USA > Illinois > Effingham County > History of Effingham county, Illinois > Part 81
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Soon after the settlement of California and Oregon, complaints began to be heard
of massacres of emigrant trains passing through the Modoc country. In 1847, an emigrant train. comprising eighteen souls, was entirely destroyed at a place since known as " Bloody Point." These occur- rences caused the United States Govern- ment to appoint a peace commission, who, after repeated attempts, in 1864, made a treaty with the Modocs, Snakes and Kla- maths, in which it was agreed on their part to remove to a reservation set apart for them in the southern part of Oregon.
With the exception of Captain Jack and a band of his followers, who remained at Clear Lake, about six miles from Klamath, all the Indians complied. The Modocs who went to the reservation were under chief Schonchin. Captain Jack remained at the lake without disturbance until 1869, when he was also induced to remove to the reservation. The Modocs and the Klamaths soon became involved in a quarrel, and Captain Jack and his band returned to the Lava Beds.
Several attempts were made by the In- dian Commissioners to indnee them to re- turn to the reservation, and finally becom- ing involved in a difficulty with the con- missioner and his military escort, a fight ensued, in which the chief and his band were routed. They were greatly enraged and on their retreat, before the day closed, killed eleven inoffensive whites.
The nation was aroused and immediate action demanded. A commission was at once appointed by the Government to see what could be done. It comprised the fol- lowing persons: Gen. E. R. S. Canby, Rev. Dr. E. Thomas, a leading Methodist divine of California; Mr. A. B. Meacham, Judge Rosborough, of California, and a Mr.
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Dyer, of Oregon. After several interviews, in which the savages were always aggres- sive, often appearing with sealps in their belts, Bogus Charley came to the commis- sion on the evening of April 10, 1873, and informed them that Capt. Jack and his band would have a " talk " to-morrow at a place near Clear Lake, about three miles distant. IIere the Commissioners, accom- panied by Charley, Riddle, the interpreter, and Boston Charley, repaired. After the usual greeting the conneil proceedings com- menced. On behalf of the Indians there were present: Capt. Jack, Black Jim, Schac Nasty Jim, Ellen's Man, and Hooker Jim. They had no guns, but carried pistols. After short speeches by Mr. Meacham, Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas, Chief Schonehin arose to speak. Ile had scarcely proceeded when, as if by a preconcerted arrangement, Capt. Jack drew his pistol and shot Gen. Canby dead. In less than a minute a dozen shots were fired by the savages, and the massaere completed. Mr. Meacham was shot by Schonchin, and Dr. Thomas by Boston Charley. Mr. Dyer barely escaped, being fired at twice. Riddle, the interpre- ter, and his squaw escaped. The troops rushed to the spot where they found Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas dead, and Mr. Meacham badly wounded. The savages had escaped to their impenetrable fastnesses and could not be pursned.
The whole country was aroused by this brutal massacre; but it was not until the following May that the murderers were brought to justice. At that time Boston Charley gave himself up, and offered to guide the troops to Capt. Jack's stronghold. This led to the capture of his entire gang, a number of whom were murdered by Ore-
gon volunteers while on their way to trial. The remaining Indians were held as pris- oners until July, when their trial occurred, which led to the conviction of Capt. Jack, Schonchin, Boston Charley, Hooker Jim. Broncho, alias One- Eyed Jim, and Slotnek, who were sentenced to be hanged. These sentences were approved by the President, save in the case of Slotnek and Broncho whose sentences were commuted to impris- omment for life. The others were executed at Fort Klamath, October 3, 1873.
These closed the Indian troubles for a time in the Northwest, and for several years the borders of civilization remained in peace. They were again involved in a conflict with the savages about the country of the Black Hills, in which war the gallant Gen. Custer lost his life. Just now the borders of Ore- gon and California are again in fear of hos- tilities; but as the Government has learned how to deal with the Indians, they will be of short duration. The red man is fast passing away before the march of the white man, and a few more generations will read of the Indians as one of the nations of the past.
