USA > Illinois > Peoria County > The History of Peoria County, Illinois. Containing a history of the Northwest-history of Illinois-history of the county, its early settlement, growth, development, resources, etc., etc. > Part 32
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Nevada ..
112,090
42.491
52,540
593
Washington.
69.944
23.955
498
New Jersey
8.320
906.096
1.026,502
1.265
New York.
47,000
4.982,759
4.705,208
4.470
Total Territories ..
965.032
442,730
1,265
North Carolina
50,704
1.071,361
1,190
Ohio .
39.964
2,665.260
3,740
IlAggregate of U. S.
2.915.208
88.555.943
60,85
·Last Census of Michigan taken in 1874.
·Included In the Railroad Mileage of Maryland.
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD. - POPULATION AND AREA.
COUNTRIES.
Population.
Date of Census.
Area in Square Inhabitants MIIles. to Sq. Mile.
CAPITALS.
Population.
China ..
446.500,000
1821
3.741,846
119.3
Peklo
1.648 800
British Empire.
226.817.108
1875
4.677.43>
49.6
London.
3,251.800
Russia ...
81.925,400
1871
8.003.778
10.2
St. Petersburg.
667,000
United States with Alaska.
38,925.600
1870
2.603.8×4
7.78
Washington ..
109,199
France ..
86.169.800
1866
204.09]
178.7
Paris.
1.825.300
Austria and Hungary.
85,904,400
1869
240,848
$49.4
Vienna ..
833,900
Japan.
34.785.300
1871
149,399
2:12.8
Y'eudo ..
1.554,900
Great Britain and Ireland ..
81.817.100
1871
121.315
262.3
London
3.251,600
German Empire.
29.900.092
1871
160.207
187.
Berlin.
825.400
Italy
27.439,921
1871
118.847
430.9
Komne.
244.484
Spain
16.642,000
1867
195,770
85.
Madrid.
932.000
Brazil ...
10,000,000
8.253,029
9.07
Rio Janeiro.
420,000
Turkey
16.463.000
672.621
Constantinople.
1,025,000
Mexico
9.173,000
1869
761.526
Mezico ..
210,300
Sweden and Norway
5,921,500
1870
69.571
Stockholm,
136,900
Persia ..
5,000,000
1850
635.961
Teheran.
120.000
Belgium.
6.021.300
1869
11,373
4.11.5
Brussels.
814,100
Bavaria.
4.861.400
1871
29,292
165.9
Munich
169,500
Portugal.
3.996,200
1868
84.49-4
115.8
1.Istcon.
24,063
Holland
8.688.300
1870
12.680
290.9
Hague
90,100
New Grenada
8.000,000
1820
357.157
8.4
Bogota
45,000
2.000,000
1869
132,616
15.1
Santiago.
115,400
Switzerland
2,669,100
1820
15.992
166.9
Borne.
36.000
Hollvla
2.000,000
497.321
4.
Chuquisaca.
25.000
Argentine Republic.
1.812,000
1×69
671.514
Buenos Ayres
177,800
Wurtemburg
1.818,500
1871
7,533
Stuttgart .....
91,600
Denmark.
1.784.200
1870
14,759
120.9
Copenhagan.
162.042
Venezuela
1,600,000
308.238
4.4
l'ararcas
47.000
Baden ...
1,461.400
1871
5,912
247.
l'arlsruhe
36,600
Greece ..
1,457.900
1870
19.853
=5.3
Guatemala.
1.180,000
1871
40,879
28.9
Guatemala
40,000
Ecuador
1.300,000
218.928
5.9
70.000
it -***..
¥23.13H
2.969
277
30,000
LIberia ..
718,000
1871
9.570
Monrovia.
3,000
San Salvador.
600,000
10.205
6.
Madagun.
10.000
Uruguay.
300,000
1871
66.724
0.5
Monte Video
44.500
llonduras
850.000
1871
47,09%
7.4
l'omayağın.
12.000
San Domingo
186,000
17.827
San Domingo
20,000
Costa Rica
165,000
1870
21.505
4.7
San Jose
2,000
Hawall
62.950
7,693
80.
Honolulu
7,633
San Salvador
15.000
llayti ... .
572,000
Nicaragua
850,000
1871
53,171
6d.
Port au Prince
48.000
ParaKuny.
1 000.000
1871
63,787
15.6
Asuncion
Darmstadt.
160,100
2.500,000
1871
171.838
5.3
1.Una ..
20,595
Nebraska
75,995
123.993
246,280
828
Utah.
80.056
86.786
New Hampshire.
9.280
318.300
790
Wyoming
93.107
9.118
Mississippi.
47.156
627.922
990
Montana
143,766
lowa ..
