USA > Illinois > Effingham County > History of Effingham county, Illinois > Part 79
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The Indian title to the Northwest was not yet extinguished. They held large tracts of lands, and in order to prevent bloodshed Congress adopted means for treaties with the original owners and pro- vided for the surveys of the lands gained thereby, as well as for those north of the Ohio, now in its possession. On January 31, 1786, a treaty was made with the Wa- bash Indians. The treaty of Fort Stanwix had been made in 1784. That at Fort Mc- Intosh in 1785, and through these much land was gained. The Wabash Indians, however, afterward refused to comply with the provisions of the treaty made with them, and in order to compel their adhe- rence to its provisions, force was used. During the year 1756, the free navigation of the Mississippi came up in Congress, and caused various discussions, which re- suited in no definite action, only serving to excite speculation in regard to the western lands. Congress had promised bounties of land to the soldiers of the Revolution,
but owing to the unsettled condition of affairs along the Mississippi respecting its navigation, and the trade of the Northwest, that body had, in 1783, declared its inabi !- ity to fulfill these promises until a treaty could be coneluded between the two Gor- ernments. Before the elose of the year 1786, however, it was able, through the treaties with the Indians, to allow some grants and the settlement thereon, and on the 14th of September, Connecticut ceded to the General Government the tract of land known as the "Conncetient Reserve." and before the close of the following year a large tract of land north of the Ohio was sold to a company, who at once took meas- ures to settle it. By the provisions of this grant, the company were to pay the United States one dollar per acre, subject to a de- duction of one-third for bad lands and other contingencies. They received 750,000 acres, bounded on the south by the Ohio, on the east by the seventh range of townships, on the west by the sixteenth range, and on the north by a line so drawn as to make the grant complete without the reservations. In addition to this, Congress afterward granted 100,000 acres to actual settlers. and 214,285 acres as army bonnties under the resolutions of 1789 and 1790.
While Dr. Cutler, one of the agents of the company, was pressing its claims before Congress, that body was bringing into form an ordinance for the political and social or- ganization of this Territory. When the cession was made by Virginia, in 1784. a plan was offered, but rejected. A motion had been made to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition of slavery, which pre- vailed. The plan was then discussed and altered, and finally passed unanimously,
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with the exception of South Carolina. By this proposition, the Territory was to have been divided into states by parallels and meridian lines. This, it was thought, would make ten states, which were to have been named as follows-beginning at the north- west corner and going southwardly: Sarly- nia, Michigania, Chersonesns, Assenisipia, Metropotamia, Illenoia, Saratoga, Wash- ington, Polypotamia and Pelisipia.
There was a more serious objection to this plan than its category of names,-the boundaries. The root of the difficulty was in the resolution of Congress passed in October, 1780, which fixed the boundaries of the ceded lands to be from one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles square. These resolutions being presented to the Legislatures of Virginia and Massachusetts, they desired a change, and in July, 1786, the subject was taken up in Congress, and changed to favor a division into not more than five states, and not less than three. This was approved by the State Legislature of Virginia. The subject of the Govern- ment was again taken up by Congress in 1786, and discussed thronghont that year and until July, 1787, when the famous "Compact of 1787" was passed, and the foundation of the government of the Northi- west laid. This compact is fully discussed and explained in the history of Illinois in this book, and to it the reader is referred.
The passage of this act and the grant to the New England Company was soon fol- lowed by an application to the Government by John Cleves Symines, of New Jersey, for a grant of the land between the Miamis. This gentleman had visited these lands soon after the treaty of 1786, and, being greatly pleased with them offered similar
terms to those given to the New England Company. The petition was referred to the Treasury Board with power to act, and a contract was concluded the following year. During the autumn the directors of the New England Company were preparing to occupy their grant the following spring, and upon the 23d of November made ar- rangements for a party of forty-seven men, under the superintendency of Gen. Rufus Putnam, to set forward. Six boat-builders were to leave at once, and on the first of January the surveyors and their assistants, twenty-six in number, were to meet at Hart- ford and proceed on their journey westward; the remainder to follow as soon as possible. Congress, in the mean time, upon the 3d of October, had ordered seven hundred troops for defense of the western settlers, and to prevent unauthorized intrusions; and two days later appointed Arthur St. Clair Gov- ernor of the Territory of the Northwest.