The Northwest abonnds in memorable places. We have generally noticed them in the narrative, but our space forbids their description in detail, save of the most important places. Detroit, Cineinnati, Vincennes, Kaskaskia and their kindred towns have all been described. But ere we leave the narrative we will present our readers with an account of the Kinzie house, the old landmark of Chicago, and the discovery of the source of the Missis- sippi River, each of which may well find a place in the annals of the Northwest.
Mr. John Kinzie, of the Kinzie honse,
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established a trading house at Fort Dear- born in 1804. The stockade had been erected the year previous, and named Fort Dearborn in honor of the Secretary of War. It had a block house at each of the two angles, on the sonthern side a sallyport, a covered way on the north side, that led down to the river, for the double purpose of providing means of escape, and of pro- curing water in the event of a siege.
Fort Dearborn stood on the south bank of the Chicago River, abont half a mile from its month. When Major Whistler built it, his soldiers hauled all the timber, for he had no oxen, and so economically did he work that the fort cost the Govern- ment only fifty dollars. For a while the garrison could get no grain, and Whistler and his men subsisted on acorns. Now Chicago is the greatest grain center in the world.
Mr. Kinzie bought the hut of the first settler, Jean Baptiste Point an Sable, on the site of which he erected his mansion. Within an inclosure in front he plante I some Lombardy poplars, and in the rear he soon had a fine garden and growing orchard.
In 1812 the Kinzie house and its sur- roundings became the theater of stirring events. The garrison of Fort Dearborn consisted of fifty-four men, under the charge of Capt. Nathan IIeald, assisted by Lieutenant Lenai T. Helm (son-in-law to Mrs. Kinzie), and ensign Ronan. The sur- geon was Dr. Voorhees. The only resi- dents at the post at that time were the wives of Capt. Heald and Lieutenant Helm and a few of the soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and a few Canadian voyageurs with their wives and children. The sol- diers and Mr. Kinzie were on the most
friendly terms with the Pottawatomies and the Winnebagoes, the principal tribes around them, but they could not win them from their attachment to the British.
After the battle of Tippecanoe it was observed that some of the leading chiefs became sullen, for some of their people had perished in that conflict with Ameri- can troops.
One evening in April 1812, Mr. Kinzie sat playing his violin and his children were dancing to the music, when Mrs. Kinzie came rushing into the house pale with terror, exclaiming, "The Indians! the Indians!" "What ? Where ?" eagerly inquired Mr. Kinzie. " Up at Lee's, kill- ing and scalping," answered the frightened mother, who, when the alarm was given, was attending Mrs. Burns, a newly-made mother, living not far off. Mr. Kinzie and his family crossed the river in boats, and took refuge in the fort, to which place Mrs. Burns and her infant, not a day old, were conveyed in safety to the shelter of the guns of Fort Dearborn, and the rest of the white inhabitants fled. The Indians were a scalping party of Winnebagoes, who hov- ered around the fort some days, when they disappeared, and for several weeks the in- habitants were not disturbed by alarms.
Chicago was then so deep in the wilder- ness, that the news of the declaration of war against Great Britain, made on the 19th of June, 1812, did not reach the com- mander of the garrison at Fort Dearborn till the 7th of August. Now the fast mail train will carry a man from New York to Chicago in twenty-seven hours, and such a declaration might be sent, every word, by the telegraph in less than the same number of minutes.
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PRESENT CONDITION OF THE NORTHWEST.
