USA > Illinois > St Clair County > History of St. Clair County, Illinois. With illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers > Part 11
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F. Sambucifolia, Black Ash.
F. Quadrangulata, Blue Aah.
Gleditschia Triacanthos, Three- Thorned Acacia, Honey Locust.
Gymnocladus Canadensis, Kentucky Coffee Nut.
Hamnamelia Virginica, Witch Hazel. Juglans Cinerea, Butternut.
J. Nigra, Walnut.
Juniperus Virginiana, Red Cedar. Lonicera Grata, Woodbine.
Menispermum Canadense, Moonseed. Morns Rubra, Mulberry.
Ostrya Virginica, Hop-Hornbeam, Iron-wood.
Platanus Occidentalis, Buttonwood, Sycamore.
Populus Tremuloides, Quaking Aap, Aspen.
P. Monilifera, Necklace Poplar, Cot- tonwood.
P. Angulata, Cotton Tree. Prunda Americana, Wild Pinm. Pyrus Coronaria, Crab Apple.
Quercus Macrocarpa, Burr Oak.
Q. Obtusiloba, Post Oak.
Q. Alba, White Oak.
Q. Pirnus, Swamp White Oak.
Q. Dlacolor, Swamp Chestnut Oak.
Q. Imbricaria, Laurel Leaf Oak.
Q. Nigra, Black Jack Oak.
Q. Tinctoria, Yellow Bark Oak, Quercitron Oak.
Q. Coccinea, Scarlet Oak.
Q. Rabra, Red Oak.
Q. Palnatris, Swamp Spanish Oak, Pin Oak.
R. Glabra, Sumach.
R. Radicans, Climbing Poison Ivy.
R. Toxicodendron, Poison Ivy. Ribea Cynosbati, Prickly Gooseberry.
R. Hirtellum, Smooth Gooseberry.
R. Rotundifollum, Smooth Goose- berry.
R. Lacustre, Swamp Gooseberry. R. Floridum, Black Currant. Rosa Lucida, Prairie Rose. R. Blanda, Wood Rose. S. Tristis, Rose Willow.
S. Humilua, Cone Willow.
S. Eriocephala, Silky-head Willow. S. Nigra, Black Willow.
NATIVE WOODY PLANTS (Continued).
S. Fragilis, Joint Willow, Brittle ; Ulmus Fulva, Red Elm.
Willow.
Sambucua Canadensis, Elderberry.
S. Pubens, Red Fruit Elderberry.
Sassafras Officinale, Sassafras. Shepherdia Canadensis, Buffalo Berry. Smilax Hispida, Greenbrier.
Spiraæ Opulifolia, Vinebark Spiræa. Spiraæ Salicifolia, Hardhack, Willow Spiræa.
Staphylea Trifolia, Rattle-box, Wood- Bladder Nut.
Symphoricarpua Vulgarus, Coral Berry. Tecoma Radicans, Trumpet Creeper. Tilia Americana, Basswood.
U. Americana, White Elm.
U. Racemosus, Cork Elm, Hickory Elm.
Viburnum Prunifolium, Black Haw, Arrow Wood.
V. Lentago, Black Haw. Vitis Aeativalia, Summer Grape. V. Cordifolia, Frost Grape. Zanthoxylum Americanum, Prickly Aslı. Lindira Benzoin, Spice Bush. Rubus Stragosua, Red Raspberry.
Occidentalis, Black Raspberry.
Villosus, Blackberry. Robenia Pseudocacia, Black Locuat.
Our article will particularly treat of the more valuable woods, utilized in the mechanic arts, and the grasses, plants, vegetables, and flowers most beneficial to man, and particularly those which are natives of this county. The plants are many and rare, some for beauty, and some for medicine. The pink-root, the columbo, the ginseng, the boneset, pennyroyal, and others are used for medicine. Plants of beauty are phlox, the lily, the asclepias, mints, golden rod, the eye-bright gerardia, and hundreds more, which adorn the mea- dows and brook-sides; besides the climbing vines, the trumpet creeper, the bitter sweet, the woodbine, the clematis, and the grape, which fill the woods with gay festoons, and add grace to many a decaying monarch of the forest, here are found the oak with at least its twenty varieties ; the hickory, with as many more species ; the thirty kinds of elm, from the sort which bear leaves as large as a man's hand, to the kind which bear a leaf scarcely larger than a man's thumb-nail ; the black walnut, so tall, and straight and beau- tiful, is nearly gone ; the hackberry ; gum tree, black and sweet ; the tulip ; the giant cottou-woods, and hundreds more attest the fer- tility of the soil and mildness of the climate. The White oak is much used in making furniture and agricultural implements, as are also the Panel oak, Burr oak and Pin oak. The Blue Ash is excel- lent for flooring. The Honey Locust is a very durable wood, and shrinks less than any other in seasoning.