AMERICAN SETTLEMENTS.
The civil organization of the Northwest Territory was now complete, and notwith- standing the uncertainty of Indian affairs, settlers from the East began to come into the country rapidly. The New England Company sent their men during the winter of 1787-8 pressing on over the Alleghenies by the old Indian path which had been opened into Braddock's road and which has since been made a national turnpike from Cumberland westward. Through the weary winter days they toiled on, and by April were all gathered on the Yohiogany, where boats had been built, and at once started for the Muskingum. Here they arrived on the 7th of that month, and unless the Mo- ravian missionaries be regarded as the pio-
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neers of Ohio, this little band ean justly elaim that honor.
General St. Clair, the appointed Gover- nor of the Northwest, not having yet ar- rived, a set of laws were passed, written ont, and published by being nailed to a tree in the embryo town, and Jonathan Meigs appointed to administer them.
Washington in writing of this, the first American settlement in the Northwest, said: "No colony in America was ever settled under such favorable auspices as that which has just commeneed at Muskin- gn:n. Information, property and strength will be its characteristics. I know many of its settlers personally, and there never were men better calculated to promote the welfare of such a community."
On the 2d of July a meeting of the di- reetors and agents was held on the banks of the Muskingum, "for the purpose of naming the new-born eity and its squares." As yet the settlement was known as the " Muskingum," but that was now changed to the name Marietta, in honor of Marie Antoinette. The square upon which the block-houses stood was called "Campus Martius;" square number 19, "Capito- lium;" square number 61, "Cecilia;" and the great rough road through the covert way, "Sacra Via." Two days after, an oration was delivered by James M. Var- num, who with S. H. Parsons and John Armstrong had been appointed to the judicial bench of the Territory on the 16th of October, 1787. On July 9, Gov. St. Clair arrived, and the Colony began to as- stane form. The aet of 1787 provided two distinet grades of government for the Northwest, under the first of which the whole power was invested in the hands of
a governor and three distriet judges. This was immediately formed upon the gover- nor's arrival, and the first laws of the Colony passed on the 25th of July. These provid- ed for the organization of the militia, and on the next day appeared the Governor's proclamation, ereeting all that country that had been ceded by the Indians east of the Scioto River into the County of Washing- ton. From that time forward, notwith- standing the doubts yet existing as to the Indians, all Marietta prospered, and on the 2d of September the first court of the Territory was held with imposing cere- monies.
The emigration westward at this time was very great. The commander at Fort Harmar, at the month of the Muskingum, reported four thousand five hundred per- sons as having passed that post between February and June, 1788-many of whom would have purchased of the "Associates," as the New England Company was called, had they been ready to receive them.
On the 26th of November, 1787, Symmes issued a pamphlet stating the terms of his contraet and the plan of sale he intended to adopt. In January, 1788, Matthias Den- man, of New Jersey, took an active inter- est in Symmes' purchase, and located among other traets the sections upon which Cincinnati has been built. Retaining one- third of this locality, he sold the other two-thirds to Robert Patterson and John Filson, and the three, abont August, com - menced to lay out a town on the spot, which was designated as being opposite Licking River, to the month of which they proposed to have a road eut from Lexing- ton. The naming of the town is thus nar- rated in the "Western Annals": " Mr.
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Filson, who had been a schoolmaster, was appointed to name the town, and in respect to its situation, and as if with a prophetie perception of the mixed races that were to inhabit it in after days, he named it Lo- santiville, which being interpreted, means; ville, the town; anti, against or opposite to; os, the mouth; L. of Lieking."