Preceding chapters have brought ns to the close of the Black Hawk war, and we now turn to the contemplation of the growth and prosperity of the northwest under the sinile of peace and the blessings of our civilization. The pioneers of this region date events back to the deep snow of 1831, no one arriving here since that date taking first honors. The inciting cause of the immigration which overflowed the prairies early in the '30s was the reports of the marvelous beauty and fertility of the re- gion distributed through the East by those who had participated in the Black Hawk campaign with Gen. Scott. Chicago and Milwaukee then had a few hundred inhab- itants, and Gordon S. Hubbard's trail from the former city to Kaskaskia led almost through a wilderness. Vegetables and clothing were largely distributed through the regions adjoining the lakes by steam- ers from the Ohio towns. There are men now living in Illinois who came to the State when barely an acre was in cultiva- tion, and a man now prominent in the bus- iness circles of Chicago looked over the swampy, cheerless site of that metropolis in 1818 and went sonthward into civilization. Emigrants from Pennsylvania in 1830 left behind them but one small railway in the coal regions thirty miles in length, and made their way to the Northwest mostly with ox teams, finding in Northern Illinois petty settlements scores of miles apart, although the southern portion of the state was fairly dotted with farms. The water conrses of the lakes and rivers fur- nished transportation to the second great army of immigrants, and abont 1850 rail- roads were pushed to that extent that the
crisis of 1837 was precipitated upon us, from the effects of which the Western country had not fully recovered at the outbreak of the war. Hostilities found the colonists of the prairies fully alive to the demands of the occasion, and the honor of recruit- ing the vast armies of the Union fell largely to Gov. Yates, of Illinois, and Gov. Mor- ton, of Indiana. To recount the share of the glories of the campaign won by our Western troops is a needless task, except to mention the fact that Illinois gave to the nation the President who saved it. and sent ont at the head of one of its regiments the general who led its armies to the final victory at Appomattox. The struggle, ou the whole, had a marked effeet for the bet- ter on the new Northwest, giving it an im- petus which twenty years of peace would not have produced. In a large degree this prosperity was an inflated one, and with the rest of the Union we have since been compelled to atone therefor. Agriculture, still the leading feature in onr industries, has been quite prosperous through all these years, and the farmers have cleared away many incumbrances resting over them from the period of fictitious values. The pop- ulation has steadily increased, the arts and sciences are gaining a stronger foothold, the trade area of the region is becoming daily more extended, and we have been largely exempt from the financial calam- ities.
At the present perio'l there are no great schemes broached for the Northwest, no propositions for government subsidies or national works of improvement, but the cipital of the world is attracted hither for the purchase of our products or the expan- sion of our capacity for serving the nation
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at large. A new era is dawning as to transportation, and we bid fair to deal al- most exclusively with the increasing and expanding lines of steel rail running through every few miles of territory on the prairies. The lake marine will no doubt continue to be useful in the warmer season, and to serve as a regulator of freight rates; but experienced navigators forecast the deeay of the system in moving to the sea- board the enormous erops of the West. Within the past few years it has beeome quite common to see direet shipments to Europe and the West Indies going through from the second-class towns along the Mississippi and Missouri.
As to popular education, the standard has of late risen very greatly, and our schools would be ereditable to any section of the Union.
More and more as the events of the war pass into obscurity will the fate of the Northwest be linked with that of the Southwest.
Our publie men continue to wield the full share of influence pertaining to their rank in the national autonomy, and seem not to forget that for the past sixteen years they and their constituents have dietated the principles which should govern the country.
In a work like this, destined to lie on the shelves of the library for generations, and not doomed to daily destruction like a newspaper, one ean not indulge in the same glowing predictions, the sanguine statements of aetnalities that fill the eol- umns of ephemeral publications. Time may bring grief to the pet projeets of a writer, and explode eastles ereeted on a pedestal of faets. Yet there are unmistaka-
ble indieations before us of the same radical change in our great Northwest which char- aeterizes its history for the past thirty years. Our domain has a sort of natural geographical border, save where it melts away to the southward in the eattle raising distriets of the Southwest.
Our prime interest will for some years doubtless be the growth of the food of the world, in which branch it has already out- stripped all competitors, and our great rival in this duty will naturally be the fertile plains of Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado, to say nothing of the new empire so rapid- ly growing up in Texas. Over these regions there is a continued progress in agriculture and in railway building, and we must look to our laurels. Intelligent observers of events are fully aware of the strides made in the way of shipments of fresh meats to Europe, many of these ocean car- goes being actually slaughtered in the West and transported on ice to the wharves of the seaboard cities. That this new enterprise will continue there is no reason to doubt. There are in Chicago several factories for the eanning of prepared meats for European consumption, and the orders for this class of goods are already immense. English eapital is becoming daily more and more and more dissatisfied with railway loans and investments, and is gradually seeking mammoth outlays in lands and live stock. The stoek yards in Chicago, Indianapolis and East St. Louis are yearly inereasing their facilities, and their plant steadily grows more valuable. Importations of blooded animals from the progressive coun- tries of Europe are destined to greatly im- prove the quality of our beef and mutton. Nowhere is there to be seen a more enticing
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display in this line than at our state and county fairs, and the interest in the matter is on the increase.
