USA > Illinois > Cook County > Chicago > Minutes twenty-sixth annual convention Chicago Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, 1896 > Part 7
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St. Peter's, Chicago.
The report of Student H. B. Reed, who has had charge of this mission during the past four months is very encouraging. Regular Sunday services were held during the year, at which the average attendance was 25. Of late the attendance is increasing.
The Sunday School is in a flourishing condition, having an average attendance of 110. About 25 per cent. of the scholars are of an age suitable for confirmation. Quite a number of these expect to be confirmed next spring.
The mission, through its Sunday School, Luther League and Ladies' Society, has raised during the year the sum of $312.59. It received $100 from the Synod, making a total of $412.59, as the
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financial resources. The prospects and condition of this mission were never better.
The Other Missions.
Frankfort has been compelled by the Board to become self- sustaining. The Board withdrew its support and let the mission shift for itself. Rev. Reese, devoted to the work, resolved to stand or fall with his congregation, in view of the Board's action, and is laboring on, but is compelled to make great personal sacrifices.
The Board has also materially reduced the support given the First English Lutheran Church of Decatur, which reduction has been heroically met by an increase in the mission's contributions.
From Anderson and Englewood, Chicago, we have no reports. The parochial returns of these missions clearly indicate their present condition.
Blue Mound and Macon, Illinois.
Early last spring Rev. Oberly and myself canvassed Blue Mound and Macon, Illinois, with a view of interesting the Luther- ans in these places in the work of the Church. The results were encouraging. Sufficient support was pledged by these two points and by the First English Lutheran Church of Decatur, Il1., to secure a student from the Seminary for the summer. The plan was to have the student preach at each of these places and at St. Luke's, Decatur. At Blue Mound, the U. B. Church, which was unoccupied by that denomination, was secured at a nominal rent. At Macon there is a Lutheran church, but the congregation has been disorganized for years. The remnants of this congregation rallied to the work. The President of the Central Illinois Synod gave us permission to enter the field at Macon and endeavor to resuscitate it.
Student Kabele's report is encouraging. The attendance at St. Luke's was 30 per service, at Blue Mound 42, at Macon 45. At St. Luke's a flourishing Sunday School is maintained. These places have readily subscribed the necessary funds to secure Mr. Kabele's services once a month until March next. In the vacinity of St. Luke's, there are seven nominal Lutherans, representing four families. At Macon, about 30, who are not identified with other churches. At Blue Mound, 14. These altogether represent about 43 Lutheran families. Mr. Kabele reports 538 calls made during his four months' service in this field.
This work has been chiefly experimental. All in all, we feel
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encouraged. We believe that with a continuation of the efforts, a good parish can be built up in this field.
In conclusion we can only say, The harvest indeed is great; pray ye the Lord of the harvest that He may send laborers into the ripened fields, and raise up men like Aaron and Hur, who will be ready to hold up the arms of those who labor.
Respectfully submitted, M. L. WAGNER, Missionary Director.
The report was received, considered item by item and adopted as a whole.
Treasurer's Report.
I hereby submit the following report for the Synodical year, SEPTEMBER, 1, 1896, TO SEPTEMBER 23, 1897 .*
Receipts.
Received from Congregations on Home Missions. . $480 41
Received from Congregations on Foreign Missions. 112 60
Received from Congregations on Education. , 243 68
Received from Congregations on Synodical Exp's. 119 60
$956 29
Cash on hand on Home Missions
135 06
Received from Home Mission Society Mulberry, Ind.
40 00
Cash on hand on Foreign Missions.
45 79
Received from St. John's Congregation, Anderson
3 30
Received from Foreign Miss. Soc. Mulberry, Ind.
60 00
Cash on hand on Education.
79 79
Received from First Eng. Luth. Church, Decatur.
35 00
Received from Mrs. E. A. Dieckmann, Vandalia.
100 00
Cash on hand on Synodical Expenses
56 92
Cash on hand on Jubilee Fund. 32 69
Received on Jubilee Fund. 133 19
Collection on Works of Mercy
9 00
Received from Fairhaven Congregation.
3 13
Church Extension First English Church, Decatur.
7 10
Church Extension Wicker Park Church, Chicago.
9 60
Total $1706 86
* Synod instructed the Treasurer hereafter to close his report ten days before its annual session .- SECRETARY.
