USA > Illinois > St Clair County > History of St. Clair County, Illinois. With illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers > Part 10
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There have been found boulders of like composition and origin with those so common to a prairie country, and which are usually accepted as evidences of a glacial period, which are affirmed to have brought with them, borne before great masses of ice, snow and water, these irregularly rounded masses of rock leaving them scattered here and there over the plains. They are a conglomerate of quartz, feldspar, mica and hornblende. In the eastern part of the county was found granite rock about 5} feet in diameter, which was, as early as 1828 utilized as a buhrstone, and which was pronounced by millers to be equal to any French buhrstone for purposes of grinding grain.
Having thus defined the surface indications briefly, the writer compiles from the Geological Survey of Illinois by A. H. Worthen, a record of facts respecting the other formations. At the base of drift deposits are found beds of plastic clay, containing sometimes small pebbles, at other localities there are stratified sands below the clay. At the Alma shaft, this deposit is seventy feet thick. At the Summerfield shaft the drift clays are but thirty-five feet thick, and in the vicinity of Athens it was found to be fifty feet deep, and consisted of clay and sand, with rounded boulders at the bottom. On the farm of Mr. Engelmann, Mascoutah pre- cinct, the following beds were passed through in sinking a well :
Soil and yellow clay, . 14 feet.
Reddish-brown gravel and sand layers, 28
Blue clay, . 83 «
Making an aggregate of one hundred and twenty-five feet of drift. North, at Mascoutah, it was found to be but eighty-two feet thick, showing the following divisions :
Soil and clay, 20 feet.
Quicksand, . 6 4
Blue, gray and reddish clay, 50
Coarse quick sand, with bits of wood, 6
At Freeburg it was found to be but forty-five feet, thus showing a great diversity in different parts of the county. There is an im- perfect stratification of these deposits, which consist chiefly of fine sand, clay and gravel.
Coal Measures -Underlying fully three-fourths of the surface of the county, embracing all the central and eastern portions, is coal to be found. Thus far, five coal seams have been developed, only two of which have proven to be of economic value. The thickest coal seam is perhaps that at Freeburg, which is found to reach a thickness of eleven feet. That out-cropping in the River bluff, and along the western boundaries of the coal fields, in the south-western part of the county, is of about equal thickness. The dip, though very moderate, is in an easterly direction, hence the coal lies deepest in those mines near the eastern boundary line of the
39
HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY, ILLINOIS.
county. The following section of the measure containing coal, is compiled from the shaft at Summerfield, commencing immediately below the drift clays :
Bituminous shale (No. 3, coal ?) 3 feet, 0 in.
Fire clay,.
0 " 6 "
Gray shale and sandstone,
35 4 0
Hard limestone (fossiliferous),
5
0
Sandstones and shales, .
90 0
Coal, No. 2?
0
4 "
Conglomerate with ferruginous pebbles,
4 0
Fire clay,
1
0 “
Clay shale (soapstone),
10 to 12 "
0 4
Coal, .
0
00
Fire clay,
0
8 "
Gray shales,
20
0
Limestone,
4
6 4
Gray and variegated shales,
35 “
Limestone, .
00
0
Black and gray shales,
25 “ 04
Coal No. 1. C? .
4
0 4
There seems to be a difference of opinion about the classification of coal No. 1, C., because of the remarkable thickening of the shales between it and the limestone that ordinarily forms the roof of the coal; and the comparative thinness of the coal itself, which is harder and more impregnated with the sulphuret of iron, in which respect it is like No. 1, B. Some would classify it as No. 1, B., considering coal No. 1, C. to be occupied by the black shale immediately below the eight feet limestone.
In the vicinity of Belleville are found the following succession of strata :
Compact bluish-gray limestone . 4 to 8 feet.
Sandy shales .
10"15 "
Limestone and calcareous shales 5 " 15 "
Bituminous shale (local) . .
1 4
Coal, Belleville seam (No. 1. C)
54 7 "
Clay shale (local) .
1 4
Nodular argillaceons limestone 4 6
8 44
Shales . .
5" 10 "
Brown argillaceous limestone
4 4
Bituminous shales .
5 "
Coal No I. B .
3 4
Clay shale, passing into sandy shale . 20 4 30.“
Bituminous shale
24 3 "
Coal No 1. A .
