USA > Illinois > Newspapers and periodicals of Illinois, 1814-1879 > Part 7
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The Chicago publishing equipment was almost totally destroyed by the fire of October 9-12, 1871, in which every newspaper establishment was burned out. Yet the larger daily papers all appeared, in small sheets, within forty-eight hours. The Journal issued an extra, a small three-column sheet printed on one side, on October 9; the issue of October 10, printed at a small job office that had been spared by the flames, announced that the Evening Post would be issued that day, and that the Tribune would be issued on the next, October II. The Inter-Ocean got out a number on October 10; the Republican and the Mail appeared on the roth. No important daily paper suspended
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INTRODUCTION
publication permanently on account of the fire, but a number of weekly and monthly periodicals were never revived. Others, especially several that had New York offices, were moved to that city. As an early consequence of the fire, therefore, the number of publications in the city was con- siderably reduced. But those that remained partook of the great revival of the city as a whole; out of the ashes grew the great and real prosperity of the Chicago dailies, and of the Chicago press in general.
The increase in the daily press in this decade is important numerically. The totals for each year are:
Outside of Chicago
Chicago 97
Total
1870
23
IO
33
1871
26
I2
38
1872.
25
II
36
I873
26
II
37
1874.
25
II
36
1875
28
II
39
1876.
36
14
50
1877
32
15
47
1878
35
15
50
1879
42
I2
54
I880
52
I5
67 98
The slow growth of daily newspapers until toward the end of the period contrasts sharply with their rapid increase later. In fact, the close of the decade marks the real be- ginning of their most rapid growth in the state at large. This growth is naturally affected directly by the increase of population in the towns. The minimum population on which a daily can be supported was once set by Horace Greeley at about ten thousand, but at the time he gave that
97 Includes daily market reports, etc.
98 Census Report shows 74 a few months later.
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ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS
testimony there were papers in this country supported by communities of less than half that size. Since that time the number has considerably decreased, so far as the town of publication is concerned; but taken in connection with the rural population upon which the small dalies have come more and more to depend, the decrease has been slight. At present, indeed, it is apparently increasing, rather than diminishing. The relation of population to daily papers in Illinois in 1880 was shown by the census report as follows:
DAILY NEWSPAPERS AND POPULATION IN 1880
Location
Population
Number of Dailies
Adams County
59,135
Quincy .
27,268
4
Alexander County.
14,808
Cairo.
9,0II
3
Coles County.
27,042
Mattoon
5,737
I
Cook County
607,524
Chicago .
503,185
I8
Dekalb County
26,768
Sycamore.
3,028
I
Hancock County
35,337
Warsaw.
3,105
I
Jo Daviess County
27,528
Galena .
6,45I
I
Kane County
44,939
Aurora
11,873
2
Elgin
8,787
2
Knox County.
38,344
Galesburg
II,437
2
LaSalle County
70,403
Ottawa.
7,834
2
Logan County
25,037
Lincoln
5,639
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INTRODUCTION
xcvii
Location
Population
Number of Dailies
McLean County.
60,100
Bloomington.
17,180
2
Macon County
30,665
Decatur.
9,547
2
Madison County.
50,126
Alton. .
8,975
2
Morgan County
31,514
Jacksonville.
10,927
I
Peoria County
55,355
Peoria.
29,259
6
Rock Island County
38,302
Moline .
7,800
I
Rock Island.
11,659
2
St. Clair County
66,806
Belleville
10,683
3
Sangamon County
52,894
Springfield
19,743
4
Stephenson County .
31,963
Freeport.