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Disbursements.
Home Mission Boards, Philadelphia and Chicago. $390 00 Foreign Mission Board. 115 00
Education and Seminary 410 00
Synodical Expenses. 133 07
$1048 07
Total cash on hand. $658 79
This sum is distributed among the following funds:
Home Missions $ 72 00
Foreign Missions. 32 08
Education. 195 00
Synopical Expenses 165 00
Works of Mercy
12 13
Church Extension. 16 70
Jubilee Fund.
165 88
Total $658 79
Congregations Which Have Paid Their Appor- tionments in Full.
Lutheran Union, Whitestown Pastorate.
St. Paul's, Syracuse Pastorate.
Emanuel, Syracuse Pastorate.
Syracuse, Syracuse Pastorate.
St. John's, Colburn Pastorate.
Zion's, Colburn Pastorate.
Bethel, Colburn Pastorate.
St. John's, East Germantown Pastorate.
Zion's, Mulberry Pastorate.
Fairhaven, Mulberry Pastorate.
St. Peter's, Newberry Pastorate.
Mt. Zion's, Newberry Pastorate.
St. Paul's, Frankfort Pastorate. First English, Decatur Pastorate. St. James, Claremont Pastorate. First English, Goshen Pastorate.
St. John's, Anderson Pastorate. Mt. Zion's, Anderson Pastorate.
Holy Trinity, Ft. Wayne Pastorate.
St. John's, Englewood Pastorate.
St. Mark's, Chicago Pastorate.
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Congregations Which Are Delinquent.
St. Mark's, Whitestown Pastorate. $ 48 43
St. James, Whitestown Pastorate 42 34
Salem, Whitestown Pastorate. 50 98
Emanuel, Alamo Pastorate. 18 20
Phanuel, Alamo Pastorate. 12 00
Philadelphia, Alamo Pastorate. 6 00
Zion's, East Germantown Pastorate. 65 06
St. Jacob's, East Germantown Pastorate. 29 00
St. Paul's, Rochester Pastorate. 38 71
St. John's, Rochester Pastorate. 49 00
Holy Trinity, Chicago Pastorate. 102 30
St. Peter's, Chicago Pastorate 5 00
Mt. Solomon, Corydon Pastorate. 77 73
Union, Gila Pastorate. 38 83
Zion's, Portland Pastorate. 10 00
St. James, Vandalia Pastorate.
20 00
Respectfully Submitted,
D. J. MILLER, Treasurer.
The report was received and referred to the Auditing Committee.
Rev. Oberly presented a paper on the "Efficiency in Pastoral Work." The subject was discussed until the hour of adjournment extended to 4:55 p. m.
Adjourned with prayer by Rev. Reese.
Fifth Session.
Friday, September 24, 1897, 9 a. m.
The devotional exercises were conducted by Dr. Roth. The roll was called and the minutes were read and ap- proved.
Dr. Roth addressed Synod on behalf of the "Young Lutheran," suggesting that Synod issue a Synodical Edi- tion of that paper. A committee consisting of Revs. Wagner and Crile, and Mr. Deck was appointed to present suitable resolutions on the matter.
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The following brethren were excused from attend- ance after the close of this session: Dr. Wagenhals, Dr. Sadtler, Rev. Hogshead and the lay delegates, Frey, Good, Tracht and Miller.
The report of the Committee on the Establishment of an Educational Institution was taken up and consider- ed item by item. The recommendations of the commit- tee were adopted and it was
RESOLVED, That Synod with much appreciation hears the offer of Mrs. Dieckmann and that a committee be appointed to confer with the kind donor and report at the next convention.
Report of Committee on Absentees.
Your Committee on absentees have received letters containing reasons for absence from this meeting of Synod from Revs. House, Hall, Gift, Good, Koerner and Dr. Weidner.
We recommend that they be excused.
Respectfully submitted,
COMMITTEE.
The report was received and adopted.
Report of Auditing Committee.
We, your Auditing Committee to whom was referred the Re- port of the Treasurer, beg leave to report that we have carefully compared the items of the report with the book accounts and vouch- ers and find the report correct.
We would earnestly call the attention of the Synod to a reso- lution found in the Minutes of 1895, Page 20, which reads as fol- lows: "We reiterate that the fiscal year of Synod ends Septem- ber 1, of each year, at which time the Treasurer is under instruc- tions to close his accounts and prepare his report for Synod."