1 " 6 in.
Fire clay .
2 " 3 4
Conglomerate sandstone (local)
5 4
8.4
These beds form a continuous outcrop, from their first appearance in the river bluffs, about one mile and a half below Centreville Station to the north line of the county.
The Belleville coal seam No. 1. C. is the principal one worked at the present time, and it was the first ever worked in the state. Its natural out-crop along the bluffs in such close proximity to St. Louis, called attention to its value at an early day, and it was worked in open trenches, and by tunnelling into the seam along the face of the bluff long before its continuation under the highlands to the east- ward was ever suspected. It has a limestone roof, as noted above, rendering its working safe and economical. Now and then, pockets of slate intervene between this limestone and the coal itself, as in John Manle's mine, of sufficient thickness and strength to furnish a roof independent of the limestone. This, however, is local and con- fined to few localities. The upper two layers of coal are not to exceed twenty-four inches in thickness, but of purer quality, commanding a premiuin of two cents a bushel over the lower, which is charged with sulphuret of iron. Beneath this coal is usually a nodular argilla- ceons limestone, but sometimes it is sandwiched between regular layers of limestone. The working of Coal No. 1. A, only about
eighteen inches in thickness, in connection with the fire-clay of about twice the thickness immediately above it has been carried on with small success. The limestone above the coal is quite fossiliferous, the mines at Caseyville, Belleville and Pittsburg having fur- nished some fine specimens.
The shale yet above this limestone likewise contains fossils, fish teeth, etc. It, in turn, is overlaid with another limestone which is quarried to supply the demand for building-stone. It is a brownish- gray, rather argillaceous limestone, more regularly bedded than the limestone immediately above the coal seam.
On Jack's run, about half a mile east of Freeburg, there is a fine exposure of the strata above the Belleville quarry rock, showing the following succession of layers from the top downward :
Shale and sandstone, the latter micacious 35 feet.
Gray phale .
20 “
Blue clay shale with bands of iron ore . 15 4
Coal
0 " 4 in.
Clay shale .
3 "
Shaly gray limestone 1 4 6 "
Argillaceous strata
3 "0 "
Hard gray limestone (Belleville Quarry rock) . . 10 "
Descending from this limestone there is found :
Ferruginous shale . 8 feet.
Band of hard arenaceous limestone 1 4
Shales (irregular) .
10 "
Hard gray limestone . 3 4
Bituminous shale (local)
1 4
Coal-Belleville 7 to 11 "
By reference to the list of mines, subjoined, giving depth of shafts will be found the different depths at which coal is worked. About three miles south-east of Freeburg, surface coal of seven feet thickness is presented. Beyond its exposure it is covered to the depth of two feet with a layer of shale. South a few miles this seam is worked by horizontal drifts on the bill-sides.
At the Alma shaft, the coal was found at a depth of one hundred and seventy feet below the surface, overlaid with eleven feet of black shale and limestone. Above this again are seventeen feet of shale and sandstone, when a limestone representing the Belleville quarry rock is met with. The dip of the coal has already been referred to as being to the east of the bluffs. Comparisons of depth of coal, taken in conjunction with ascent of the surface, leads to the conclusion that the dip is not more than five to six feet to the mile.
Limestones thus far incidentally noted in connection with coal measures are supplemented by others occupying a considerably higher position and outcropping in but two or three places in the county, north and north-east of Belleville, the nearest being two miles north, then again at Rock Spring. This stone is illy adapted to building purposes, since it splits into fragments when exposed to the action of frost.
A coarse-grained, thin bedded gray or brown limestone, belong- ing to the sub-carboniferous group, and containing fossils characte- ristic thereof, outcrops south-west of Belleville near Centreville Station. It probably represents the lower limestone division in Randolph county in which there is six hundred feet, whilst in St. Clair it does not exceed forty feet, in thickness. The lower sand- stone of this group underlies this limestone. It is extensively quar- ried. It is a light brown freestone, even textured and soft enough to be sawed or cut into any desirable form. It hardens on exposure, and makes an excellent building stone.
Beneath this sandstone, and worked in close proximity to it, is what is classed as St. Louis limestone, a regularly bedded, close- grained stone of a light color. The upper portion of it is a pure carbonate of lime, well adapted to the manufacture of quicklime.