8,516
2
Vermillion County
41,588
Danville
7,733
3
Will County
53,422
Joliet
11,657
4
Winnebago County
30,505
Rockford
13,129
3
74
The daily papers of the state have shown a tendency steadily toward afternoon rather than morning issues. That tendency first took definite form in this decade be- tween 1871 and 1880. At the beginning of it, the numbers of morning and afternoon issues in the state were almost equal. Of the forty-two downstate dailies in 1878, thirteen were morning and twenty-nine were evening. In Chicago,
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ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS
eight were morning and four were evening. The tendency in the smaller cities has continued toward evening papers.99 This is doubtless due to the growth and the improved dis- tributing facilities of the Chicago and St. Louis morning papers, and to the cheap "pony" news service offered by the Scripps-McRae, and, later, the United Press Associa- tions, as well as others that have been organized since 1900. On the other hand, since 1900 there has been an increase in the number and importance of downstate morning dailies. This increase has come from cities which have become large enough to support papers holding Associated Press fran- chises. These papers are, as afternoon papers are not, able to compete with the Chicago papers, and will doubtless be an increasingly important feature of Illinois journalism as the number of larger cities in the state is augmented. At the same time the situation is complicated by the help being rendered the afternoon papers by more efficient telegraphic news service, and by the greatly increasing importance of the telephone as an ally of the afternoon press.
The lower price that came with the general introduc- tion of wood-pulp in the manufacture of paper, and the in- creased activity in the patent-inside industry helped upward the figures of both daily and weekly papers. The decline in the quality of many of the country weeklies, mentioned in the next preceding section, was remarkable in this last decade. This came with the more general use of the patent
99 The increase in the number of papers, by decades, 1880 to 1900, is shown in the following table:
Morn- Even- Tri- Semi-
Total
Dailies
ing
ing
W'kly W'kly
Weekly Monthly
Quar- terly
Oth- ers
1880
IO17
74
30
44
6
I7
758
II8
2I 23
1890.
I24I
I2I
44
77
2
20
858
182
29
29
1900
1548
197
44
I53
4
72
1008
219
23
23
For much similar statistical information covering this period - 1880 to 1900, see Report 12th U. S. Census, v. 9.
xcix
INTRODUCTION
inside, which convenience was, by the later seventies, used by nearly one-half of the weeklies in the smaller towns.
The patent inside was chiefly used by papers newly starting in business; but it has no doubt prolonged the life of many a paper that would otherwise have suffered ex- tinction, perhaps not in all cases undeserved. There was something to be said in favor of the patent inside; more, of course, before the development of the stereotyped plate matter which has almost entirely superseded the earlier scheme of economy, than later. It supplied material often of a respectable quality which would otherwise have been out of reach of the country editor. Matter of special interest and often of value to the country population was thus fur- nished; good fiction and less good was disseminated. But granting the patent inside full credit of economy, convenience, and respectability, it nevertheless lowered the quality of the country weekly. Up to the time of the Civil War, however violent or crude the tone in many instances, the country press had individuality of character, and in its own community was as real and definite a force as the great papers of the era of personal journalism were in larger spheres. More than half of the influence of the paper was dissipated when half of its pages were filled and printed by "outsiders." It does not seem that this should necessarily have been true, for the editor still had two pages at his command; but it was true, nevertheless. Many papers, indeed, kept aloof from the patent inside, retained their individuality - and their advertising space - and have steadily improved, as the press as a whole has improved; others have grown into dailies; still others, after more or less brief careers as "co- operatives," have recovered their individuality, and become again "all home print." But it must be recorded that in
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ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS
the years just following the war there began in Illinois that class of papers which, unlike many that preceded the war or survived it, are of mere numerical importance in the story of the Illinois press. That class grew and flourished most numerously in this period between 1870 and 1880.
The numerical increase was fostered also by a usage developed in this decade by which papers for small towns in surrounding territory were printed at a central office. A typical instance is that of the Joliet Phoenix, which was the home office of a brood of Phoenixes bearing date-lines of Lockport, Wilmington, Lemont, Braidwood, Peotone, and Plainfield. Such papers have at least three pages in common. A local editor supplies some news from each town, which, with the name, is all of the one paper that differs from all the others.
Another mechanical aid to the development of the news- paper industry which was contributed by Illinois in this period, was the folder, which made the web perfecting press a possibility. The invention was made by Walter Scott, who was at that time foreman of the machinery department of the Chicago Inter-Ocean. The Bullock presses of the establishment were promptly equipped with the new inven- tion, and thus the Inter-Ocean was the first paper to be printed on a perfecting press.100
The political aspect of the period will have to be passed entirely, except for a word concerning the Granger move- ment and the Greenback party, which stirred the press, usually the rural press, of the country in the late seventies and early eighties.