In the above list we have given the scientific as well as the Eng- lish names, believing such a course to pursue in the study of plants more beneficial to the student or general reader. There may be some plants omitted, yet we think the list quite complete.
CHAPTER VI.
FAUNA.
PPENDED will be found the names of the wild ani- mals which inhabited this country during the early settlement of the State. The buffalo, deer, bear, wild cat, panther and wolf were among the more im- portant animals, and furnished much sport for the early pioneers. The feathered tribe was numerously represented in the myriads of geese, ducks, prairie- fowl, wild turkey and quail. The student, in exami- ning carefully our list, will notice that many animals mentioned may still be found within the boundaries of St. Clair county. The
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HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY, ILLINOIS.
natural history of the country is quite interesting, and it is profit- able to make a study of the animals which inhabited it prior to the advent of man ; their habits, and the means of their subsist- ence are worthy of investigation. Some were animals of prey; others harmless, and subsisted upon vegetable matter. The early animals of this portion of the State ranged over a wide field; and those which inhabited the prairie and timbered regions differ but very materially as to species.
Ruminating animals .- The American Elk (Cervus Canadensis), together with deer of two kinds, the more common, the well- known American deer (Cervus Virginianus), and the White-tailed Deer (Cervus Leucurus). And at a period not very remote, the American Buffalo (Bos Americanus) must have found pastures near the alluvial and shaded banks of the Sangamon and plains and prairies of this portion of the State. The heads, horns and bones of the slain animals were still numerous in 1820. The Black Bear (Ursus Americanus) were quite numerous even in the memory of the older settlers. Bears have been seen in the county within the last thirty years. The Gray Wolf (Canis Occidenta- lis) and Prairie Wolf (Canis latrans) are not unfrequently found, as is also the Gray Fox (Vulpes Virginianus) which still exists by its superior cunning. The panther (Felis concolor) was occa- sionally met with in the earlier times, and still later and more common, the Wild Cat (Lynx rufus). The Weasel, one or more species ; the Mink (Putorius Vison); American Otter (Lutra Ca- nadensis) ; the Skunk (Mephitis Mephitica) ; the Badger (Taxi- dea Americana); the Raccoon (Procyon Lotor) ; The Opossum (Didelphys Virginiana). The two latter species of animals are met with in every portion of the United States and the greater part of North America. The coon skin among the early settlers was regarded as a legal tender. The Bear and Otter are now extinct in the county, and were valuable for their furs. Of the squirrel family we have the Fox, Gray, Flying, Ground and Prairie Squirrel (Scirus Ludovicanus, Carolinensis, Volucella, Striatus and Spermaphilus). The Woodchuck (Arctomys Monax); the com- mon Musk Rat (Fiber Zibethicus). The Bats, Shrews and Moles are common. Of the Murida we have the introduced species of Rats and Mice, as also the native Meadow Mouse, and the Long- tailed Jumping Mouse (Meriones Labradorus), frequently met with in the clearings. Of the Hares, (Lupus Sylvaticus) the so called Rabbit, is very plentiful. Several species of the native animals have perished, being unable to endure the presence of civilization, or finding the food congenial to their tastes appropriated by stronger races. Many of the pleasures, dangers and excitements of the chase are ouly known and enjoyed by most of us of the present day through the talk and traditions of the past. The Buffalo and the Elk have passed the borders of the Mississippi to the westward, never more to return.