40
HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY, ILLINOIS.
The dip of these strata is northward at an angle of 30°, so that near the Monroe county line are exposed the brown magnesian and semi- volitic limestones that constitute the lower division of this group. Its outcroppings are confined to the south-western part of the county. At the old lime-kilns, four miles from Centreville station, it forms a mural cliff from sixty to seventy feet high, and continues gradually increasing in elevation, until the " Falling Spring," where it measures one hundred and fifteen feet in thickness, above the level of the Mississippi bottoms.
A most interesting study connected with these various strata, es- pecially of beds of calcareous shales and limestone, is that of the fossils. Just as the print of ferns, leaves, and semi-transformed bits of wood are held as sufficient proof of the origin of coal away back, when a tropical sun nursed plant life into an unparalleled growth, to be hidden away by processes of nature, and prepared by her silent chemists into coal measures, so too are these fossils ac- cepted as evidences of a period when seas swept their full volume of waters over the remains of marine animals, crustacea, mollusca, crinoidea, corals, and bryozoa, with the teeth and spines of carti- laginous fishes among them. From their great number, life among the lower orders of created animal existence must have been quite as phenomenal as was plant growth during the ages preceding.
Many fine specimens of a fossiliferous character have been gathered in this county, and more than as many more ruthlessly tossed aside as possessed of no value.
Economical Geology .- From this brief resume of the outcroppings of the various strata observed in this county, it is manifest that it is a region highly favored. Its great and inexhaustible beds of coal are supplimented with quarries of both lime and sandstone, useful in a great variety of arts. .
Limestone .- In the river bluffs contiguous to the Falling Spring, is the St. Louis limestone, well adapted to the manufacture of lime. These quarries are yet in the infancy of their development, although first opened many years ago. They ought to be made of sufficient capacity to furnish all southern Illinois with lime, and that, too, of very superior quality.
Cement has, for a number of years, been obtained on T. Miller's place on section T. R. W. The material is a bluish-gray earthy limestone, and is quarried by drifting into the bed horizontally along the line of outcrop. Its capacity also might very profitably be increased.
Building Stone .- This county contains a great abundance of building-stone, confined principally to Centreville precinct. From William Lark's quarries on section - T. 1 N. R 9 W., was ob- tained the material for constructing Grace Church in St. Louis, upon a contract amounting to fifty thousand dollars. The same stone has been largely shipped since, and been employed in the construction and ornamentation of many buildings. Some of the coarser layers have been successfully employed in the manufac- ture of grind-stones. In the same vicinity, overlying the above, is a lime-stone suitable for flagging, for heavy abutments of bridges, cellar walls, pillars, walls of buildings, where massiveness of pro- portions are desired. The pillars of the court-house at Belleville are of this material, and were taken from these quarries. The more compact fine grained strata are susceptible of a high polish, and could be used for cappings, ornamental designs, and anything where strength and beauty are desired in combination in ornamentation of buildings.
Fire and Potter's Clays .- The advent of tiling has given a fresh impetus to the working up of clays suitable thereto. Such clays abound in this county, and, as the demand increases, the supply will likewise increase. Clays suitable for the manufacture of common
stone ware are being developed, and under skillful hands, are being wrought into various patterns. They are found in conjunction with coal, and are taken from the same shafts with comparatively little extra trouble.
Coal .- It has been aptly said that "coal is to the world of indus- try what the sun is to the natural world, the great source of light and heat, with their innumerable benefits." It furnishes the power that evolved the spirit of steam from the water, which, in turn propels the machinery run in the world's material interests; it weds the rough, uncouth ores of the mountains to the various arts devised by man's genius ; it renders the cold, cheerless winter such aid as dis- pels its gloom, and by its wondrous power is destined yet through pipe lines like those underneath the streets of Belleville, to extend its cheer through dirtless, permeating heat, like heart-throbs all along the highways of our cities.
Bituminous coal is by far the most important mineral resource of this county. It is calculated that the seams already partially de- veloped and which are being profitably worked, will produce four billion and fifty million tons of coal.