C. F. PFEIFFER, H. B. REED, M. L. DECK.
The report was received and adopted and it was decided that the Treasurer close his accounts ten days before the annual meeting of Synod.
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Report of Committee on Apportionments.
Home Missions ....
Foreign Missions ..
Education.
Synodical Expenses
Total
Whitestown,
Lutheran Union.
00
50
1 00
50
5 00
St. James'
24 00
4 00
8 00
4 00
40 00
.6
St. Mark's
24 00
4 00
8 00
+ 00
40 00
60
Salem
24 00
4 00
8 00
4 00
40 00
Syracuse,
St. Paul's
6 00
1 00
2 00
1 00
10 00
..
Emanuel
10 20
1 70
3 40
1 70
17 00
66
Syracuse
6 00
1 00
2 00
1 00
00
Alamo,
Emanuel
4 80
80
1 60
80
8 00
6.
Phanuel
7 20
1 20
2 40
1 20
12 00
Philadelphia
3 60
60
1 20
60
6 00
Colburn,
St. John's
12 60
2 10
4 20
2 10
21 00
6.
Zion's.
13 20
2 20
4 40
2 20
22 00
66
Bethel.
9 60
1 60
3 20
1 60
16 00
E. Germantown, Zion's.
24 00
4 00
8 00
4 00
40 00
66
St. John's.
13 20
2 20
4 40
2 20
22 00
Rochester,
St. Paul's
19 20
3 20
6 40
3 20
32 00
Mulberry,
Zion's.
24 00
4 00
8 00
. 00
40 00
66
Fairhaven
18 00
3 00
6 00
3 00
30 00
New berry,
St. Peter's
9 00
1 50
3 00
1 50
15 00
..
Mt. Zion's.
9 00
1 50
3 00
1 50
15 00
Anderson,
St. John's.
13 20
2 20
4 40
2 20
22 00
.6
Mt. Zion's
6 00
1 00
2 00
1 00
10 00
Hicksville,
Lost Creek.
15 00
2 50
5 00
2 50
25 00
66
St. John's.
12 00
2 00
4 00
2 00
20 00
Corydon,
Mt. Solomon
15 00
2 50
5 00
2 50
25 00
Gila,
Union
27 00
4 50
9 00
4 50
45 00
Portland,
Zion's
6 00
1 00
2 00
1 00
10 00
Frankfort,
St. Paul's
18 00
3 00
6 00
3 00
30 00
Decatur,
First English
22 20
3 70
7 40
3 70
37 00
Claremont,
St. James'
18 00
3 00
6 00
3 00
30 00
Goshen,
First English
27 00
4 50
9 00
4 50
45 00
Chicago,
Holy Trinity
45 00
7 50
15 00
750
75 00
Chicago,
St. John's
9 00
1 50
3 00
1 50
15 00
Chicago,
St. Mark's.
9 00
1 50
3 00
1 50
15 00
Chicago,
St. Peter's.
3 00
50
1 00
50
5 00
Chicago.
Wicker Park
45 00
7 50
15 00
7 50
75 00
Vandalia,
St. James'
15 00
2 5
5 00
2 50
25 00
Ft. Wayne,
Holy Trinity
135 00)
22 50
45 00
22 50
225 00
Lake,
Hope,.
3 00
50
1 00
50
5 00
Total ..
732 30 122 05|244 10 122 05
1220 50
St. Jacob's
11 70
1 95
3 90
1 95
19 50
St. John's
12 60
2 10
4 20
2 10
21 00
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The report was received and adopted.
The following resolutions were adopted:
RESOLVED, 1, That the congregations of Synod are hereby re- quested hereafter to pay their apportionments quarterly.
RESOLVED, 2, That the Treasurer of Synod issue quarterly to each pastor or treasurer a call for a quarter of the apportionment of each congregation.
Report of Committee on Protocol and Min- utes of Previous Convention,
We, your Committee, would respectfully report that we have examined the Protocol and the printed minutes.
1. We find on pages 32, 33 and 34, under the report of Commit- tee on Education, a revised plan for the beneficiary education of the Chicago Synod, which is to be considered by this Synod at this convention. We recommend that this plan be re-committed to the Committee on Education for revision or correction, except items 1 and 2, which were adopted at the last session of Synod.