To attempt to give statistics of our grain production would be useless, so far have we surpassed ourselves in the quantity and quality of our product. We are too liable to forget that we are giving the world its first artiele of necessity-its food supply. An opportunity to learn this fact so it nev- er can be forgotten was afforded at Chicago at the outbreak of the great panic of 1873, when Canadian purchasers, fearing the pros- tration of business might bring about an anarchieal condition of affairs, went to that city with coin in bulk and foreign drafts to secure their supplies in their own currency at first hands. It may be justly claimed by the agricultural community that their com- bined efforts gave the nation its first impe- tus toward a restoration of its crippled industries, and their labor brought the gold premium to a lower depth than the govern- ment was able to reach by its most intense efforts of legislation and compulsion. The hundreds of millions about to be disbursed for farm products have already, by the an- ticipation common to all commercial nations, set the wheels in motion, and will relieve us from the perils so long shadowing our efforts to return to a healthy tone.
Manufacturing has attained in the chief cities a foothold which bids fair to render the Northwest independent of the outside world. Nearly our whole region has a dis- tribution of coal measures which will in time support the manufactures necessary to our comfort and prosperity. As to trans- portation, the chief factor in the production of all articles except food, no section is so magnificently endowed, and our facilities
are yearly increasing beyond those of any other region.
The period from a central point of the war to the outbreak of the panie was marked by a tremendous growth in our railway lines, but the depression of the times caused almost a total suspension of operations. Now that prosperity is return- ing to our stricken country we witness its anticipation by the railroad interest in a series of projects, extensions, and leases which bid fair to largely increase our transportation facilities. The process of foreclosure and sale of incumbered lines is another matter to be considered. In the case of the Illinois Central road, which formerly transferred to other lines at Cairo the vast burden of freight destined for the Gulf region, we now sec the incorporation of the tracts connecting through to New Orleans, every mile co-operating in turning toward the northwestern metropolis the weight of the interstate commerce of a thousand miles or more of fertile planta- tions. Three competing routes to Texas have established in Chicago their general freight and passenger agencies. Four or tive lines compete for all Pacific freights to a point as far as the interior of Nebraska. Half a dozen or more splendid bridge structures have been thrown across the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers by the railways. The Chicago and Northwestern line has beeome an aggregation of over two thousand miles of rail, and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul is its close rival in extent and importance. The three lines running to Cairo viu Vincennes form a through route for all traffic with the States to the southward. The trunk lines being mainly in operation, the progress made in
-
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the way of shortening tracks, making air- line branches, and running extensions does not show to the advantage it deserves, as this process is constantly adding new facili- ties to the established order of things. The panie reduced the price of steel to a point where the railways could hardly afford to use iron rails, and all our northwestern lines report large relays of Bessemer track. The immense crops now being moved have given a great rise to the value of railway stocks, and their transportation must result in heavy peenniary advantages.
Few are aware of the importance of the wholesale and jobbing trade of Chicago. In boots and shoes and in clothing, twenty or more great firms from the East have placed here their distributing agents or their factories ; and in groceries Chicago supplies the entire Northwest at rates
presenting advantages over New York.
Chicago has stepped in between New York and the rural banks as a financial center, and scarcely a banking institution in the grain or cattle regions but keeps its reserve funds in the vaults of our com- mercial institutions. Accumulating here throughout the spring and summer months, they are summoned home at pleasure to move the products of the prairies. This process greatly strengthens the northwest in its financial operations, leaving home capital to supplement local operations on behalf of home interests.
It is impossible to forecast the destiny of this grand and growing section of the Union. Figures and predictions made at this date might seem ten years hence so ludicrously small as to excite only derision.
EARLY HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
The name of this beautiful Prairie State is derived from Illini, a Delaware word signifying Superior Men. It has a French termination, and is a symbol of how the two races-the French and the Indians- were intermixed during the early history of the country.