Perhaps a score of Illinois papers supported Greeley in 1872, including such influential ones as the Chicago Tribune
100 D. W. Lusk, Politics and Politicians of Illinois, 514.
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INTRODUCTION
and Belleville Zeitung. Of these a considerable number then became identified with the Granger movement; within 1873 and 1874 several new Granger and anti-monopolist papers were started, but most of the supporters of these causes were recruits from the old parties. Such papers were to be found at Macomb, Bloomington, Salem, Oregon, Decatur, Hillsboro, Woodstock, and elsewhere. Usually the Granger papers lasted but two years, some not so long, a few considerably longer. At least half of them had become Greenback before 1876, and, with others, brought to the support of Peter Cooper at least thirty papers in the state. Some of these had rather fantastic idiosyncrasies. The Unicorn Greenback at Barry was written almost entirely in verse; the Greenback Gazette at Chester was printed on green paper. There was a lull in Greenback journalism between 1876 and 1878, but in the latter year and 1879 sixteen new papers, and as many other recruits, together with those that had survived from before the earlier campaign, gave Weaver the support of forty papers in Illinois, including such as the Pontiac Free Trader, Morgan Monitor of Jacksonville, Golden Era of McLeansboro, and New Era of Woodstock which were not originally Greenback. A considerable num- ber were established to support that party, among which were Unicorn Greenback, Barry; Express and Sentinel, Chicago; National Era, Danville; Independent, Erie; Independent, Grafton; Local Leader, Lexington; Herald, Milford; Beacon, Milton; Reformer, Morris; Industrial Tribune, Murphysboro; Legal Tender, Pekin; Observer, Petersburg; Greenback Post, Quincy; National Greenbacker and Telephone, Rochelle; Review, Roodhouse; Herald, Shelbyville; Industrial Banner, Yates City. The Green- back party thus brought into existence a number of papers,
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ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS
nearly all short lived, and helped out of existence certain others which became advocates of the fiat money idea.
One more discharge of statistics, and the array of figures on the press in Illinois at the close of the sixty-five years with which this sketch has to do, will have been shown. The thousand and seventeen papers in the state left few vicinities unprovided with "the source of American culture." No county was without its paper. Twenty-eight towns had five or more; twelve had four, thirty-seven had three, ninety- three had two, and one hundred and seventy municipalities were supplied each with one newspaper.
There were publications in six languages at that time, though previously eight tongues had been represented. ' The Bohemians had four, one of which was a daily; nine hun- dred and twenty, including sixty-three dailies, were printed in Engish; one was printed in French and two in Polish; there were nine dailies and sixty-one other papers in German, and one daily and nineteen others in the Scandinavian languages. In Chicago alone there were two hundred and eighty-nine newspapers and periodicals, comprised of eighteen dailies, one hundred and thirty-eight weeklies, ninety-one monthlies, and forty-two of other periods of publication. On another basis of classification, these in- cluded sixty-three devoted to news and politics, eight to agriculture, fifty-one to commerce and trade, one to finance, nine to literature,101 thirty-three to religious purposes, and one hundred and twenty-four to a wide variety of interests, from oriental archæology to trap shooting.
101 A total of 120 "periodicals with some sort of literary interest dominant in their pages" were attempted in Chicago prior to 1880: twenty-seven in the forties, and fifties, forty-six from 1860 to 1871 inclusive, and forty-seven in the seventies after the fire. Of the whole number, forty continued for less than one year, and twenty-two for one year only. Fewer than half, therefore, outlasted a year. Herbert E. Fleming, Literary Interests of Chicago, 112.
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INTRODUCTION
Of religious publications, four were Baptist, one Congre- gational, two Disciples, two Episcopal, one Jewish, three Lutheran, five Methodist, one Mormon, two Presbyterian, one Reformed, six Roman Catholic, one Adventist, one Spiritualist, one Swedenborgian, one United Brethren, one Unitarian, one Universalist, and fifteen non-sectarian.