2. Under the report of Committee on Works of Mercy, pages 38 and 39, we find a recommendation urging all our pastors to call the attention of their people to the great importance of the Dea- coness Work by preaching on the subject. Has this been done? COMMITTEE
The report was received and considered item by item. Item I. Adopted.
Item 2. The roll was called and the pastors answer- ed partly in the affirmative and partly in the negative. The report was adopted as a whole.
Adjourned with prayer by Rev. Oberly.
Sixth Session.
Friday, September 24, 1897, 2 p. m.
The devotional exercises were conducted by Rev. Fryberger. The minutes were read and approved.
Report of Committee on Benevolence.
Your Committee held a public service on Tuesday evening,
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devoted to the particular subject of charitable work. The ad- dresses were made by Rev. H. L. McMurray and Rev. W. H. Roth, D. D., of Chicago. The offerings for the evening amounted to nine dollars. We recommend that these offerings be given to the Passavant Memorial Hospital, Superior street, Chicago, Mrs. L. B. Waters, Superintendent.
Once more we would call attention to the needs of this institu- tion of mercy within our own bounds, which may rightfully claim our charities.
We would therefore respectfully request that each pastor call the attention of his congregation to the necessity of making a dona- tion to the Hospital on Thursday before Thanksgiving Day, or at some other suitable time, of such things as would be most useful.
COMMITTEE.
The report was received, considered and adopted as a whole.
Report of Committee on "Young Lutheran."
We, your Committee, beg leave to report as follows:
1. We recommend that continued effort be made to introduce the official paper of the General Council, THE LUTHERAN.
2. In order to stimulate a desire for reading church litera- ture, your Committee would recommend that the offer of the "Young Lutheran," to publish a Chicago Synod Edition, be re- ferred to a committee on ways and means which shall devise plans to complete arrangements for publishing such an edition as quick- ly as possible. COMMITTEE.
The report was received, considered and adopted as a whole.
Report of Committee on Woman's Work.
Your Committee has ascertained that there are about fifteen Woman's Societies in the churches connected with the Synod; most of these are organized for the purpose of assisting in the local work of the churches with which they are connected. Of this number about five are devoted to the cause of missions.
The importance of Woman's Work in the church under proper directions must be manifest to all. The growth and the prosperity of our church, as well as the cultivation of the fields about us, largely depend especially on the missionary activities of our
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churches. Your Committee is exceedingly anxious to see Woman's Missionary Societies formed in more of our churches. That there may be uniformity of purpose and a common object on the part of societies yet to be organized; that united and hearty co-operation in the future may be secured looking to the formation of a synodi- cal organization composed of representatives of these societies, the Committee offers the following for the Synod's consideration:
RESOLVED, That this matter be referred to the Home Mission Committee to take such steps as in its judgment it may deem necessary to promote the growth of this work, as the providing of a suitable constitution and literature for such churches as may desire to organize Woman's Missionary Societies.
COMMITTEE.
The report was received and adopted.
It was decided to appoint a committee on the forma- tion of conferences to report before the final adjournment of Synod. Revs. Stirewalt, Wesner, Reese and Sappen- field were appointed.
Dr. Stirewalt addressed the Synod on the subject, "Loyalty to the Lutheran Church." The address was followed by a discussion which continued till 4:30 p. m. The time was extended for thirty minutes. Rev. Sappen- field and lay delegate Steckel were excused from further attendance.
The President appointed the following committees:
Standing Committees.
EXAMINATION-Revs. Samuel Wagenhals, D.D., M. J. Stire- walt, D.D., M. L. Wagner and A. T. Clay, Ph. D.
FOREIGN MISSIONS-Revs. William J. Finck, Frank C. Oberly and J. Wesner.
HOME MISSIONS-Revs. H. L. McMurray, M. L. Wagner, G. H. Gerberding, D.D., A. T. Clay, Ph.D., W. A. Sadtler, Ph. D., and Messrs. L. M. Melander, D. J. Miller, N. D. Myers, M. D., and Nels Johnson.
EDUCATION -- Revs. J. Wesner, H. L. McMurray, I. Whit- man, and W. A. Sadtler, Ph.D.
