philip Plough to Sallie Arnold, July 6th, 1815,

Thomas Truelock to Jemima Ramsey, July 8th, 1815,

14 July 9th, 1815

Hayward Putnam to Caroline James, July 11th, 1815, Jeremiah Ballard to Elizabeth Barney, July 31st, 1815, Jarvis Dale to Francis Chafee, Dec. 2nd, 1815, =

Seth Gard, J. C. C. Aug. 2nd, 181

= Dec. 3rd, 1815

И 44 Dec. 14th, 1815

Dec. 28th, 1815

Rev. Dvd. McGahey, Dec. 13th, 1815

44 = Dec. 25th, 1815

James Shaw, J. P., Mar. 18th, 1816 Robert Baird, J. P. July 4th, 1816 Gerv. Hazleton, J. P.,

G. W. Smith, J. P., Aug. 22nd, 1816 G. W. Smith, J. P., Aug. 22nd, 1816 Rev. Dvd. McGahey, June 18th, 1816 Rev. Jm'h Ballard, Sept. 4th, 1816 Rev. Dvd. McGahey, Sept. 22nd, 1818

John Compton to Jane Barney, Sept. 4th, 1818,

Alphens Peckard to

Catharine Gray, Sept. 22nd, 1816, Jeremiah Mckinney to Catey Westner, Sept. 29th, 1818, Benjamin Ingerson to Susan Decker, Sept. 30th, 1818 Charles Dubois to Sally Gollaher, Oct. 31st, 1818, Ephraim Armstrong to Ruth Gard, Nov. 12th, 1816,

G. W. Smith, J. P., Sept. 30th, 1816

Oct. 31st, 1816

Nov. 14th, 1816

James Baird to Martha Stenare Dec. 18th, 1816,

James Davidson to Elizabeth Young, Dec. SOth, 1816,

Dec. 30th, 1816

As early as 1815, it seems that parties who contem- plated matrimony could be required to give a bond to carry out in good faith, said intentions. The following is a copy of one of the bonds given in 1815: " Know all men by these presents that I, John Ballard, am held and firmly bound unto Nathaniel Claypool, clerk of Edwards county and Territory of Illinois, in the just and full sum of five hundred dollars, by which payment well and truly to be made, I bind myself, my heirs and assigns for and in the whole, sealed with my seal, and dated this 31st day of July 1815.

The condition of the obligation is such, that whereas the above bound John Ballard has this day made appli- cation for license to join together in bonds of matrimony with Miss Betsy Barney. Now if the said John Ballard does well and truly marry the said Betsy Barney without any fraud, partiality or illegality attending the said

marriage, then this obligation to be void, otherwise to be and remain in full force and virtue in law."

Bondsmen, Jeremiah Ballard and Seth Gard.

THE DEEP SNOW.

The deep snow occurred in the winter of 1830-31. At that period this part of Illinois was sparsely settled. The roads were merely trails or bye-paths; and the houses of the settlers were log-cabins of a rude style of architecture, and the larder was not well supplied with sufficient provisions to carry the settler and his family through the winter. This being the case, much suffering occurred. The "deep snow" is one of the land-marks of the early settler. It is the inile-stone, so to speak, from which he counts in dating events. He sometimes relies upon it in recounting the date of his coming, his marriage, and the birth of his children. The deep snow was an important and very extraordinary phenomenon. Nothing has equalled it in this latitude for the last century-if the Indians' traditions are cor- rect as to what occurred before the advent of the white man. The Indians had a tradition that about seventy- five years before, a snow fell which swept away the im- mense herds of buffalo and elk that then roamed over these prairies. This tradition was verified by the vast quantity of buffalo and elk bones found on the prairies in different localities when first visited by white men.

