USA > Illinois > De Witt County > History of De Witt county, Illinois. With illustrations descriptive of the scenery, and biographical sketches of some of the prominent men and pioneers > Part 67
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December 7, 1863, to March 4, 181 5.
1823
....
40th Congress
42d Congress
=
4331 Congre-8
177445
470183
$51470
1711951
3078769
21.22
Kansas
113568
1648708
24.60 29.32
Maine.
9 540
151714
228,05
298269
39945
501:93
583169
G28279
62G¥15
648945
3.15
Maryland.
31978
341548
38094G
407350
447040
470019
583034
187049
,80894
934632
19.68
Massachusetts
1231056
145735]
1783012
22.34
Michig .n.
749113
1184059
1636331
38.19
Minnesota ..
6077
172023
439706
77 57
Mississippi
422845
172040
523159
( 10408
737659
994514
364399 155684 726915
99596G
173.14
Louisiana
76556
1.52923
215739
332411
517762
708002
940103
1×7748
267351
4 .. 34
Georgia ...
Indiana.
43112
192214
10720G
206526
3198239
39.99
Oregon ...
132944
212592
(04=15
818579
1592574
94.55
Idaho.
34999
32011
318.73
4837
14181
135180
853.24
34730
54477
87445
140424
1184109 2539891
127901 14255
309527
30388
9,574
20987
771623
90420L 435450
484471
92597
21/267
397654
4762
31639
30945
305391
11594
23955
75120
9118
20788
76.91
442014
618443
1054670
1315480
....
December 7, 1835, to March 4, 1837
September 5, 1837. to March 4, 1839.
December 1, 1×23, to March 4, 1825
13th Congress
16th Congress
11th Congress
5th Congress
May 15, 1797, to March 3, 1599.
9658
40441
The United States ...
5291390
7213858
55162
March 4, 1867, to March 4, 1869
......
46th Congress
75448
2311786 147545
982405
318300
117.42
POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, BY RACES, IN 1870 AND 1880.
STATES & TERRITORIES.
Total Population JANU.
White
Calored 1×60.
Chinese 1-40.
Indians. en. or taxed, 1840.
White 1874.
Colored
Chinese 1×70.
Indians, civ. (H* taxed 1870.
1 Alabama.
1,2 2,704
6(0),141
21
521,384
$75,510
*)
Arizona ....
40.41
35,17%
210,424
134
302,115
122.169
1
California
863,68G
767,266
6,108
75,122
16,130
490,424
4,272
4:1, 310
7.241
Colorado
194,049
1:1.472
2.470
610
39,21
7
6
Connection !...
622,14
6111,554
11,422
130
527,549
14,887
22,791
3
15
10
Florida .
267,3351
141,249
125,262
18
37
90,057
045,143
1
414
12
Idaho
32,611
24,011
5%
3,378
10,01%
GO
4,274
47
Illinois.
3,178,769
3,03 ,174
16,248
214
13°
2,511,160;
28,702
1
Indiana
1,478,302
1,9,19,094
38,908
37
23
1,635,8.37
24,56 1
244
15
lowa ...
1,24,641
1,414,510
47
46+
1 1 %8,8.31
5,762
16
Kan as
954,056
271.462
10
50
1,095,692
222,210
1
18
1140,103
4×3,808
484
819
362,001
364,210
1
20
924,632
724.71x
18.644
250
341
1,441,156
13,947
22
Michigan ...
1,836,331
1,614,078
14,986
7,238
1,167,28 2
11,840
2
23
Minnesota
7×0,8116
776,940
1,558
9.25+
4.18,257
759
24
Mississippi
1.131,502
479,71
(10) 337
52
1,832
96א,382
144,201
16
809
25
Missouri.
2, 11%, 414
2,023,50%
143,046
96
1,601,146
118,07₺
3
26
Montana ..
39,147
35,408
2112
1,737
1,750
18,306
1.919
137
27
Nebraska ...
472.433
440.405
4,376
5,443
2,803
38,959
317
3,1.52
2:1
30
New Jersey
1,130,94₺
1,991,456
38,79$
142
18
875,407
30,658
15
16
31
New Mex cu.
1'8.80)
107,188
907
55
10,280
90,393
172
1,30g
32
New York.