Meanwhile, in July, Syinmes got thirty persons and eight fonr-horse teams under way for the West. These reaelied Lime- stone (now Maysville) in September, where were several persons frow Redstone. Here Mr. Symmes tried to found a settlement, but the great freshet of 1789 caused the "Point," as it was and is yet ealled, to be fifteen feet under water, and the settlement to be abandoned. The little band of settlers removed to the mouth of the Miami. Before Symmes and his colony left the "Point," two settlements had been made on his purchase. The first was by Mr. Stiltes, the original projector of the whole plan, who, with a colony of Redstone peo- ple, had located at the mouth of the Miami, whither Symmes went with his Maysville colony. Here a clearing had been made by the Indians owing to the great fertility of the soil. Mr. Stiltes with his colony came to this place on the 18th of November, 1788, with twenty-six per- sons, and, building a block house, prepared to remain through the winter. They named the settlement Columbia. Here they were kindly treated by the Indians, but suffered greatly from the flood of 1789.
On the 4th of March, 1789, the Consti- tution of the United States went into op- eration, and on April 30th, George Wash- ington was inaugurated President of the American people, and during the next
summer, an Indian war was commeneed by the tribes north of the Ohio. The President at first used pacific means; but these failing, he sent General Harmar against the hostile tribes. Ile destroyed several villages, but was defeated in two battles, near the present City of Fort Wayne, Indiana. From this time till the elose of 1795, the principal events were the wars with the various Indian tribes. In 1796, General St. Clair was appointed in command, and marehed against the In- dians; but while he was eneamped on a stream, the St. Mary, a branch of the Maumee, he was attacked and defeated with the loss of six hundred men.
General Wayne was now sent against the savages. In Angust, 1794, he met them near the rapids of the Maumee, and gained a complete victory. This snecess, followed by vigorous measures, compelled the Indi- ans to sue for peace, and on the 30th of July, the following year, the treaty of Greenville was signed by the principal chiefs, by which a large traet of country was ceded to the United States.
Before proceeding in our narrative, we will pause to notice Fort Washington, erected in the early part of this war on the site of Cincinnati. Nearly all of the great eities of the Northwest, and indeed of the whole country, have had their nuclei in those rnde pioneer structures, known as forts or stockades. Thus Forts Dearborn, Washington, Ponchartrain, mark the orig- inal sites of the now proud cities of Chi- eago, Cincinnati and Detroit. So of most of the flourishing eities east and west of the Mississippi. Fort Washington erected by Doughty in 1790, was a rude but highly interesting structure. It was composed of
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.
a number of strongly-built hewed log cab- ins. Those designed for soldiers' barraeks were a story and a half high, while those composing the officers' quarters were more imposing and more conveniently arranged and furnished. The whole were so placed as to form a hollow sqnare, enelosing about an aere of ground, with a block house at each of the four angles.
The logs for the construction of this fort were ent from the ground upon which it was erected. It stood between Third and Fourth Streets of the present city (Cincinnati) extending east of Eastern Row. now Broadway, which was then a narrow alley, and the eastern boundary of the town as it was originally laid out. On the bank of the river, immediately in front of the fort, was an appendage of the fort, called the Artificer's Yard. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by small contiguous buildings, occupied by workshops and quarters of laborers. Within this enclosure there was a large two-story frame house, familiarly called the " Yellow House," built for the accom- modation of the Quartermaster General. For many years this was the best finished and most commodious edifice in the Queen City. Fort Washington was for some time the headquarters of both the civil and mil- itary governments of the Northwestern Territory.
Following the consummation of the treaty, various gigantie land speculations were entered into by different persons, who hoped to obtain from the Indians in Mich- igan and northern Indiana, large tracts of lands. These were generally discovered in time to prevent the outrageous schemes from being carried out, and from involving
the settlers in war. On October 27, 1795, the treaty between the United States and Spain was signed, whereby the free navi- gation of the Mississippi was secured.