The snow began falling early in autumn, and con- tinued at intervals, throughout the entire winter. The snow falls would be succeeded by heavy sleet, forming crusts of ice between the layers of snow, strong enough in many places to bear up the deer and hunter. Fre- quently for weeks the sun was not visible, and the cold was so intense that not a particle of snow would melt on the sides of the cabins facing the south. For weeks people were blockaded or housed up, and remained so until starvation compelled them to go forth in search of food. Great suffering, hunger and untold hardships were endured by the people. Game, such as deer, prairie chickens, quails, rabbits, &c., before that time had been abundant, but for years afterwards was very scarce, having perished in the snow. As the snow would thaw, deer were often caught and killed without the aid of fire arms, being unable to get through the snow or walk on top. Later in winter, when the mass of snow or ice had become compact, fences that were staked and ridered were driven over with heavily loaded vehicles, and, in fact, the old settlers say in places could not be seen. The snow in many places, where not drifted, was three to five feet deep. In the spring, when this immense amount of snow melted, the river streams and marshes became flooded.

THE " SUDDEN FREEZE."

The writer, in conversing with a lady, an old settler, elicited from her the following facts and recollections relative to the wonderful and extraordinary atmospheric phenomenon, which occurred a little after noon one day in January, 1836. The lady says, she and her family

Gervase Hazleton to Eliza Osgood, Aug. 22nd, 1816, Samuel Brinbery to

Mary Jones,

June 16th, 1816,

George Miller to Elizabeth Shook,

Green L. Vanwinkle to Nancy Heaton, without Ilcense

John Waider to Nancy Dawson, July 4th, 1818, William Woodland to Mary Stepteford, July 18th, 1816, John Flinn to El cta Payne, Aug. 21st, 1816,

Danlel Keen tn

Mary Compton, Dec. 13th, 1815,

Joseph Ballard to Patty Putman, Deo. 27th, 1815, James Mc Daniel to Martha Wesner, Advertisement,

Rev. Jm'h Ballard, May 18th, 1815

June 20th, 1815

Rev. Jno. McIntosh,

July 7th, 1815

Sept. 29th, 1816

HISTORY OF EDWARDS, LAWRENCE AND WABASH COUNTIES, ILLINOIS.

had finished their noon-day meal, and were sitting around and in front of the old-fashioned large open fire- place, enjoying its generous warmth, chatting and dis- cussing the state of the weather, as during the morning it had been snowing and raining a little :- presently the lady in looking from the window in her cabin, noticed a heavy black cloud lying off to the west, which seemed to be rapidly approaching. Needing some water she took a bucket and went to the well, at a distance of about 100 yards, lowering the bucket with a long "sweep " then used in drawing the water, filled it, and started for the house. Before reaching the house the wind and rain struck her; blew and upset a portion of the water on her clothing ; the cold air seemed to cut like a knife, and before she reached the house, her dress and apron were frozen stiff in a solid sheet of ice. Ponds which a mo- ment before were free from the ice, were frozen in a few minutes. Many persons were frozen to death who happened to be caught away from home; and many others, before they could get to a place of shelter, had their faces, ears, hands and feet frozen. Immediately preceding the storm, the ground had been slightly cov- ered with snow, which from rain falling in the morning had become "slushy." Cattle, that were in the fields, were held fast by the " slush " freezing about their feet ; and it became necessary to cut away the ice to liberate them. Ducks and geese were imprisoned in the same way. It was scarcely ten minutes after the cold wave swept over the place, that the water and melting snow was hard enough to bear up a man on horseback.

Thus have we briefly sketched a few of the incidents that occurred in the early history of the county.

LAWRENCE COUNTY.

The French led the van in the settlement of the Illi- nois territory. Their primary object was commerce with the Indian tribes; and to this end they established trading posts, and manifested to the untutored savage initial · evidences of civilization. Secondary to this, the French missionaries, by their pious devotion, their spotless character and their quiet, unassuming and dis- interested lives, gained the favorable attention and re- spect of the natives. The suavity of the manners of the French, and the softness of their outward bearing and presence, and moreover their compliance, to some extent, with the Indian modes of life, gained for them the rude respect of the aborigines and operated as a safeguard against that savage outrage which was often mercilessly visited upon the American and English settlers. In the early part of the seventeenth century a French settlement and trading post was established at Vincennes, on the Wabash, then one of the great avenues from the St. Lawrence to the Illinois country. From this French colony the first settlements in Lawrence county originated. By a French rule settlers received allotments of land, which they located at pleasure. Many of them chose their portions in what is now the

county of Lawrence. Little is known of them except their names on record. They were required to be resi- dent settlers prior to 1783. The following is a list of these grantees, mainly French but partly Anglo- American :