Of Birds may be mentioned the following :*
Among the Game Birds most sought after are the Meleagris Gallopavo (Wild Turkey), and Cupidonia Cupido (Prairie Hen), which afford excellent sport for the hunter, and are quite plen- tiful; Pinnated Grouse (Bonasa Umbellus); Ruffled Grouse (Ortyx Virginianus) ; Quail (Philohela Minor); Woodcock (Gal- linago Wilsonii) ; English Snipe (Macrorhamphus Griseus); Red- breasted Snipe (Gambetta Melanoleuca) ; Telltale Snipe (Gam- betta Flavipes); Yellow Legs (Limosa Fedoa) ; Marbled Godwit (Scolofax Fedoa, Wilson) ; Numenius Longirastris (Long-billed Curlew) ; Numenius Hudsonicus (Short-billed Curlew) ; Rallus
Virginianus (Virginia Rail) ; Cygnus Americanus (American Swan) ; Cygnus Buccinator (Trumpeter Swan) ; Anser Hyperbo- reus (Snow Goose) ; Bermicala Canadensis (Canada Goose) ; Ber- micala Brenta (Brant); Anas Boschas (Mallard) ; Anas Obscura (Black Duck) ; Dafila Acuta (Pintail Duck) ; Nettion Carolinen- sis (Green-winged Teel) ; Querquedela discors (Blue-winged Teel) ; Spatula Clypeata (Shoveler) ; Mareca Americana) (American Wid- geon) ; Aix Sponsa (Summer, or Wood-Duck) ; Aythaya Ameri- cana (Red-head Duck); Aythaya Vallisneria (Canvas-back Duck); Bucephala Albeola (Butter Ball) ; Lophodytes Cucculatus (Hooded Merganser) ; Pelecanus erythrorynchus (Rough-billed Pelican) ; Colymbus torquatus (The Loon); Aegialitis Vociferus (Killdeer Plover); Bald Head, Yellow-legged and Upland Plover (Tantalus Loculata); (Wild Ibis) very rarely visit this locality. Herodus egretta (White Heron) ; Ardea He- rodias (Great Blue Heron) ; Botaurus lentiginosus (Bitteru); Grus Canadensis (Sand Hill Crane) ; Ectopistes migratoria (Wild Pigeon); Zenaidura Carolinensis (Common Dove) ; Corvus carni- vorus (American Raven) ; Corvus Americanus (Common Crow) ; Cyanurus cristatus (Blue Jay); Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Bobolink); Agelaius phonicanus (Red-winged Black Bird); Sturella magoa (Meadow Lark) ; Icterus Baltimore (Golden Oriole); Chrysome- tris tristis (Yellow Bird) ; Junco hyemalis (Snow Bird); Spizella Socialis (Chipping Sparrow); Spizella pusilla (Field Sparrow) ; Melospiza palustris (Swamp Sparrow) ; Cyanospiza cyanea (Indigo Bird) ; Cardinalis Virginianus (Cardinal Red Bird) ; Pipilo ery- throphthalmus (Cheewink ) ; Sitta Carolinensis (White-bellied Nut- hatch) ; Mimus polyglottus (Mocking Bird); Mimus Carolinensis (Cat Bird) ; Harphorhynchus rufus (Brown Thrush) ; Troglodytes aedon (House Wren) ; Hirundo horreorum (Barn Swallow); Co- tyle riparia (Bank Swallow) ; Progne purpurea (Blue Marttn); Ampellis Cedrorum (Cedar Bird); Pyrangra rubra (Scarlet Ta- nager); Pyrangra astiva (Summer Red Bird); Tardus Migrato- rus (Robin), came less than forty years ago. Sialia Sialis (Blue Bird); Tyrannus Carolinensis (King Bird); Sayornis fuscus (Pe- wee); Ceryle Alcyon (Belted Kingfisher); Antrostomus vociferus (Whippoorwill); Chardeiles popetue (Night Hawk); Chaetura pelasgia (Chimney Swallow); Trochilus colubris (Ruby-throated Humming Bird); Picus Villosus (Hairy Woodpecker); Picus pu- bescens (Downy Woodpecker); Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Red- headed Woodpecker); Colaptes auratus (Golden Winged Wood- pecker); Conurus Carolinensis (Carolina Parrot); Bubo Virginia- nus (Great Horned Owl) ; Smyrnium nebulosum (Barred Owl); Nyctea nivea (Snowy Owl); Carthartes aura (Turkey Buzzard); Falco columbarium (Pigeon Hawk); Nauclerus furcatus (Swallow- tailed Hawk); Icteria Mississippiensis (Mississippi Kite); Buteo borealis (Red-tailed Hawk); Haliatus leucocephalus (Bald Eagle); Falco fulvius (Ring-tailed Eagle).