55.045
1,191.792
1.350,544
3.160
Total States
1.950,171 38.113,258
59,667
Territories.
Population.
1820.
1875.
81.8
241.1
43.400
24 4
1,651.912
219
GENERAL HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
SANDERCOOK & COICHICACO
....
ILLINOIS ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE MINDED CHILDREN, AT LNCOLN.
220
GENERAL HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
PRACTICAL BUSINESS RULES FOR EVERY DAY USE.
How to find the gain or loss per cent. when the cost and selling price are given.
RULE .- Find the difference between the cost and selling price, which will be the gain or loss.
Annex two ciphers to the gain or loss, and divide it by the cost price ; the result will be the gain or loss per cent.
How to change gold into currency.
RULE .- Multiply the given sum of gold by the price of gold.
How to change currency into gold.
Divide the amount in curreney by the price of gold.
How to find each partner's share of the gain or loss in a co-partnership business.
RULE .- Divide the whole gain or loss by the entire stock, the quotient will be the . gain or loss per cent.
Multiply cach partner's stock by this per cent., the result will be each one's share of the gain or loss.
How to find gross and net weight and price of hogs.
A short and simple method for finding the net weight, or price of hogs, when the gross weight or price is given, and vice versa.
NOTE .- It is generally assumed that the gross weight of Hogs diminished by 1-5 or 20 per cent. of itself gives the net weight, and the net weight increased by 14 or 25 per cent. of itself equals the gross weight.
To find the net weight or gross price.
Multiply the given number by .8 (tenths).
To find the gross weight or net price.
Divide the given number by .8 (tenths).
How to find the capacity of a granary, bin, or wagon-bed.
RULE .- Multiply (by short method) the number of cubic feet by 6308, and point off ONE decimal place - the result will be the correct answer in bushels and tenths of a bushel.
For only an approximate answer, multiply the cubic feet by 8, and point off one decimal place.
How to find the contents of a corn-crib.
RULE .- Multiply the number of cubic feet by 54, short method, or by 4} ordinary method, and point off ONE decimal place - the result will be the answer in bushels.
NOTE .- In estimating corn in the ear, the quality and the time it has been cribed must be taken into con- sideration, since corn will shrink considerably during the Winter and Spring. This rule generally holds good for corn measured at the time it is cribbed, provided il is sound and clean.
How to find the contents of a cistern or tank.
RULE .- Multiply the square of the mean diameter by the depth (all in feet) and this product by 5681 (short method), and point off ONE decimal place - the result will be the contents in barrels of 314 gallons.
How to find the contents of a barrel or cask.
RULE .- Under the square of the mean diameter, write the length (all in inches) in REVERSED order, so that its UNITS will fall under the TENS; multiply by short method, and this product again by 430 ; point off one decimal place. and the result will'be the answer in wine gallons.
How to measure boards.
RULE .- Multiply the length (in feet) by the width (in inches) and divide the product by 12- the result will be the contents in square feet.
How to measure scantlings, joists, planks, sills, etc.
221
GENERAL HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
RULE .- Multiply the width, the thickness, and the length together (the width and thickness in inches, and the length in feet), and divide the product by 12-the result will be square feet.
How to find the number of acres in a body of land.
RULE .- Multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the product by 160 (carrying the division to 2 decimal places if there is a remainder) ; the result will be the answer in acres and hundredths.
When the opposite sides of a piece of land are of unequal length, add them together and take one-half for the mean length or width.
How to find the number of square yards in a floor or wall.
RULE .- Multiply the length by the width or height (in feet), and divide the product by 9, the result will be square yards.
How to find the number of bricks required in a building.
RULE .- Multiply the number of cubic feet by 223.
The number of cubic feet is found by multiplying the length, height and thickness (in feet) together.
Bricks are usually made 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and two inches thick ; hence it requires 27 bricks to make a cubic foot without mortar, but it is generally assumed that the mortar fills 1-6 of the space.
How to find the number of shingles required in a roof.
RULE .- Multiply the number of square feet in the roof by 8, if the shingles are exposed 42 inches, or by 7 1-5 if exposed 5 inches.
To find the number of square feet, multiply the length of the roof by twice the length of the rafters.
To find the length of the rafters, at ONE-FOURTH pitch, multiply the width of the building by .56 (hundredths); at ONE-THIRD pitch, by .6 (tenths); at TWO-FIFTHS pitch, by .64 (hundredths); at ONE-HALF pitch, by .71 (hundredthis). This gives the length of the rafters from the apex to the end of the wall, and whatever they are to project must be taken into consideration.
NOTE .- By 14 or 's pitch is meant that the apex or comb of the roof is to be 14 or Ys the width of the building HIGHER than the walls or base of the rafters.