5,08 .510
5,017.142
912
This
4,330,210
52,081
20
4.3
33
North Carolina
1,400,047
৳67,497
531,316
1
1,21G
2,601,046
63,213
1
35
Uregun.
174,707
4,1:07,10W;
83,312
150
168
3,456,60g
65,244
14
34
37
Rhode Island
276,528
269,933
1,503
67
212 219
4,9-0
1
1:4
39
Tennessee
1,512,413
1,139,120
402,993
142
932
364,700
253,175
25
379
41
Utah ...
143,906
142,341
201
518
X1 14
86,044
118
445
176
42
Vermont
332,286
331,24.4
1.1132
11
320,6 3
512,>41
1
44
Washington ...
75,120
67,349
357
3,227
4,1×7
22,1:47
234
1,319
45
West Virginia ...
618,443
592,433
25,729
14
17
424,033
17,090
1
46
Wisconsin
1,315 450
1,309,622
2,724
16
3,118
1,051, 5L
2,1 3
1,200
47
Wyoming
20,758
19,436
209
914
139
8,746
14.1
66
Total in United States
50,152,x66
43,402,408
6,577,496
105,679
65,8SQ
33,592,215
4,836,387
63,24
25,731
PER CENT. OF INCREASE FROM 1-70 TO 1980.
67.07 per cent.
White Population
.28.82 4 14 Indian Population (civilized or taxed).
156.02
.34.78 =
NOTE .- The inhabitants of Alaska and the Indian Territory (hoth unorganized as yet) are not included in the abuve total. The census of Ala.kain 1880 showed : White, 342; Creoles (issue of intermarriages b tween the w ites and natives), 1,683; Aleuts, 1,000; Induits, 17,48 : Indians, 8,655; total, 30,17s.
The Indian Territory is estimated to contain 60,000 to 75,000 inhabitants.
The Indians included in the census in each State and Territory are those reckoned as civilized, or outside of trihal organizations. Indians not taxed are by law excluded from the census. Estimates of their numbers vary widely-from 200,00 to 350,000 ( the latter as estimated in the census of 1870.)
STATE DEBTS, VALUATION AND TAXES. The following statistics of the finances of the thirty-eight States in the Union have been derived in most cases from the officers of the States themselves.
STATES.
Date of Statement.
Funded.
U'nfunded.
Real.
Personal.
Cents.
Alabama
Sept. 30, 1880.
$9,099,000
$1,523,252
$763,735
$$3,000,TIM1
៛37,000,000
65
Arkansas
Sept. 30, 18XD
2,313, 00
2,212,905
613.957
54,600,057
32,29/1,4+4
65
California
July 1, 1×80,
3,306,500
'None.
3,1.73,022
329,213,192
140,431,806
6212
Colorado
Nov. 30, 1850
debt.
None.
1,466,263
228,4$7,700
95,901,228
15
Delaware
Jan. 1, 1879.
953.000
134,400
Florida
Jan. 1, 1879.
1,2×4,700
10,905
250,473
18,950,160
10,521,067
70
Georgia
Ort. 1, 1840,
9,951,500
1,1M12,822
139,657,250
99,276,876
35
Ilinois
Ort. 1, 1880.
No debt.
None.
3,300,000
620,042,868
166,573,526
3G
Indiana
N v 1, 1880.
4,998,178
7,670,242
525,413,900
192,382.202
30
lowa.
Oct. 30, 1880
545,435
×43,964
303,3x1,498
102,159,899
20
Kansas
July 1, 1880,
1,181,975
883,139
108,101,122
54,400,639
55
Kentucky ...
Oct. 10, 1873
1,658,008
1,430,957
Real and Personal.
149,635,805
60
Maine .
Jan. 1, 1840
5,848,400
2,521,657
900,000
Real and Personal.
459,1×7 408
1834
Massachusetts
Jan.
1, 1880.
33,020,464
4,950,000
1.111,160,072
473,696,730
314
Michigan ...
Oct.
1,1880
905,149
1,153,096
Real and Personal.
Minnesota
Nov. 30, 1880 ..
2,565,000
122,002
380,906
237,473,637
54,5x1,906
20
Mississippi
Jan. 1, 1881 ..