We give the following classification of birds into three divisions, as found in the "Transactions of the Illinois State Horticultural Society" of 1876.
1st. Those of the greatest value to the fruit-growers, in destroying noxious insects, and which should be encouraged and fostered in every way.
Blue Birds, Tit-mice or Chicadees, Warblers (small summer birds, with pleasant notes, seen in trees and gardens), Swallows, Vuros (small birds called green-necks). All birds known as Woodpeckers, except Sap-suckers (Picus varius). This bird is en- tirely injurious, as it is not insectivorous, but feeds on the inner bark, cambium (and the elaborated sap) of many species of trees, and may be known from other Woodpeckers by its belly being yellowish, a large black patch on its breast, and the top of its
* In the preceding mention of animals, both the scientific and common names are generally given for the benefit of the reader.
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HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY, ILLINOIS.
head a dark bright red. The males have also a patch of the same on their throats, and with the minor margins of the two central tail-feathers white. This bird should not be mistaken for the two other most valuable birds which it nearly resembles, to wit :- The Hairy Woodpecker (Picus villiosii et vars); and the Downy Wood- pecker (Picus pubescens et vars). These two species have the outer tail-feathers white (or barred with black), and have only a small patch of red on the back of the head of the males. The Yellow Hammer or Flecker (Colaptus auratus) is somewhat colored with yellow, and should not be mistaken for the Sap-sucker. It is a much larger bird. The Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes rythrocephalus) sometimes pecks into apples and devours cherries, and should be placed in the next division. (2d). The Wren, Ground Robin (known as Cherwick), Meadow-Lark, all the fly- catchers, the King Bird or bee catcher, Whip-poor-will, Night Hawk or Goat Sucker, Nut-hatcher, Pewee or Pewit. All the Black birds, Bobolinks, Finches (Fringillidæ), Quails, Song Sparrows, Scarlet Tanager, Black, White and Brown Creepers, Maryland Warblers, Indigo Birds, Chirping Sparrow, Black-throated Bunting, Thrushes, except those named in the next class, and all domestic fowls except geese.
Of the Fish, the most common are the Cat, Bass, and the Sun- fish. The Perch, Pike and Buffalo are also occasionally met with. The common Carp Chuff are numerous ; the Bass is a game-fish, and affords fine sport.
2d .- BIRDS OF DOUBTFUL UTILITY.
Which include those which have beneficial qualities, but which have also noxions or destructive qualities in the way of destroying fruits, and whose habits are not fully determined. Thus the Robin, Brown Thrush, and Cat Bird are very valuable as cut-worm eaters, but also very obnoxious to the small fruit-growers. The Jay (Blue Jay) not only destructive to grain and fruits, but very noxious in the way of destroying the nest eggs and young of smaller and better birds, Robin, Brown Thrush, and Cat Bird, Shrike or Butcher Bird, Red-headed Woodpecker, Jay Bird or Blue Jay, Crow, and the small Owls (screech owls), Pigeons, and Mocking Bird.
3d .-- BIRDS THAT SHOULD BE EXTERMINATED.
Sap-sucker, or Yellow-bellied Woodpecker (see above), Baltimore Oriole or Hanging Bird, Cedar Bird, or Wax-wings (Ampelis cedrorum), Hawks, and the larger Owls.
CHAPTER VII.
THE ABORIGINES.
RIOR to the Indians, two distinct races are said to have inhabited the American continent. The first race was the most civilized, and the ruins of extensive temples, palaces and pyramids in Mexico and Central America prove that they dwelt in magnificent and populous cities. The second race was the mound-builders, the ovi- dence of whose existence is found in numerous mounds, traces of which are discovered in a tract of country extending in a southwest direction from the southern shore of Lake Ontario to South America. Some of
these mounds were built within the present limits of St. Clair county.