No sooner had the treaty of 1795 been ratified, than settlements began to pour rapidly into the West. The great event of the year 1796 was the occupation of that part of the Northwest inelnding Michigan, which was this year, under the provisions of the treaty, evacuated by the British forces. The United States, owing to certain conditions, did not feel justified in addressing the authorities in Canada in relation to Detroit and other frontier posts. When at last the British author- ities were called to give them up, they at once complied, and General Wayne, who had done so much to preserve the frontier settlements, and who, before the year's close, siekened and died near Erie, transferred his headquarters to the neighborhood of the lakes, where a coun- ty named after him was formed, which included the northwest of Ohio, all of Michigan, and the northeast of Indiana. During this same year settlements were formed at the present City of Chillicothe, along the Miami from Middletown to Piqna, while in the more distant West, settlers and speculators began to appear in great numbers. In September, the City of Cleveland was laid out, and during the summer and autumn, Samuel Jackson and Jonathan Sharpless erected the first manufactory of paper-the "Redstone Paper Mill"-in the West. St. Louis con- tained some seventy houses, and Detroit over three hundred, and along the river, contiguous to it, were more than three thousand inhabitants, mostly French Can-
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adian, Indians and half-breeds, scarcely any Americans venturing yet into that part of the Northwest.
The election of representatives for the Territory had taken place, and on the 4th of February, 1799, they convened at Lo- santiville-now known as Cincinnati, hav- ing been named so by Gov. St. Clair, and considered the capital of the Territory-to nominate persons from whom the mem- bers of the legislature were to be chosen in accordance with a previous ordinance. These nominations being made, the Assem- bly adjourned until the 16th of the follow- ing September. From those named, the President selected as members of the council, Henry Vandenburg, of Vincennes, Robert Oliver, of Marietta, James Findlay and Jacob Burnett, of Cincinnati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. On the 16th of September the Territorial Legislature met, and on the 24th the two houses were duly organized, IIenry Vandenburg being elected President of the Council.
The message of Gov. St. Clair was ad- dressed to the Legislature September 20h, and on October 13th that body elected as a delegate to Congress, Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison, who received eleven of the votes cast, being a majority of one over his op- ponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of Gen. St. Clair.
The whole number of acts passed at this session, and approved by the Governor, were thirty-seven-eleven others were passed, but received his veto. The most important of those passed, related to the inilitia, to the administration, and to taxa- tion. On the 19th of December, this pro- tracted session of the first Legislature in the West was closed, and on the 30th
of December, the President nominated Charles Willing Bryd to the office of Sec- retary of the Territory vice Wm. Henry Harrison, elected to Congress. The Sen- ate confirmed his nomination the next day. DIVISION OF TIIE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.
The increased emigration to the North- west, the extent of the domain, and the ln- convenient modes of travel, made it very difficult to conduct the ordinary operations of government, and rendered the efficient action of courts almost impossible. To remedy this, it was deemed advisable to divide the territory for civil purposes. Congress, in 1800, appointed a committee to examine the question and report some means for its solution. This committee, on the 3d of March, reported that:
" In the three western countries, there has been but one court having cognizance of erimes, in five years, and the iminunity which offenders experience attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned criminals, ] and at the same time deters useful citizens from making settlements in such society. The extreme necessity of judiciary attention and assistance is ex- perienced in civil as well as in criminal cases. * *
* * To minister a remedy to these and other evils, it occurs to this committee that it is expedient that a divis- ion of said territory into two distinct and separate governments should be made: and that such division be made by a line be- ginning at the mouth of the Great Miami River, running directly north until it in - tersects the boundary between the United States and Canada."
The report was accepted by Congress, and, in accordance with its suggestions, that body passed an aet extinguishing the
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Northwest Territory, which act was ap- proved May 7th. Among its provisions were these:
" That from and after July 4th next, all that part of the territory of the United States, northwest of the Ohio River, which lies to the westward of a line beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the Kentucky River, and running thenee to Fort Recovery, and thenee north until it shall interseet the territorial line be- tween the United States and Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate territory, and be called the Indiana Territory."
After providing for the exereise of the civil and eriminal powers of the Territories, and other provisions, the act further pro- vides:
" That until it shall otherwise be ordered by the Legislatures of the said Territories, respectively, Chillicothe on the Seioto River shall be the seat of government of the Territory of the United States north- west of the Ohio River; and that St. Vin- cennes on the Wabash River shall be the seat of government for the Indiana Terri- tory."