BENEVOLENCE-Revs. G. D. Gross, Luther Hogshead, and William Evans.
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DISCIPLINE-Revs. Samuel Wagenhals, D.D., M. J. Stire- walt, Frank C. Oberly, and H. L. McMurray.
RECEPTION OF CONGREGATIONS-Revs. J. M. G. Sappenfield, D. L. Reese, and William J. Finck.
PAROCHIAL REPORTS AND APPORTIONMENTS-Revs. M. L. Wagner, S. Wagenhals, D.D., and A. D. Crile.
Special Committees.
ESTABLISHMENT OF AN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION-Revs. M. L. Wagner and A. D. Crile.
BY-LAWS-Revs. M. J. Stirewalt, D.D., S. P. Fryberger and William J. Finck.
WAYS AND MEANS OF "YOUNG LUTHERAN"-Revs. William J. Finck, M. L. Wagner, and A. D. Crile.
Synod proceeded with the election of
Delegates to the General Council.
Messrs. Zundel and Reed were appointed tellers.
PRIMARII-CLERICAL-Prof. G. H. Gerberding, D.D., ex- officio, and Rev. H. L. McMurray. LAY-Messrs. Walter D. Killian and L. M. Melander.
SECUNDI-CLERICAL-Revs. M. L. Wagner, and Samuel Wagenhals, D.D. LAY-Messrs. M. L. Deck and J. W. Stettler.
Rev. Oberly was appointed official correspondent to furnish items of interest for the columns of the Lutheran.
Adjourned with prayer by Rev. Sappenfield.
*
Seventh Session.
Saturday, September 25, 1897, 9 a. m.
The devotional services were conducted by Rev. Finck. The minutes were read and approved.
The resolution providing for the change of the time of the meeting of Synod from the fall to the spring was laid on the table till the next convention.
Report of Committee on Conferences.
Your Committee on Conferences report the following:
1. That the Synod be divided into two Conference Districts-the
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one to be called the Northern Conference, and the other the Southern Conference of the Chicago Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church.
2. That these Districts be formed by a line running east and west, beginning at a point on the Indiana and Ohio state line where Jay and Adams counties corner on said line, and running due west across the states of Indiana and Illinois to a point on the Mississippi river; and that all the pastors and parishes north of that line shall be in the Northern Conference, and that all south of that line shall be in the Southern Conference.
3. That the President of Synod appoint one pastor from each Conference District whose duty it shall be to confer with the other pastors of his respective conference and to call the Conferences to meet at such time and place as a majority of such pastors may indicate, at a date not later than June 1st, 1898.
4. That these Conferences be organized in accord with the Constitution of Synod; and that their business be transacted in accord with the authority of Synod.
COMMITTEE.
The report was received, considered item by item and adopted as a whole. Rev. McMurray was appointed to arrange for the first meeting in the Northern District and Dr. Stirewalt in the Southern.
Report of Committee on Foreign Missions.
Your Committee respectfully reports that the Rev. J. Telleen, the Superintendent of the Foreign Mission Board, was secured to present the cause of Foreign Missions to Synod and this congre- gation. A service was held on Friday evening and offerings were gathered. It is hoped that the impressive 'address made by the Superintendent will bear much fruit in increased interest and offerings from all our congregations.
COMMITTEE.
The report was received and adopted.
The following additional appropriations were made: For Home Missions of General Council, $600.00; Foreign Missions, $125.00; Secretary, $25.00; Synodical Expenses, $150.00
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The following resolutions were unanimously adopted:
History of Synod.
RESOLVED, That Rev. M. L. Wagner be requested to write a complete History of this Synod at as early a time as the nature of the work will permit.
The Luther League.
RESOLVED, That we note with pleasure the formation of the Luther League of Indiana and Kentucky, and urge our young people's societies on its bounds to co-operate with the state organ- ization to make it the means of furthering the spiritual interests of our young Lutherans. In congregations where no Luther Leagues exist, we recommend that they be organized as soon as possible and equipped for effective work.
Thanks.
RESOLVED, 1, That the thanks of this Synod are hereby ex- tended to the pastor, members and friends of St. Peter's Evan- gelical Lutheran Congregation for the kind and hospitable man- ner in which they have received and entertained us.