The Indians who inhabited this part of the Mississippi valley be- longed to the Algonquin branch of the great Indian family. The Illinois formed a confederacy of five tribes-the Tamaroas, Michi- ganies, Kaskaskias, Cahokias and Peorias. In the year 1675 these tribes lived chiefly in the country on the Illinois river. In 1680 the Iroquois burned their principal town, and the several tribes were driven down the Illinois river to the Mississippi. Seven hundred of the women and children of the Tamaroas were taken prisoners, and a large number of these were burned and slaugh- tered. The Illinois Indians subsequently removed further south. Peoria, Cahokia and Kakaskia became the centres of the tribes which bore those names. The Cahokia and Tamaroa tribes united and had their village at Cahokia. The Michiganies chose a loca- tion near Fort Chartres, on the Mississippi. The efforts of the Jesuits to convert these tribes to Christianity led to the establish- ment of the villages of Cahokia and Kaskaskia. The Tamaroas at one time had a town at Turkey Hill, but became nearly exter- minated in a battle with the Shawnees, near the eastern limits of Randolph county. At the time of the earliest French settlements the Illinois Indians numbered about twelve thousand. In revenge for the death of Pontiac, who was killed by an Illinois Indian at Cahokia in 1769, the Illinois were almost exterminated by the Sacs, Foxs and Pottawatomies. In the year 1800 they had be- come reduced to two tribes, the Kaskaskias and Peorias, and could only muster one hundred and fifty warriors. Their chief was a half-breed of considerable talent, named Du Quoin, who wore a medal presented to him by Washington, whom he had visited at Philadelphia. Soon after 1800 Du Quoin and his tribes emigrated to the south-west. In 1850 the last remnant of the once populous tribes which composed the Illinois Indians were in the Indian terri- tory, and numbered in all eighty-four persons. After the settle- ment of St. Clair county by the Americans, portions of the Kicka- poo and Pottawatomie tribes often passed through, but after 1808 nothing was heard of them.
CHAPTER VIII.
PIONEERS AND EARLY SETTLERS.
INCIDENTS AND ANECDOTES OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY, ILLINOIS.
HE early history of St. Clair county reaches back to the historic period of French domination in the Mississippi valley. There is no incident in the settlement of America more full of ro- mantic interest than the planting of an infant colony in the very heart of an unexplored continent-a single speck of civilization amid a vast and savage wilderness. No people but the French would have attempted it; the zealous and hardy enthu- siasm of the Jesuit faith could alone have furnished strong enough motive.
THE FRENCH VILLAGE OF CAHOKIA
Was the earliest settlement in the present county of St. Clair. It was in existence in 1686, and possibly may have been founded one
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HISTORY OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY, ILLINOIS.
or two years previous. This point was selected as a missionary station by the French Jesuits, who desired to instruct the Tama- roas and Cahokia Indians. Father Pinet was the first to have charge of the mission, which was called " Notre Dame de Kahokia." Indian traders came soon afterward, and the infant settlement was thus placed on a substantial and pe manent basis. About the year 1700 the inhabitants began the cultivation of the soil adjacent to the village, and more lasting buildings took the place of the tem- porary structures which were first used for habitation. Cahokia never became as large as Kaskaskia. The former carried on a larger part of the trade with the northern Indians, while the latter cultivated the soil to a greater extent, and secured an extensive and profitable trade down the Mississippi with New Orleans and Mobile. Like the other French settlements in Illinois, Cahokia continued to prosper till 1763, when the result of the war which had been carried on between France and England placed the country east of the Mississippi under English control.
In a work published by Capt. Phillip Pittman, an officer in the British army, entitled "The State of the European Settlements on the Mississippi," published in London in 1770, the following de- scription is given of Cahokia in 1776: "The village of Saint Fa- mille de Kaoquias (Kahokia) is generally reckoned fifteen leagues from Fort Chartres, and six below the mouth of the Missouri. It stands near the side of the Mississippi, and is marked from the river by an island two leagues long. The village is opposite the centre of this island."
EARLY RESIDENTS OF CAHOKIA.