J. B. Dumais, Francois Bosseron, - Roux, Paul Gamelin, Pierre Barthe, Pierre Carnoyer, Francois Brouillat, Joseph Durharm, Joseph Huniot, Madame Denoyon, Louis Denoyon, August Du Gal, J. B. Vil- lery, Toussaint Denoyon, Francois Bosseron, Jr., Joseph Tougas, Antoine Bardeleau, Laurent Bazadon, Alexis Ladavont, Joseph Durocher, Madame Cornoyer, Francois Pettier, Louis Raveilate, Philip Dejean, Pierre Grimayoe Lezate Clairmont, Widow Maria, Heirs of Dubois, Jean Leguarde, Jean Baptist Culy, Pierre Godairie, Nic. Bal- lenjeau Alexauder Valle, Jacques Lallemoille, Ambrois Degenet, Jacques Couteaux, Jean Sauvage, Baptiste Bonate, Joseph Tougas, Jacques Louis, Jean B. Vaudry, Louis Boisjean, Jean B. Racine, Jean C. Thiriot, Ga- briel Boulon, Pierre Levriet, Etienne St. Marie and Francois St. Marie; Jacob Howell, Hannah Dalton, Solomon Small, Lawrence Slaughter, John Bailey ; Moses Decker, Henry Speek, probably Germans ; Moses Henry, John Culberton, G. R. Clark, heirs of Ezekiel Johnson, Israel Ruland, Andrew Robinson, Francis Hamlin, V. T. Dutton, Thomas Hall, Christopher Wyatt and Nicho- las Varner.

The title to the lands occupied by parties named in the foregoing list originated by donations made by French commandants of Vincennes prior to 1764, also by English commandants, 1764-1778, by Virginia im- provement rights, and lastly by grants of the United States, their so-called head of family rights and militia rights. Winthrop Sargent, acting as governor in place of Arthur St. Clair in 1790, granted small tracts of land to Luke Decker, Robert Buntin, Henry Vander- burgh and Samuel Bradley. The court at Vincennes, by authority delegated to it by M. Le Gras, Col. John Todd's lieutenant, about 1780, granted to Pierre Luerez, father and son, ten leagues (30 miles) " deep," of which they sold various tracts to other parties. Isaac Decker bought 2000, John Powell 5000 and Thomas Flower 20,000 acres of them. Pierrie Gamelin came in for a large share also, which enabled him to sell 27,000 acres to Nicholas Perrott and 41,000 acres to Thomas Flower.

What may be termed modern settlement in Lawrence county dates back to the beginning of the present cen- tury. The immigration and settlement prior to that time might, in most instances at least, more properly be called speculation. At all events they were not "ac- tual," in the moral sense of the term, so as to be permanent, though they may have answered legal re- quirement. But before proceeding to speak of the modern settlements, it may be pertinent to add some- thing concerning the early marriages, performing as they did indirectly an important function in the settle- ment and development of the county. The records show the following marriages solemnized in the county

HISTORY OF EDWARDS, LAWRENCE AND WABASH COUNTIES, ILLINOIS.

during the first years of its existence. A number of licenses issued at that time seem to have been wasted, inasmuch as there is no evidence of the proper binding of the nuptial knots in many instances :