A retrospective glance over the threescore and five years between 1814, when the first little three-column paper was started at Kaskaskia, and 1879, reveals but a few more than a thousand papers still extant out of a total of about three thousand that have furnished forth their salutatories and their advertising rates. But a third of all those hopefully begun have endured the "halcyon and vociferous". The newspaper press spread northward over the state like a prairie fire; like a fire it has often flared and smoked, and gone out; and one turns from the record of two thousand failures with a feeling as of stepping among a residue of scorched bones.
Yet the successes have been more important than the failures have been numerous, and these papers, living and dead, have played an active part in the life and growth of the commonwealth. Long before the close of this period there had grown up a number of strong and energetic journals, some in every section of the state, upon which the journalistic honor of the commonwealth rests secure. A sketch as brief as this is left incomplete because it is without a more detailed account of the part these papers have played in the growth of the state; and especially without some more adequate reference to the men who have made these papers, and whose lives are the best part of the history of the Illinois press. A number of papers in the state have long since passed the half-century mark; men are still active
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ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS
in journalism who began their labors before the Civil War, and one has died while this work was in preparation whose connection with Illinois newspapers began in 1848.
Incomplete as it is, however, perhaps this survey may serve to give some order and significance to the kaleido- scopic record which follows in the bibliography.
NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS OF ILLINOIS 1814-1879
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS, ETC.
A Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.
B Withers Public Library, Bloomington, Illinois
C Chicago Public Library, Chicago, Illinois
D Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts
E American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts
F New York State Library, Albany
H Chicago Historical Society, Chicago, Illinois
J John Crerar Library, Chicago, Illinois
L Lenox Branch, New York Public Library, New York City
M Mercantile Library, St. Louis, Missouri
Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois
P Public Library in the town in which the paper was published
S Illinois State Historical Library, Springfield
U University of Illinois Library, Urbana, Illinois
W Wisconsin State Historical Library, Madison
These letters, following the description of a paper, indicate that copies or files may be found in the corresponding libraries, the contents of which are listed in this volume. The name of a town following such description indicates that copies or files are to be found in the public library of that town.
The papers of each town are arranged in the order in which they were established, except that all papers in any series are grouped. For instance note under Albion, page 2, that Journal precedes Bumble- Bee, though established later. Under Chicago, papers established in each year are arranged alphabetically, subject to the same exception.
+1840 means that the paper was a continuation from a preceding name or location.
1840+ means that the paper was continued under another name or in another place.
1860 to date (1875) means that the paper was still in existence at the last report, in 1875, but that no later information has been obtained.
Unless otherwise noted, papers were issued weekly.
The words Ayer, Rowell, Coggeshall, refer to newspaper direc- tories issued by those men; Gerhard, to Illinois As it Is.
Names of towns as parts of titles are omitted except when needed for clearness.
NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS OF ILLINOIS 1814-1879
ABINGDON, KNOX COUNTY
MESSENGER, 1856-1858: Published by Chambers and White and edited by O. White.
REPORTER, 1858-1862: Edited by C. C. Button.
NONPAREIL, 1863 : It was published by D. H. Elliott. (See Chap- man and Company's History of Knox County, p. 540.)
EDUCATIONAL MAGAZINE, 1864-1865: Published monthly by J. W. Butler in the interest of Abingdon College.
PROGRESS, -- (?)- - (?): Edited by E. F. Chesney.
PRESS, 1868 -- (?) : Conducted for only a few months by Ike Cotton.
KNOX COUNTY DEMOCRAT, 1870-1876: Edited by W. H. Heaton. In 1876 it was sold and merged into Knoxonian. U
JOURNAL, June, 1870: Conducted by J. C. Chesney for only seven weeks.
LEADER, 1874-1875: Originally established at Monmouth by T. S. Clarke, as Monmouth Leader. After his death it was conducted by S. J. Clarke and in 1874 moved to Abingdon, where he with J. S. Badger established the Abingdon Leader. It lived about a year.
AMATEUR NEWS, 1874-1875: Edited by Charles K. Bassett.