Gen. Win. Henry Harrison was appoint- ed Governor of the Indiana Territory, and entered upon his duties about a year later. Conneetient also abont this time released her elaims to the reserve, and in March a law was passed accepting this cession. Settlements had been made upon thirty- five of the townships in the reserve, mills had been built, and seven hundred miles of road ent in various directions. On the 3d of November, the General Assembly met at Chillicothe. Near the close of the year, the first missionary of the Connectient
Reserve eame, who found no township con- taining more than eleven families. It was upon the first of October that the seeret treaty had been made between Napoleon and the King of Spain, whereby the latter agreed to eede to France the province of Louisiana.
In January, 1802. the assembly of the Northwestern Territory chartered the college at Athens. From the earliest dawn of the western colonies, edneation was promptly provided for, and as early as 1787, newspapers were issued from Pitts- burgh and Kentucky, and largely read throughout the frontier settlements. Be- fore the close of this year, the Congress of the United States granted to the citizens of the Northwestern Territory, the forma- tion of a State government. One of the provisions of the "compact of 1787" pro- vided that whenever the number of inhab- itants within preseribed limits exceeded 45,000, they should be entitled to a sepa- rate government. The preseribed limits of Ohio contained, from a census taken to ascertain the legality of the aet, more than that number, and on the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed the act defining its limits, and on the 29th of November the Constitution of the new State of Ohio, so named from the beautiful river forming its southern boundary, came into existence. The exact limits of Lake Michigan were not then known, but the territory now inelnded within the State of Michigan was wholly within the territory of Indiana.
General Harrison, while residing at Vincennes, made several treaties with the Indians, thereby gaining large tracts of lands. The next year is memorable in the history of the West for the purchase of
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Louisiana from France by the United States for $15,000,000. Thus by a peace- ful mode, the domain of the United States was extended overa large tract of country west of the Mississippi, and was for a time under the jurisdiction of the Northwest government, and as has been mentioned in the early part of this narrative, was called the "New Northwest." The limits of this history will not allow a description of its territory. The same year large grants of land were obtained from the Indians, and the House of Representatives of the new State of Ohio signed a bill respecting the college township in the distriet of Cineinnati.
Before the elose of the year, General Harrison obtained additional grants of lands from the various Indian nations in Indiana and the present limits of Illinois, and on the 18th of August, 1804, a treaty at St. Louis, whereby over 51,000,000 aeres of lands were obtained from the aborigines. Measures were also taken to learn the con- dition of affairs in and about Detroit.
C. Jonette, the Indian agent in Miehi- gan, still a part of Indiana Territory, re- ported as follows upon the condition of matters at that post:
"The Town of Detroit .- The charter, which is for fifteen miles square, was granted in the time of Louis XIV of France, and is now, from the best infor- mation I have been able to get, at Quebec. Of those two hundred and twenty-five acres, only four are occupied by the town and Fort Lenault. The remainder is a common, except twenty-four aeres, which were added twenty years ago to a farm belonging to Wm. Macomb. * * * * A stockade eneloses the town, fort and cit-
adel. The piekets, as well as the public houses, are in a state of gradual decay. The streets are narrow, straight and regu- lar, and intersect each other at right angles. The houses are for the most part low and inelegant."
During this year Congress granted a township of land for the support of a col- lege, and began to offer indneements for settlers in these wilds, and the country now comprising the State of Michigan began to fill rapidly with settlers along its southern borders. This same year, also, a law was passed organizing the Southwest Territory, dividing it into two portions, the Territory of New Orleans, which eity was made the seat of government, and the District of Louisiana, which was annexed to the domain of Gen. Harrison.
On the 11th of January, 1805, the Terri- tory of Michigan was formed. Wm. IIull was appointed governor with headquarters at Detroit, the change to take effect on June 30th. On the 11th of that month, a fire occurred at Detroit, which destroyed almost every building in the place. When the officers of the new Territory reached the post, they found it in ruins, and the inhab- itants seattered throughout the country. Rebuilding, however, soon commenced, and ere long the town contained more houses than before the fire, and many of them inch better bnilt.
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