3.000,155
444,327
76,139,102
30,039,568
35
Mışsonrı.
Jan. 1, 18×0.
16,508,000
250,000
2,129,518
381,555,500
147,661,000
40
Nebraska
Nov. 30, 1880.
449,267
907,408
43,691,355
46,805.263
Nevada
Jan. 1, 1879.
557,017
88,625
252,4 14
16,820,384
12,744,289
New Hampshire.
June 1, 1850.
3,501,100
60,100
4(#1,000
Real and Personal.
New Jersey
Nov. 1, 1880.
1,896,300
×20,000
445,918,221
160, 497,340
25
New York ..
Det.
1, 1ss0 ..
0.114,054
7,600,41G
2,333,609,813
352,449,320
65
North Carolina
Sept. 30, 1879.
16,960,045
533,635
91,679,918
51,238,268
3216
Ohio
Nov. 15, 1880 ..
6,476,805
4,411,725
1,102,049,931
456,136,034
Oregon ...
Sept. 1, 1880 ..
356,508
154,868
324,959
Real and Personal,
Pennsylvania
Dec. 1, 1879.
21,430,950
88,719
5 392,361
un Real
128,490,420
30
Rhode Island
Nov. 1, 1890 ..
2,534,500
None.
388,554
243,658,100
84,572,369
12
South Carolina
Nov. 23, 1x0.
6,967,450
671.721
715,942
71, 483,366
+1,467 758
45
Tennessee
Dec. 1, 1840.
20,206,300
6,636,550
626.529
196,165,644
16,052,036
10
Texas
Jan. 1, 1879
5,034,109
52,674
0,306,170
186,297,405
114,227,912
Vermont
Oct.
1, 1440
No debt.
202,228
7 .007, 01
15.375,533
Virgmia
I. c., 1 1879.
29,1x0,523
2,037.500
2.0017,678
245,455,933
70,937,926
50
West Virginia
1
Creation of
prohibited !
315,241
95,079,808
33,490,119
30
Wisconsin
Nov. 20, 1880.
2,252,057
537,003
344,788,771
91,183,030
10 3-10
Aggregate.
251,840,021
32.329,505
56,379,679
15,101,534,830
...
ti
Jdistrict of Columbia
177,6335
11>,216
50 378
11
Georgia
1,5.491,04%
$14.21x
724,654
17
414
638,4 G
346,377
17,10K
17
Kenturkı.
1,648,708
1,377,077
1.427
607
624,409
115,417
175,301
2
4
21
Massachusetts,
1,783,012
1,764,082
29
New Hampshire.
346,984
346,204
14
GO
317,497
678,470
391,650
1,241
34
Ohio.
3,11x,444
79,065
117
113
NG,929
3,330
31x
38
South Carolina
995,62₺
391,25€
114
2×9,667
936,119
322,3-31
70
40
Texas.
1,592, 174
1,187,498
394,1417
$3
Virginia.
1,512,806
X80,739
631, 96
6
3.41.3
4,5×1
21
3
Arkansas ..
Dakota.
135,180
1:21,177
238
1,384
8
Delaware
1411,654
1:20,198
26,158
09
7:12
Louisiana
39
Maine ...
648,945
Maryland
151
Nevada
62.265
53,574
233
122,117
780
87
36
Pennsylvania
4,252,786
9,50×
1,479
415 ×14
154
Total Population.
.... 30.06 per cent | Chinese population .
AMOUNT OF STATE DEBT.
Raised by Taxation in 1880.
AMOUNT OF TAXABLE PROPERTY AS ASSESSED ..
State Tax on
40%
Louisiana
Jan. 1, 1880
11,781,761
4,550,732
2,432,188
Real and Personal.
224,579,569
40
Maryland
Oct. 1, 1880.
11,277,111
938,403
Real and Personal.
630 000,000
1312
Connecticut
Dec. 1, IASD.
4,967,JAKI
162,887
155,506
25,9114,345
17,268,303
36
90
206,959,037
20
10,160,13
4,163
1
46,422.817
70
State debt
by
Constitu-
tion.
No Tax
Fs ate.
345,037,875
No funded
27
326
712,489
13
748
51%
4.M
75
10,20
43,404
237
50
29
Colored Population
501,411
1,632
CONSTITUTION OF ILLINOIS.