KNOXONIAN, 1875- - (?): Conducted by Henry C. Allen. It was published only six months in Abingdon, when the office was moved to Augusta, Illinois.
EXPRESS, 1875: Edited by Frank L. Richey. It was notable for the number of times it suspended and resumed publication, and for the many forms it assumed, being at one time a weekly, at another a semi-weekly, and at one time a daily. Democratic. REGISTER, 1877: Edited by Charles K. Bassett.
ADVERTISER, 1877- --- (?): Edited by George Poff.
ABINGDON COLLEGE MONTHLY, 1877: Published by the trustees of Abingdon College.
NONPAREIL, -- (?) ----- (?): Published by Elmer Richey in the later seventies. It lived less than a year.
I
2
ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS
ALBANY, WHITESIDE COUNTY
HERALD, 1854.
ALBION, EDWARDS COUNTY
INDEPENDENT, 1865- (after 1869) : Edited and published by J. E. Clark. Printed at the office of the Grayville Independent. Republican.
PIONEER, 1868-1873+: Established by R. S. Thompson and J. J. Lambert. They conducted it for about five years and sold to Gil R. Stormont, who changed it to
· JOURNAL, +1873 to date: This paper was conducted by Gil R. Stor- mont until September, 1876, when he sold to Ballentine and Emmerson. Mr. Ballentine retired in 1878 and Morris Emmer- son continued its publication until March II, 1884, when he sold to Colyer and Harris. After about two years Morris Harris retired and Walter Colyer continued as editor and publisher until March 30, 1900, when the ownership passed to Albert H. Bowman. February 25, 1903, Mr. Bowman was succeeded by the Albion Journal Company. U
BUMBLE-BEE, 1869-1873(?) : A monthly, published in the interest of the patent medicine trade by R. S. Thompson.
EGYPTIAN REPUBLICAN, 1878: A three-column folio, edited by Chalcraft and Orange. Suspended after seven months.
ALEDO, MERCER COUNTY
RECORD, July 14, 1857 to date: Established by James H. Reed and Horace Bigelow at the time of the canvass for the removal of the county seat from Keithsburg to Aledo. Bigelow became sole owner in 1862, and sold a half interest to John Porter in 1866. Porter was political editor from 1862. In 1885 Bigelow sold his interest to John Porter and Sons who conducted the paper until 1894, when it was sold to Mitchell and Bloyer and merged with the Times, under the name of the Times Record. The paper has always been Republican and is one of the many "among the first newspapers to suggest the name of Abraham Lincoln as a candidate for the presidency." U
MERCER COUNTY PRESS, September, 1866-1869: A Democratic paper organized by persons hostile to President Johnson. J. A. J. Birdsall was editor. After a year he was succeeded by a man named Wilson; then late in 1867, David R. Walters became both editor and manager. John Geiger bought the paper in 1869 and discontinued it, establishing instead the
DEMOCRATIC BANNER, April, 1869-1873+ : Geiger opposed the nom- ination and election of Greeley; O. P. Arthur bought the paper
3
ALTON, MADISON COUNTY
in July, 1872, and supported Greeley. In 1873 the paper sup- ported Greenback principles. In this year Arthur changed the name to
BANNER, +1873-1881: John Geiger became a partner with Arthur, and editor in 1877, and in 1878 sole owner, whereupon he made it a straight Democratic "organ." P. F. Warner bought the paper in the campaign of 1878 and conducted it as an Independ- ent in politics until 1879, when he made it Republican. It was sold in 1881 to Geiger, Russell, and Eames, of the then recently established Democrat.
ALEXIS, WARREN COUNTY
JOURNAL, 1874- ---- (?): James Everett was editor and publisher in 1874: in 1877 A. H. Chaffe was editor and publisher. Inde- pendent. Suspended before 1879.
ALGONQUIN, McHENRY COUNTY
CITIZEN, 1872- - (?): William H. and George E. Earlie were editors. Earlie Brothers and Company were publishers. "Every number illustrated." Cited in Rowell's Newspaper Directory for 1873.
ALTAMONT, EFFINGHAM COUNTY
COURIER, May, 1873-November, 1874: Begun by G. W. Grove. Moved in November, 1874, to Virginia.