When it is remembercd that below these seams it is quite probable that other deposits will eventually be made manifest, the enormous proportions of the coal industry will be partially apparent. These vast deposits of coal fix the status of Belleville, and indeed of all the county, as a natural centre of manufactories. Hard by, are Missouri's mountains of iron ; her vast fields of lead and zinc ready for the hand of the artisan ; whilst above these coal beds are lands unsurpassed in the production of wheat demanding conversion into flour through the kindly aid of this fossilized sunshine of by-gone ages.
The discovery of coal was singular. As related by Reynolds in his sketches published in Belleville in 1857, "A citizen of the Amer- ican Bottom discovered smoke issuing from the ground, for weeks together, which attracted his attention. He saw the coal in the Bluff on fire, and supposed it had caught from the dry roots of a tree, that the prairie had set on fire. The fire had communicated to the coal from the burning wood. Soon after this, in 1823, the coal trade commenced.
Analysis of the Belleville coal by Henry Pratten, former assist- tant geologist and chemist to the survey, reveals the following :
CASEYVILLE MINES.
Analysis.
8,5
Specific gravity
1.304.
Volatile matters
35.8
Loss in coking.
. 39,8
C'arbon in coke . 51.8
Total weight of coke . . . 60.2
Ash (pale red . 4.5
---- 100.00
-100.00
Analysis.
Moisture
60
BELLEVILLE MINES .- VARIOUS OPENINGS.
Volatile matters
.33.8
Carbon in coke . 55.2
Ash (pale red) .
5.0
Loss in coking . . 45.0
-100.00
Total weight of coke . . 55.
Carbon in coal .
55.3
Analysis.
PFEIFFER'S MINE.
Moisture . 5.5
Specific gravity
1.293
Carbon in coke . 49.6
Loss in coking
44.3
Ash (gray) .
5.4
Total weight of coke . . . 55.7
-100.00
-100.00 Carbon in coal . 54.6
The variation in other analyses made, shows from 38.7 to 46 per cent. less in coking ; from 51 to 58 per cent. carbon in coal, and from 44 to 56 per cent. carbon in coke. From this it will be seen that the coal here compares favorably with that of surrounding coun- ties.
To summarize : St. Clair county presents a great variety of build- ing and other stone, clays, coal, and, though undeveloped, seams of
Moisture
Carbon in coal
57.5
Specific gravity 1.293
Volatile matters
39.5
41
HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY, ILLINOIS.
iron ore. Her manufacturing industries are increasing in impor- tance and in the production of wealth. The hum of machinery makes sweet music; ores from furnace throats send forth their ban- ners of flame to declare that labor is king ; thundering railway trains on a dozen roads within her limits, take up the cry, as, enveloped in clouds of smoke and steam they cross her prairies, adding to her wealth with every trausit. Her resources are great, and the energy of her citizens in their development keeps pace with the progress of the age.
The annual report of the Mine Inspector, James Ward, is ap- pended as follows :
Name of Operator.
Name of Mine. Location.
No. acres coal land.
No. acres worked out
By whom operated,
Owner or Lessee.
Shaft or Drift.
Kind of power used.
Depth of Shaft.
Thickness of Vein.
Abby Coal Co.
Abby No. 1.
Van.
93
20 Leased Shaft
Engine 109 6
2
2.
=
80
40
=
115 6
Bartlett Coal Co. Gartside Coal Co.
Alma No. 1. 16
2
-80
40
60
200 7₴
Cross Road.
Bennetts.
Nichols.
Van Curtis.
60
25
160 6
2
St. Clair.
80
20
30
16
90 62
2
G. F. Schmidt.
Humboldt.
N. & C.
80
10
80.63
2
Grantz & Co.
Brown.
80
15
90 6
2
C. Reinicke.
Reinicke.
80
90
8 Leased
16
130 6} 100 6
1
Enterprise.
120
10
120 6
2
Birkner.
48
20
12
6
130 6%
Dutch Hollow
=
80
25
130 63
E. W. Harris.
Excelsior.
60
15
10
115 6
Koelb Bros.
Vulcan.
120
35 Own'rs
66
120 63
D. Knechte.
Knechte's.
106
30
60
140 7
Pollack Coal Co.
Pollack.
=
26
6
115 64
D. Reutchler.
Reutchler's.
600
10
110 7
2
North Western Co. North West'rn Ill&StL
100.6}
2
Green Mound Co. Green Mound
Maul's.
30
10
Engine
80 6
2
Beatty. 4
No. 2.