RESOLVED, 2, That Synod is gratified to note the wide-spread interest the people of Newberry have taken in all the sessions of this convention and the successful efforts put forth by the organist and choir to embellish our meetings and services with appropriate music.
RESOLVED, 3, That the pastor read these resolutions to his congregation at the public services next Sunday.
Invitations for the next convention of Synod were received from the following congregations: St. Mark's, Whitestown; Zion's, Mulberry; St. James, Vandalia. The invitation of St. Mark's was accepted by ballot.
The time of the next convention was fixed for Thurs- day, September 22, 1898, 10 a. m.
Synod entered upon the election of
Trustees.
A. G. WEBBER, EsQ., Decatur, for three years.
MR. WILLIAM K. WESNER, Newberry, for two years. MR. NELS JOHNSON, Chicago, for one year.
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It was ordered that the Secretary have 1500 copies . of the Minutes printed.
The President, Secretary and pastor loci were in- structed to arrange a program of afternoon addresses for the next convention.
The minutes of this session were read and approved.
After five days spent in the transaction of business, characterized by harmony of feeling, courtesy of discus- sion and unanimity of decision; fraught with promises of greater activity, richer spirituality and purer generosi- ty; and crowned with edifying and inspiring services of prayer, praise and the preaching of the Word, the Twen- ty-seventh Convention of the Chicago Synod came to an end and was formally closed by the President according to the Order prescribed in the Church Book.
Establish Thon the work of our hands upon us; yea, the work of our hands establish Jhon it. Do good in Thy good pleasure unto Zion; build Jhon the walls of Jerusalem.
WM. J. FINCK, SECRETARY OF THE CHICAGO SYNOD.
Soli Deo Storia.
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Religious Services.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON:
Opening Service.
Liturgical Service by the Secretary, Rev. Wm. J. Finck. Synodical Sermon by the President, Rev. William A. Sadtler, Ph. D., on Revelation XXII:17. Preparatory Service and Holy Communion.
TUESDAY EVENING:
Works of Mercy.
Opening Service by Prof. G. H. Gerberding, D.D.
Sermon by Rev. H. L. McMurray.
Address by Rev. H. W. Roth, D.D.
Offerings for the Passavant Memorial Hospital of Chicago. Closing Service by Rev. G. D. Gross.
WEDNESDAY EVENING:
Home Missions.
Liturgical Service by Revs. H. L. McMurray and M. L. Wagner. Sermon by Rev. A. T. Clay, Ph. D.
Address by Rev. M. J. Stirewalt, D.D.
Offerings for the Home Mission work of the Council.
THURSDAY EVENING:
Education.
Liturgical Service by Revs. J. Wesner and A. D. Crile. Sermon by Prof. G. H. Gerberding, D.D. Offerings for Beneficiary Education.
FRIDAY EVENING:
Foreign Missions.
Liturgical Service by Revs. Frank C. Oberly and A. T. Clay, Ph. D.
Sermon by Rev. J. Telleen, Superintendent of the Foreign Mission Board of the General Council.
Offerings for the General Council Mission Field in India.
t
IN MEMORIAM.
REV. ISAAC HURSH.
The subject of this sketch was born March 9, 1819, in North- umberland county, Pennsylvania. In infancy he was baptized by the Rev. Peter Schindel. When he was about three years old, his parents removed to Butler county, Ohio, where young Isaac grew to manhood, spending these years in laboring on a farm.
Church privileges were limited. The nearest congregation was seven miles distant, and services were held once a month. Under these limited spiritual ministrations, supplemented by Christian training in the home, his piety was nurtured, and an earnest desire to enter the gospel ministry developed. When but fourteen years of age he resolved to prepare himself for this pro- fession. But the outlook was discouraging. He had but little education, and his father was unable to send him to school. In the face of all this, he was firm in his resolve.
About this time he took a thorough course of catechetical in- struction under Rev. Andrew Henkel, one of the pioneer Lutheran pastors in Ohio. "This was my first theological training," said Father Hursh, "and it culminated in my confirmation." Thence forward he did such reading as his time and humble circum- stances permitted.
At the age of twenty-two, he entered Capital University, Columbus, Ohio. At this time he had a very limited knowledge of German, "speaking only a jargon," and no great acquirements in English. He received instruction in both the preparatory and theological departments; in the former under Prof. Jucksche, and in the latter under Prof. C. F. Schaeffer.
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