ADOPTED IN CONVENTION AT SPRINGFIELD, MAY 13, A. D. 1870; RATIFIED BY THE PEOPLE JULY 2, 1870; IN FORCE, AUGUST 8, 1870; AND AMENDMENTS THERETO, WITH THE DATES OF RATIFICATION.
PREAMBLE.
We, the people of the State of Illinois-grateful to Almighty God for the civil, political and religious liberty which He hath so long permitted us to enjoy, and looking to Him for a blessing upon our endeavors to secure and transmit the same unimpaired to succeeding generations-in order to form a more perfect government, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the bless- ings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity; do ordain and establish this constitution for the State of Illinois.
ARTICLE I. BOUNDARIES.
The boundaries and jurisdiction of the State shall be as follows, to wit: Beginning at the mouth of the Wabash river; thence up the same, and with the line of Indiana, to the northwest corner of said State ; thence east, with the line of the same State, to the middle of Lake Michigan ; thence north, along the middle of said lake, to north latitude 42 degrees and 30 minutes ; thence west to the middle of the Mississippi river, and thence down along the middle of that river to its confluence with the Ohio river, and thence up the latter river, along its northwestern shore, to the place of beginning : Provided, that this State shall exer- cise such jurisdiction upon the Ohio river as she is now entitled to, or such as may hereafter be agreed upon by this State and the State of Kentucky.
ARTICLE II.
BILL OF RIGHTS.
1. Inherent and Inalienable Rights.
2. Due Process of Law 3. Liberty of Conscience Gu ranteed.
4 Freedom of the Press- Libel.
5. Right of Trial by Jury.
6 L'nreasonable Searches and Seizures.
7. Bail allowed-Writ of Habeas Corpus 8. Indictment required-Grand Jury Abolished.
9. Rights of Persons Accused of Crime.
to, Self-Criminauon-Former Triul.
¿ It. Penalties proportionate - Corruption - For- friture.
2 12. Imprisonment for Debt.
13. Compensation for Property taken.
14. Ex post facto laws-Irrevocable Grants.
15. Military l'ower Subordinate.
16. Quartering of Soldiers.
17. Right of Assembly and Petition.
18. Ilections to be Free and Equal.
19. What Laws ought to be.
2 20. Fundamental Principles.
¿ 1. All men are by nature free and independent, and have certain inherent and inalien- able rights-among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, To secure these rights and the protection of property, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.
2. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law. 500000 3. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without dis- crimination, shall forever be guaranteed ; and no person shall be denied any civil or political right, privilege or capacity, on account of his religious opinions; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be construed to dispense with oaths or affirmations, excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of the State. No person shall be required to attend or support any ministry or place of worship against his consent, nor shall any į reference be given by law to any religious denomination or mode of worsbip.
2 4. Every person may freely speak, write and publish on all subjects, being responsible f'or the abuse of that liberty; and in all trials for libel, both civil and criminal, the truth, when published with good motives and for justifiable ends, shall be a sufficient defense.
2 5. The right of trial by jury as heretofore enjoyed shall remain inviolate ; but the trial of civil cases before justices of the peace by a jury of less than twelve men, may be authorized by law.
¿ 6. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrant shall Issue without probable cause, supported by affidavit, particularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or things to be seized.
¿ 7. All persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offenses, where the proof is evident or the presumption great ; and the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.
2 8. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense, unless on indictment of a grand jury, except in cases in which the punishment is by five, or imprisonment otherwise than in the penitentiary, in cases of impeachment, and in cases arising in the army and navy, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger : Provided, that the grand jury may be abolished by law in all cases.
& 9. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right to appear and defend in person and by counsel; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation, and to have a copy thereof ; to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have process to compel the attend- ance of witnesses in his behalf, and a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the county or district in which the offense is alleged to have been committed.
¿ 10. No person shall be compelled in any criminal case to give evidence against him- self, or be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense.
¿ 11. All penalties shall be proportioned to the nature of the offense; and no conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate; nor shall any person be transported out of the State for any offense committed within the same.