Squire Thomas Anderson solemnized the marriage of Mr. Benjamin Norton and Nancy Thorn, on the 20th of June, 1821. It is to be hoped that their path through life was freed from thorns, and strewn with roses instead. Andrew Carns and Nellie Anderson joined hands for life on the 27th of June, Squire Benjamin McCleave officiating. Thomas Gordon and Sarah But- ler, June 30, married by J. C. Clark, a minister of the gospel ; Samuel Mundell and Nancy Adams, July 19, by H. M. Gillham, J. P .; P. Bourdelon and Julia Aupin, July 31, by Rev. J. C. Clark ; Jetson Gowen and Nancy Morris, August 6, by James Westfall, J. P .; John Smith and Elizabeth Baird, September 9, by H. M. Gillham, J. P,; Jonathan Phelps and Sally Gowen, by Daniel Travis, September 26; John Armstrong and Susannah Lemons, October 17, by Squire Anderson ; John Hun- ter and Mary Robinson, December 13, by same; Wil- liam Martin and Syrithia Clark, December 13, by John Martin, M. G .; Henry Jones and Ibby Lester, Dec. 20, by Joseph Baird, J. P .; Aaron Wells and Catherine Vanosdall, Dec. 25, by Squire Anderson ; James Miller and Nancy McBeans, January 4, 1822, by 'Squire Baird; Samuel V. Allison and Matilda Mills, Feb. 8, by same ; Joshua S. Johnson and Mary Gardner, April 23, by J. C. Ruark, J. P .; Samuel Herron and Martha Leech, Sept. 14, by J. C. Clark, M. G .; Robert Barney and Casiah Pargin, July 3, by Benjamin McClean, J. P .; Jacob Parker and Peggy Dockery, September 2, 1822, . executed by Squire McLean ; Henry Reineyking and Matilda Chenowith, September 21, by Squire Ander- son; Joshua Dudley and Barbery Clark, October 19, by same; Nathaniel Hysmith and Elizabeth Matthews, Nov. 11, by J. Baird, J. P .; Oliver W. Phelps and Hannah Mason, January 4, 1823, by S. H. Clubb, J. P .; Elihu Cole and Letty Morris, Jan. 22, by Squire An- derson ; John Organ and Jane Gilbert, Feb. 4, by same; Peter Cisco and Eliza Chaudler, Feb. 11, by James Nabb, J. P .; John Snider and Nancy Allison,. March 17, by Joseph Baird, J. P .; Benjamin Sumner and Sally Laws, June 7, by S. H. Clubb, J. P .; Charles Martin and Betsey Spencer, July 18, by Rev. Clark ; Thomas Parson and Eliza Huston, July 28, by William Kinkard, J. P .; Andrew McClure and Betsey Allison, September 24, by Joseph Baird, J. P .; James Leeds and Judy Mattox, Oct.15, by B. McCleave, J. P .; Philip Lewis and Polly Craven, Nov. 12, by same; John Summers and Emily Woodrow, Dec. 4, by Squire Kinkade-13 marriages during the first half-year of the county's existence, 9 in the full year, 1822, and 13 during the year 1823.

Settlements for the purposes of permanent residence, improvement and agriculture were made along the Wa- bash opposite Vincennes, and principally at St. Francis- ville. These were made by French immigrants from Vin-

cenes and Canada. An American settlement was formed at Russellville prior to 1812, and another at Centerville in 1815, called the Christian settlement, as most of that community were members of the Christian church. Those in the interior of the county were formed at a later date, after the storm of war had passed entirely away and the Indians had become reconciled to the advance of civilization. Although less characteristic and definite, they continued to be formed into neigh- borhoods, as acquaintanceship, agreement in religion, or color or eligibility of locality suggested.

The negro settlement was in the vicinity of Pinkstaff station, and the Lackey neighborhood, some distance east of this locality. Charlottesville, on the Embarras, is the site of the Shaker colony formed in 1819. The Corrie purchase, resulting in the acquisition of a large tract of land in Decker's prairie by John and William Corrie, of Scotland, was made in 1818; shortly after this date it was settled by the Corries and their connections. Ruark's prairie, in the southeastern part of Lukin town- ship, was settled by a family of that name.

The French settlement of St. Francisville contained within it the elements of permanence, both in respect of locality and the habits of its members. The native lan- guage is still used, interchangeably with the English, in many households. Joseph Tugaw, properly Tougas, was the pioneer and first permanent settler, not only of this vicinity, but also of Lawrence county ; he came from Vincennes, and located on the present site of St. Fran- cisville about the year 1803 or 1804; his two brothers, William and August Tougas, and John Longlois were. with him there, but soon moved to what afterward be- came Rochester, in Wabash county, and were the first settlers in that vicinity. About the year 1809 or '10, came Francis Tougas, another of the four brothers, who assumed a leading part in the pioneer life of Lawrence and Wabash counties. They immigrated from Vin- cennes, and were marvels of physicial strength and stat- ure ; Joseph was a leading spirit, and the center of in- fluence in the settlement of which he formed a part; in 1814 he was the only slave-owner, except John Stillwell, in all that vast region, then known as Edwards county. In that year he was the only resident in said county who owned a " mansion house." Its taxable value was $300.00. In the year 1812 he constructed a picket or stockade fort for the protection of himself and his neighbors against the Indians ; it consisted of an enclo-