The appellation was no doubt well ap- plied to the primitive- inhabitants of the soil whose prowess in savage warfare long withstood the combined attacks of the fierce Iroquois on the one side, and the no less savage and relentless Sacs and Foxes on the other. The Illinois were once a powerful confederacy, occupying the most beautiful and fertile region in the great Valley of the Mississippi, which their en- emies coveted, and struggled long and hard to wrest from them. By the fortunes of war, they were diminished in numbers, and finally destroyed. "Starved Rock," on the Illinois River, according to tradi- tion, commemorates their last tragedy, where, it is said, the entire tribe starved rather than surrender.
EARLY DISCOVERIES.
The first European discoveries in Illi- nois date back over two hundred years. They are a part of that movement which, from the beginning to the middle of the seventeenth century, brought the French
Canadian missionaries and fur traders into the Valley of the Mississippi, and which at a later period established the civil and ecclesiastical authority of France, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexi- eo, and from the foot-hills of the Alleghe- nies to the Rocky Mountains.
The great river of the West had been discovered by De Soto, the Spanish con- qneror of Florida, three quarters of a cent- nry before the French founded Quebec in 1608, but the Spanish left the country a wilderness, without further exploration or settlement within its borders, in which con- dition it remained until the Mississippi was discovered by the agents of the French Canadian government, Joliet and Mar- qnette, in 1673. These renowned explor- ers were not the first white visitors to Illi- nois In 1671-two years in advance of them-came Nicholas Perrot to Chicago. Ile had been sent by Talon as an agent of the Canadian government to call a great peace convention of Western Indians at Green Bay, preparatory to the movement for the discovery of the Mississippi. It was deemed a good stroke of policy to se- enre, as far as possible, the friendship and co-operation of the Indians, far and near, before venturing upon an enterprise which their hostility might render disastrous, and which their friendship and assistance would
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EARLY HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
do so much to make successful; and to this end Perrot was sent to eall together in council, the tribes throughout the North- west, and to promise them the commeree and protection of the French government. HIe accordingly arrived at Green Bay in 1671, and procuring an escort of Pottawat- omies, proceeded in a bark canoe upon a visit to the Miamis, at Chicago. Perrot was therefore the first European to set foot upon the soil of Illinois.
Still there were others before Marquette. In 1672, the Jesuit missionaries, Fathers Clande Allouez and Claude Dablon, bore the standard of the Cross from their mis- sion at Green Bay through western Wis- consin and northern Illinois, visiting the Foxes on Fox River, and the Masquotines and Kickapoos at the mouth of the Mil- waukee. These missionaries penetrated on the route afterwards followed by Marquette as far as the Kickapoo village at the head of Lake Winnebago, where Marquette, in his journey, seeured guides aoress the portage to the Wisconsin.
The oft repeated story of Marquette and Joliet is well known. They were the agents employed by the Canadian govern- ment to discover the Mississippi. Mar- quette was a native of France, born in 1637, a Jesnit priest by education, and a man of simple faith and of great zeal and devotion in extending the Roman Catholic religion among the Indians. Arriving in Canada in 1666, he was sent as a mission- ary to the far Northwest, and, in 1668, founded a mission at Sault Ste. Marie. The following year he moved to La Pointe, in Lake Superior, where he instrueted a branch of the Hurons till 1670, when he removed south and founded the mission at St. Ignace.
on the Straits of Mackinaw. Here he re- mained, devoting a portion of his time to the study of the Illinois language under a native teacher who had accompanied him to the mission from La Pointe, till he was joined by Joliet in the spring of 1673. By the way of Green Bay and the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, they entered the Mis- sissippi, which they explored to the month of the Arkansas, and returned by the way of the Illinois and Chicago Rivers to Lake Michigan,
On his way up the Illinois, Marquette visited the great village of the Kaskaskias, near what is now Utica, in the county of La Salle. The following year he returned and established among them the mission of the Immaculate Virgin Mary, which was the first Jesuit mission founded in Illinois and in the Mississippi Valley. The intervening winter he had spent in a hut which his companions erected on the Chi- eago River, a few leagues from its month. The founding of this mission was the last aet of Marquette's life. He died in Mich- igan, on his way back to Green Bay, May 18, 1675.
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