¿ 12. No person shall be imprisoned for debt, unless upon refusal to deliver up his estate for the benefit of his creditors, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law; or in cases where there is strong presumption of fraud.
2. 13. Private property shall not be taken or damaged for public use without just compen- sation. ^ Such compensation, when not made by the State, shall be ascertained by a jury, as shall be prescribed by law. The fee of land taken for railroad tracks, without consent of the owners thereof, shall remain in such owners. subject to the use for which it is taken.
§ 14. No ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contract:, or making any irrevocable grant of special privileges or immunities, shall be passed.
₹ 15. The military shall be in strict subordination to the civil power.
2. 16. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war except in the manner prescribed by law.
¿ 17. The people have the right to assemble in a peaceable manner to consult for the common good, to make known their opinions to their representatives, and to apply for redress of grievances.
¿ 18. All elections shall be free and equal.
₹ 19. Every person ought to find a certain remedy in the laws for all injuries and wrongs
which he may receive in his person, property or reputation; he ought to obtain, by law right and justice freely, and without being obliged to purchase it, completely and without denial, promptly and without delay.
2 20. A frequent recurrence to the fundamental principles of civil government is abso- lutely necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty.
ARTICLE III.
DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS.
The Powers of the Government of this State are divided into three distinct departments -the Legislative, Executive and Judicial ; and no person, or collection of persons, being one of these departments, shall exercise any power properly belonging to either of the otbers, except as hereinafter expressly directed or permitted,
ARTICLE IV.
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.
I. General Assembly elective.
2 'lime of Election-Vacancies.
3. Who are Eligible.
4. Disqualification by Crime.
5. Oath taken by members.
6. Senatorial Apportionments.
7. & 8. Minority Representation,
9. Time of meeting -General Rules.
IO, Secretary-Adjournment -- Journals, Protests.
II. Style of Laws.
12. Origin and passage of Bills.
13. Reading-Printing - Title-Amendments.
14. Privileges of members
15. Disabilities of members.
@ 16. Bills making Appropriations.
@ 17. Payment of money-Statement of Expenses.
2 18. Ordinary Expenses-Casual Deficits-Appro- priations limited.
19. Extra Compensation or Allowance.
20. Public Credit not loaned.
21. Pay and mileage of members.
22. Special Legislation prohibited.
23. Against Release from Liability.
24. Proceedings on Impeachment. 25. Fuel, Stationery, and Printing. 26. State not to be sued.
27. Lotteries and Gift Enterprises.
28. Terms of Office not Extended.
29. Protection of operative mioers.
30. Concerning Roads-public and private.
31. Draining and Ditching.
32. Homestead and Exempuon Laws.
@ 33. Completion of the State House.
¿ 1. The legislative power shall be vested in a General Assembly, which shall consis' of a Senate and House of Representatives, both to be elected by the people.
ELECTION.
¿ 2. An election for members of the General Assembly shall be held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hun- dred and seventy, and every two years thereafter, in each county, at such places therein as may be provided by law. When vacancies occur in either house, the governor, or person exercising the powers of governor, sball issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.
ELIGIBILITY AND OATH.
{. 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five" years, or a representative who shall not have attained the age of twenty-one years. NG person shall he a senator or a representative who shall not be a citizen of the United States, and who shall not have been for five years a resident of this State, and for two years next preceding his election a resident within the territory forming the district from which he is elected. No judge or clerk of any court, secretary of state, attorney general, state's attorney, recorder, sheriff, or collector of public revenue, member of either house of congress, or person holding any lucrative office under the United States or this State, or any foreign government, shall have a seat in the general assembly : Provided, that appointments in the militia, and the offices of notary public and justice of the peace, shall not be considered lucrative. Nor shall any person, holding any office of honor or profit under any foreign government, or under the government of the United States, (except postmasters who-e annual compensation does not exceed the sum of $300,) hold any office of honor or profit under the authority of this State.
¿ 4. No person who has been, or hereafter shall be, convicted of bribery, perjury or other infamous crime, nor any person who has been or may be a collector or holder of public moneys, who shall not have accounted for and paid over, according to law, all such moneys due from him, sball be eligible to the general assembly, or to any office of profit or trust in this State.