sure formed by placing large stakes or pickets in the earth side by side. The enclosure was some twelve or fourteen feet high, and was a sort of city wall ; for within were a number of log dwellings, for the use of the fami- lies that sought protection there ; in two of the corners of the stockade were watch-houses, projecting beyond the enclosure, at the sides and at some distance above the ground, so as to command a view of the enemy that might be approaching. At night the heavy oaken doors were swung to and barred, the guards took their places in the watch-houses, and the drowsy inmates lay down

HISTORY OF EDWARDS, LAWRENCE AND WABASH COUNTIES, ILLINOIS.

to rest. Among the cabins within the enclosure was the negro hut, occupied by the slaves of Joseph Tugaw. Soon after his arrival, probably about 1805 or '06, Tu- gaw established a ferry on the Wabash, at St. Francis ville; the boat with which it was operated was sufficient to carry two carts. The pioneer died at the home of his first choice, which afterward became the site of St. Francisville, of which his widow, Frances, was the original proprietor. Francis Tugaw settled about a mile and a half north of the village. Joseph and Amab Potvine, nicknamed and usually called Arpas, came from Vincennes about 1804 or '05; the former had three children, the latter was a bachelor; they settled a short distance west of the village. About the year 1806 or '08 the French settlement was augmented by the immi- gration from Vincennes of Andrew and Charles Lacoste, Pierre Gremore, L. Bonaut, Philip Deschaut, Andrew Godaire and Joseph Venve; the latter settled south of St. Francisville, in the edge of Wabash county. At a little later date, but prior to 1813, the families of John Shirkey and Charles Moyes were added to the settlement. The latter received the pseudonym of Coy, meaning "spot." It originated from the circumstance that Moyes, on one occasion, went under the yoke from which Coy, his ox, had dropped dead, and assisted the other ox in hauling the load. Nearly all the early French set- tlers were familiarly known by some nickname, whose history would explain a laughable circumstance in the simple lives of these early French pioneers.

The settlement opposite Vincennes, at Wesport, never attained to much prominence, and was mainly accessory to the ferry established to accommodate travel to and from Vincennes, along the Cahokia and Kaskaskia traces. These highways from the Wabash to the Mis- sissippi had been worked out by the Indians and buffa- loes long before the advent of civilization. The ferry was operated, about the beginning of the present cen- tury, by Joseph La Motte, a Frenchman and Indian trader, whose round log cabin stood alone and solitary on the west bank of the Wabash. On more than one occa- sion was he obliged, single-handed, to defend it and his family against the attacks of the Indians; one night they climbed upon the roof, and though he was the only male inmate, he frightened them away by directing, in a loud voice, a number of persons to assume certain po- sitions, and to do certain acts toward repelling the attack. But though the assailants left without doing material damage to the house, or bodily harm to its in- mates, they led away its owner's horse. On another oc- casion, in 1809 or '10, anticipating an attack by some Indians he observed cross the river to Vincennes, he sent his wife and children out into the wood, and stood ready, single-handed and alone, to defend his habitation and his life ; the looked-for onset was made, and the valor withw hich he defended himself and his home is sufficient- . ly attested by the fact that, during the onset, he received seven bullet wounds; at day-break the Indians gave up the attack and left, but not without a number of injured

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Combined history of Edwards, Lawrence and Wabash counties, Illinois. With illustrations and biographical sketches of some of their prominent men and pioneers, Part 16

Author: Publication date: 1883 Publisher: Philadelphia, J. L. McDonough & co. Number of Pages: 490

Author:
Publication date: 1883
Publisher: Philadelphia, J. L. McDonough & co.
Number of Pages: 490