TELEGRAM, March, 1876-81: Established by Loofbarrow and Humble; then owned by Loofbarrow and Hale Johnson and edited by Mit. A. Bates. Sold in 1877 to C. M. King, who removed the office to Gardner in 1881.
ALTON, MADISON COUNTY
SPECTATOR, 1832-1839: Published first in Upper Alton by O. M. Adams and Edward Breath. The firm soon dissolved, and Mr. Breath alone removed this paper to Lower Alton (now Alton) in October, 1832. Mr. J. T. Hudson, successor to Mr. Breath, edited and published it, 1834-1836; W. A. Beaty, 1836; D. Ward, 1836-1837; Wm. Hessin, 1837; Mr. Hessin and Seth T. Sawyer, 1837; Mr. Hessin, 1837-1838; J. Clark Virgin in December, 1838, and he soon suspended it. It was Whig in politics, giving much attention to the banking system of the country. ESHM
AMERICAN, November 22, 1833-1834: Founded by J. S. Buchanan ; devoted to the agricultural, mechanical, and mercantile interests of Lower Alton and surrounding country; religious but not denominational. Published by Messrs. Bailey and Parks and edited by Rev. Thomas Lippincott. Monthly. H
4
ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS
WESTERN PIONEER AND BAPTIST STANDARD BEARER, +June 30, 1836-1839: Removed from Rock Spring in June, 1836, by Ash- ford Smith and Company, under patronage of the Baptist denomi- nation in Illinois and Missouri. Its editors were J. M. Peck, at first alone, afterward associated with E. Rogers and Rev. Washington Leverett. With the beginning of its second year it was known as the Western Pioneer. It was finally discon- tinued as a separate publication about the close of 1838, and combined in January, 1839, with a paper published at Louis- ville, Ky., and New Albany, Iowa, entitled, in 1839, Baptist Banner and Western Pioneer. (See Rock Spring Pioneer). H
TELEGRAPH, January 20, 1836 to 1882 : Founded by R. M. Tread- way and L. A. Parks. Published by Messrs. Treadway, Parks, and S. G. Bailey, 1836-1837; Parks and Bailey, 1837; Mr. Parks, 1837; Mr. Parks and John Bailhache, 1837; Mr. Bail- hache, 1837-1838. In 1838 S. R. Dolbee purchased a half interest and firm continued until 1850 when Dolbee was succeeded by Wm. H. Bailhache, son of John Bailhache. From 1852-1854, E. L. Baker was one of the firm. Mr. Baker and L. A. Parks conducted it, 1854-1855. In 1855 the Telegraph was merged in the Courier (which see) and so remained until the death of the Courier in 1861, when L. A. Parks and J. T. Beem and S. V. Crossman revived the publication of the Telegraph. Parks and Crossman continued its publication, 1861-1864; Mr. Parks and Thos. S. Pinckard, 1864-1866; Mr. Parks, 1866; Parks and Chas. Holden, 1866-1867; Parks, Holden, and W. T. Norton, 1867-1875; Holden and Norton, 1875-1880; Mr. Norton, 1880 to 1893. After 1888 the paper was published by the Alton Tele- graph Printing Company. In 1893 W. T. Norton sold his stock to W. J. A. Cousley and W. H. Bauer, who with other stock- holders continue to publish the paper, with W. J. A. Cousley as editor. Mr. John Bailhache was its editor, 1837-1841, and from 1841 for several years it was edited by Geo. T. M. Davis. It was known simply as the Telegraph until April 3, 1841, when it became the Alton Telegraph and Democratic Review. In 1853 it became the Alton Telegraph and Madison County Record, which name it retained until merged in the Courier. When the Whig party died it became a strong Republican organ. During the fall of 1836 great excitement spread over the country as a conse- quence of John Quincy Adams's contest in Congress over the right of petition. It is asserted that the Telegraph was the only paper west of Cincinnati which supported Mr. Adams in that struggle. January 1, 1851, a tri-weekly was begun; in 1852 the daily was begun; the weekly was continued.
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