30
15
Engine
Engine
85,63 2
[Co.
Great Western Taylor.
60
20
20
Engine
Engine
90 7
2
Yoch Bros.
Yoch's.
2
2
John Beard.
Union.
160
15
110 5%
2
Briar Hill.
66
90
2
100
15
66
66
110|53
2
" [L
60
8
80
120 7
2
Haz. Wilson & Co.
New Pit.
80
10
66
140 7
2
Freeburg Coal Co. Freeburg.
Coal Shaft.
80
20
120 63
2
Kennedy Coal Co. Summit.
100:63
2
Wm. Skellet.
Skellett.
160 120
66
150'63
2
Donk Bros.
New Drift.
90
20
Drift
Mules
40 7
2
Dancer & Kethner
Wildeman.
130
10
Shaft
Engine
80 7 2
Heinrich Bros.
Heinrich's
100
25
=
R
95 64
2
Donk & Baker.
Dudley.
80
20
90
45
Mascou-
15
4
16
Gin
60 64
2
J. Brosius. [ards. Brosius.
Bellville.
11
4
"
16
63 63
1
Bennett Coal Co.
Mascou-
11
4
160 7
1
Hartmann & Co. John Kloes.
Kloes.
120
50 Owner
Engine 120 7
2
Sept. 1, 1880. JAMES WARD, M. I.
In presenting the above report I would state there have been three accidents. 1st. George Ferries, in Gartside Mine, back and leg
bruised by fall of coal, cause accidental. 2d. Edward Morgan, in Abby Mine, killed by fall of coal; cause, accidental. 3d. Thos. Trondman, in Knecht Mine, foot crushed (afterwards amputated), cause, fall of coal, accidental.
All mines are being regulated as fast as possible, and complying with the law, I have made it my duty to visit every mine, look after any disarrangements, etc. Regarding statistics of coal mined annually, found it impossible. Would recommend that the Inspec- tor's whole time be put in on the work exacted of him, to assure the life and safety of men employed.
SHIPMENTS.
From the best sources available we learn that shipments of coal from the mines along the route of the Illinois and St. Louis Rail- road, for the year ending January 1st, 1881, were 5,142,190 bush. ; from mines operated in this county along the line of the O. & M. Railroad, same period, 2,836,450; same for Cairo Short Line, 5,679,010 ; same Louisville and Nashville Railroad, 3,982,310; aggregating 17,639,960 bushels. In addition to these shipments there are annually consumed within the county by estimate 6,000,- 000. Thus indicating an annual production of near twenty-four million bushels of coal. Based upon the acreage worked out, there have been taken from the mines of this county 446,581,914 bushels of coal.
CHAPTER V.
-
FLORA.
N this article it is our purpose only to give a list of the native trees and grasses found within the limits of the county. The intelligent farmer looks at once to the native vegetation as a sure indication of the value of new lands ; the kind of timber growing in a given locality will decide the quali- ties of the soil for agricultural purposes. The state of Illinois by the Botanist is usually consid- ered under three divisions : the heavily timbered regions of the south, the flora of which is remarkable for its variety ; the central portion, consisting mainly of prairie, yet not without groves, which are usually adjacent to water courses ; and the north- ern section. The county of St. Clair represents the characteristics of both a timber and a prairie couutry. Few spectacles are so in- spiringly beautiful as a grand prairie at certain seasons of the year, and yet the luxuriant vegetation, which at first view seems so various, comprises but few species of plants. Upon the flora of this county civilization has produced its inevitable effects. As the Indian and the buffalo have disappeared before the white man, so have some of the native grasses been vanquished by the white clover and blue grass.
GRASSES.
In speaking of these we purposely exclude the grain plants, those grasses which furnish food for man, and confine ourselves to those valuable grasses which are adapted to the sustenance of the inferior animals.
Agrastus vulgaris, Timothy Grass, or | Muhlenbergia diffusia, Red Top, or Cat's tail, naturalized. Herds grass,
6
162
45 Own'rs
40
6
140
20 Leased
140 54
2
30
15
150 5
1
130 7
2
2
Philip Dish. Adam Ogden. Ed Avery & Co.
I. & S.
240
8
15
100 G
2
80 6 2
80 6
2
Western.