Among the prominent citizens of Cahokia in early times was Charles Gratiot, whose name deserves commemoration for his patri- otic services during the war of the Revolution. He was born at Lausanne, Switzerland, in the year 1747. He belonged to a Huguenot family. He was educated in London and thoroughly fitted for a commercial career. At eighteen he went to Canada, where his attention was directed to the north-west trade with the Indians, then to active and enterprising young men the most pro- mising channel to wealth and fame. With one partner at Macki- . naw and another at Montreal, he extended his operations with the Indians over a vast scope of country and employed large sums of money. In 1774 he turned his attention to the Illinois country, and established stores at both Cahokia and Kaskaskia. For many years his grand depot for the Indian trade was at Cahokia. At the time Gen. Clark made his expedition to Illinois and captured the British posts, he found a ready supporter in Gratiot. Clark's army was without resources, and had it not been for Gratiot and some other wealthy and patriotic men, the campaign must have been abandoned. He exhausted his means in his efforts to procure supplies for the army ; but his talents and energies soou enabled him to again accumulate wealth. In return for his services, Vir- ginia, after the Revolution, agreed to give him thirty thousand acres of land on the south-east bank of the Ohio, including the site of the present city of Louisville; but before the grant was com- pleted, Kentucky was organized into a state and the conveyance to Gratiot was never made. In 1781 he married a Miss Choteau, daughter of Pierre Choteau, of St. Louis, who belonged to the family which assisted in founding that city. After his marriage he made St. Louis his residence, and died there in 1817.
Joseph Trotier, a French Canadian, settled in Cahokia about the year 1775, and for a time carried on a large commerce with New Orleans. On one occasion while ascending the river a large cotton wood tree fell across his boat and destroyed it and the cargo. The ascent of the Mississippi when the river was at a high stage
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was difficult and dangerous. The voyage from New Orleans to Cahokia frequently required four or five months, and often on the voyage many died from sickness. Where the current was most rapid the boat could not be propelled against the stream with oars. A large rope or cordelle was then used. One end was fastened to the boat, and ten, fifteen or twenty men on shore towed the boat after them. When a river or creek entering into the Mississippi was reached, they swam over with the cordelle. In places where the current was very strong, the upper end of the cordelle was fastened to a tree and the other end put round a windlass, and thereby the boat was forced up the river against the current. These cordelle ropes were frequently very long, often measuring five or six hundred yards.
Dominique Ducherme, also a French Canadian, who made Cahokia his home at intervals, possessed great influence among the Indian tribes. He it was who made the celebrated attempt to cap- ture St. Louis, then a Spanish post. His attack was made on the 26th of May, 1780, and the year was known long afterwards as "L'anne de coup !" Ducherme's enmity was excited against the Spanish because a party of Spanish soldiers from the garrison at St. Louis had captured and confiscated a boat-load of goods which he was carrying up the Missouri river to trade with the Indians.
M. Saucier, of the French officers at Fort Chartres in 1756, set- tled at Cahokia, in 1763, after the cession of the country to Eng- land. His three sons, Jean B., Michael, and Francis Saucier were prominent characters in early times in Illinois, and occupied vari- ous civil and military offices. The first died at Cahokia, and Michael and Francis Sancier founded the village of Portage des Sioux in Upper Louisiana.
From 1780 to 1800 Cahokia was the residence of many of the north-western Indian traders, among whom was Julien Dubuque, after whom the town of Dubuque in Iowa is named. and near which he was buried. In 1788 he purchased from the Indians a tract of land in the present state of Iowa, extending eighteen miles along the Mississippi and running back nine miles from the river, in which valuable lead mines were embraced. William Arundel was another Indian trader who came to Cahokia about the year 1783. He was well educated, and among the old records of St. Clair and Randolph counties his handwriting frequently appears. He was an Irishman by birth. He died at Kaskaskia in 1816. He and Thomas Brady were said to have been the only two persons, who were not French, who resided in Cahokia previous to the year 1788. Brady was a resident of Cahokia for many years, an I was made sheriff of St. Clair county in 1790. Another citizen of Cahokia, was Capt. Mc- Carty, who commanded a company of soldiers, raised among the French, in February, 1779, and assisted Col. Clark in his capture of the British ports on the Wabash.
About the year 1800 William Morrison, who then carried on, at Kaskaskia, the leading mercantile business in the west, established a store at Cahokia, and placed in charge of it William Atchison, a singular and eccentric Irishman, who, from the excessive high priccs he charged for his goods, acquired, in derision, the title of "Chape Wollie." Guy Morrison, a brother of William Morrison, resided in Cahokia from 1815 to 1826, and while there was employed in busi- ness with his brother.
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