2 6. Members of the general assembly, before they enter upon their official duties, shall take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation :
" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support the constitution of the United States, and the consti- tution of the State of Illmois, and will faithfully discharge the duties of senator for representative) according to the best of my ability ; and that I have not, knowingly or intentionally, paid or contributed anything, or made any promise in the nature of a bribe, to directly or indirectly influence any vote at the election at which I was chosen lo fill the said office, and have not accepted, nor will I accept or receive. directly or indirectly, any money or other valuable thing. from any corporation, con pany or person, for any vote or influence I may give or withhold on any bill, resolution or appropriation, or for any other official act."
This oath shall be administered by a judge of the supreme or circuit court, in the hall of the house to which the member is elected, and the secretary of state shall record and file the oath subscribed by each member. Any member who shall refuse to take the nath hereis
prescribed, shall forfeit bis office, and every member who shall be convicted of having sworn falsely to, or of violating, his said oath, shall forfeit his office, and be disqualified thereafter from bolding any office of profit or trust in this State.
APPORTIONMENT-SENATORIAL.
26. The general assembly shall apportion the State every ten years, beginning with the year 1871, by dividing the population of the State, as ascertained by the federal census, by the number 51, and the quotient shall be the ratio of representation in the senate. The State shall be divided into 51 senatorial districts, each of which shall elect one senator, whose term of office shall be four years. The senators elected in the year of our Lord 1872, in districts bearing odd numbers, shall vacate their offices at the end of two years, and those elected in districts bearing even numbers, at the end of four years ; and vacancies occurring by the expiration of term, shall be filled by the election of senators for the full term. Senatorial districts shall be formed of contiguous and compact territory, hounded by county lines, and contain as nearly as practicable an equal number of inhabitants; but no district shall contain less than four-fifths of the senatorial ratio. Counties containing not less than the ratio and three-fourths, may be divided into separate districts, and shall be entitled to two senators, and to one additional senator for each number of inhabitants equal to the ratio, contained by such counties in excess of twice the number of said ratio.
NOTE -By the adoption of minority representation, §2 7 and 8, of this article, cease to be a part of the constitution. Under 2 12 of the schedule, and the vole of adoption, the following section relating to minority representation is substituted for said sections :
MINORITY REPRESENTATION.
¿¿ 7 and 8. The house of representatives shall consist of three times the number of the members of the senate, and the term of office shall be two years. Three representatives sball be elected in each senatorial district at the general election in the year of our Lord, 1872, and every two years thereafter. In all elections of representatives aforesaid, each qualified voter may cast as many votes for one candidate as there are representatives to be elected, or may distribute the same, or equal parts thereof, among the candidates, as be shall see fit; and the candidates highest in votes shall be declared elected.
TIME OF MEETING AND GENERAL RULES.
¿ 9. The sessions of the general assembly shall commence at 12 o'clock noon, on the Wednesday next after the first Monday in January, in the year next ensuing the election of members thereof, and at no other time, unless as provided by this constitution. A majority of the members elected to each house shall constitute a quorum. Each house shall deter- mine the rules of its proceedings, and be the judge of the election returns and qualifica- tions of its members ; shall choose its own officers ; and the senate shall choose a temporary president to preside when the lieutenant-governor shall not attend as president or shall act as governor. The secretary of state shall call the house of representatives to order at the opening of each new assembly, and preside over it until a temporary presiding officer thereof shall have been chosen and shall have taken his seat. No member shall be expelled by eitber house, except by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to that house, and no member shall be twice expelled for the same offence. Each house may punish by imprisonment any person, not a member, who shall be guilty of disrespect to the house by disorderly or contemptuous behaviour in its presence. But no such imprisonment shall extend beyond two hours at one time, unless the person shall persist in such disorderly or contemptuous behaviour.
¿ 10. The doors of each house and of committees of the whole, shall be kept open, except in such cases as, in the opioion of the house, require secrecy. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than two days, or to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. Each house shall keep a journal of its pro- ceedings, which shall be published. In the senate at the request of two members, and in the house at the request of five members, the yeas and nays shall be taken on any question, and entered upon the journal. Any two members of either house shall have liberty to dis- sent from and protest, in respectful language, against any act or resolution which they think injurious to the public or to any individual, and have the reasons of their dissent entered upon the journals.
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