40
60
15
Gin
Gin
90 65! 2
Schurmann Bros.
Schurmann.
150
25
60
12
130 5
2
Gartside Coal Co.
New Pit.
1
Yoch Bros.
Johnston.
Greenfield.
140|63
2
A. Brandenberger
Brandenb'rg'r Cario S. 140
80
15
120 7
Donk & Tijon.
White Oak.
160
20
=
100 63
2
Gartside Coal Co.
No. 3.
=
160 7
2
Gehricks & Rich- Wests.
tah Road
Bennett.
tah
80
15
Gin
80 63
2
Bellville 4
40
10 Leased
60
30
20
Gin
Gin
Western Coal Co. Henry Taylor.
80 63 2
Hazard Wilson & Rose Hill.
80
145
20
150 63 150|67
10
130 7
Emmet.
40
O. & M.
60
160
16
210 73
2
Herring & Co. Morris & Co. G. F. Savitz. "
Bartlett.
100 6
200 7
80 63
2
Union.
50
25 Owner
120 6
Victor.
40
80
60
==
2
Hartmann.
Engine
180 7
Greenfield CoalCo.
Rout & Simpson.
140 7
80
15
66
Manl & Ganot. Jas. Beatty.
42
HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY, ILLINOIS.
GRASSES ( Continued).
Calamagrastia Canadensis, Nimble Will.
Blue joint, this is a native and grew upon prairies to the height of a nan's head on horseback.
Dactylis glomerata, Orchard gras4. Poa Pretensis, Kentucky Blue grass. Poa Compressa, True Blue grass. Featnca Elatior, Meadow Fescue.
Bromus Leculinus, Cheat Chess, for- eign.
Phragmites Communis, the Rred. Arundinaria Macrosperma, or Cane. Solium Perenne, Perennial Ray Grass.
Anthoxanthum Odoratum, Sweet Scented Vernal Grass.
Phalaris Arundinacea, Reed Canary Grass.
P. Canadensis, Canary Grasa. Paspalum Setaceum. Panicum Sanguinale, Crab-grass. Panicum Glabrum, Smooth Panicum.
Panicum Capillare, Witch Grass
Panicum Crus-galli, Barn-yard Graas. Setaria Glauca, Foxtail. Setaria Viridus, Bottle Grass.
Setaria Italica, Millet.
Andropogon Scoparius, Broom-Beard Grass.
Below we add a list of
NATIVE WOODY PLANTS.
Acer Saccharinum, Rock Sugar Maple.
A. Nigrum, Black Maple.
A. Dasycarpum, Soft Maple, Silver Leaf Maple.
A. Negundo, Box Elder, Ash Leaf Maple.
Esculus Glabra, Stinking Buckeye.
A. Serulata, Smooth Leaf Alder.
Amelanchier Canadensis, True Ser- vice Berry.
A morpha Fruticosa, False Indigo Shrub.
A. Canescena, Lead Plant.
Ampelopsis Quinquefolia, Virginia Creeper.
Asimina Triloba, Paw Paw.
B. Nigra, River or Red Birch.
Carpinns Americana, Blue Beecli, Hornbeam.
Ceanothus Americana, Red Root.
C. Ovalis, Great Red Root.
Cercis Canadensia, Judas Tree, Red Bud.
Celastrus Scandens, Falae Bitter Sweet, Wax Work.
Celtis Occidentalis, Hackberry.
Cephalanthus Occidentalis, Button Bush.
C. Virginica, Choke Cherry.
C. Serotina, Black Cherry, Cabinet Cherry.
C. Alternifolia, False Dogwood.
C. Sericea, Kinnickinick.
C. Circinata, Pigeon Berry.
C. Stolonifera, Red Osier.
C. Paniculata.
C. Sanguinea.
Corylus Americana, Hazelnut.
C. Coccinea, Hawthorn.
C. Tomentosa,
C. Crus galli,
C. Alba, Shagbark Hickory.
C. Sulcata, Thick Shellbark Hickory.
C. Tomentosa, White Heart Hickory. C. Glabra, Pig-nut Hickory. Dirca Palustria, Leatherwood.
Euonymus Atropurpureus, Wahoo, Strawberry Tree.
E. Americana, Wahoo. Fraxinus Americana, White Ash. F. Viridis, Green Ash.
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