How to reckon the cost of hay.
RULE .- Multiply the number of pounds by half the price per ton, and remove the decimal point three places to the left.
How to measure grain.
RULE .- Level the grain ; ascertain the space it occupies in cubic feet ; multiply the number of cubic feet by 8, and point off one place to the left.
NOTE .- Exactness requires the addition to every three hundred bushels of one extra bushel.
The foregoing rule may be used for finding the number of gallons, by multiplying the number of bushels by 8.
If the corn in the box is in the ear, divide the answer by 2, to find the number of bushels of shelled corn, because it requires 2 bushels of ear corn to make 1 of shelled corn.
Rapid rules for measuring land without instruments.
In measuring land, the first thing to ascertain is the contents of any given plot in square yards ; then, given the number of yards, find out the number of rods and acres.
The most ancient and simplest measure of distance is a step. Now, an ordinary- sized man can train himself to cover one yard at a stride, on the average, with sufficient accuracy for ordinary purposes.
To make use of this means of measuring distances, it is essential to walk on a straight
222
GENERAL HISTORY OF ILLINOIS
line ; to do this, fix the eye on two objects in a line straight ahead, one comparatively near, the other remote ; and, in walking, keep these objects constantly in line.
Farmers and others by adopting the following simple and ingenious contrivance, may always carry with them the scale to construct a correct yard measure.
Take a foot rule, and commencing at the base of the little finger of the left hand. mark the quarters of the foot on the outer borders of the left arm, pricking in the marks with indelible ink.
To find how many rods in length will make an acre, the width being given.
RULE .- Divide 160 by the width, and the quotient will be the answer.
How to find the number of acres in any plot of land, the number of rods being given.
RULE .- Divide the number of rods by 8, multiply the quotient by 5, and remove the decimal point two places to the left.
The diameter being given, to find the circumference.
RULE .- Multiply the diameter by 31-7.
How to find the diameter, when the circumference is given.
RULE .- Divide the circumference by 31-7.
To find how many solid feet a round stick of timber of the same thickness throughout will contain when squared.
RULE .- Square half the diameter in inches, multiply by 2, multiply by the length in feet, and divide the product by 144.
General rule for measuring timber, to find the solid contents in feet.
RULE .- Multiply the depth in inches by the breadth in inches, and then multiply by the length in feet, and divide by 144.
To find the number of feet of timber in trees with the bark on.
RULE .- Multiply the square of one-fifth of the circumference in inches by twice the length, in feet, and divide by 144. Deduet 1-10 to 1-15, according to the thickness of the bark.
Howard's new rule for computing interest.
RULE .- The reciprocal of the rate is the time for which the interest on any sum of money will be shown by simply removing the decimal point two places to the left ; for ten times that time. remove the point one place to the left : for 1-10 of the same time, remove the point three places to the left.
Increase or diminish the results to suit the time given.
NOTE .- The reciprocal of the rate is found by INVERTING the rate ; thus 3 per cent. per month, inverted, be- comes 1g of a month, or 10 days.
When the rate is expressed by one figure, always write it thus : 3-1, three ones.
Rule for converting English into American currency.
Multiply the pounds, with the shillings and pence stated in decimals, by 400 plus the premium in fourths, and divide the product by 90.
U. S. GOVERNMENT LAND MEASURE.
A township - 36 sections each a mile square.
A section - 640 acres.
A quarter section, half a mile square - 160 acres.
An eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a quarter of a mile wide - 80 acres.
A sixteenth section, a quarter of a mile square- 40 acres.
The sections are all numbered 1 to 36, commencing at the north-east corner.
The sections are divided into quarters, which are named by the cardinal points. The quarters are divided in the same way. The description of a forty-aere lot would read : The south half of the west half of the south-west quarter of section 1 in township 24,
223
GENERAL HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
north of range 7 west, or as the case might be ; and sometimes will fall short and some- times overrun the number of acres it is supposed to contain.
The nautical mile is 795 4-5 feet longer than the common mile.
SURVEYOR'S MEASURE.
7 92-100 inches make 1 link. 25 links 1 rod. 4 rods - 1 chain. 80 chains
1 mile.
NOTE .- A chain is 100 links, equal to 4 rods or 66 feet.
Shoemakers formerly used a subdivision of the inch called a barleycorn ; three of which made an inch.
Horses are measured directly over the fore feet, and the standard of measure is four inches -called a hand.
In Biblical and other old measurements, the term span is sometimes used, which is a length of nine inches.
The sacred cubit of the Jews was 24.024 inches in length.
The common cubit of the Jews was 21.704 inches in length.
A pace is equal to a yard or 36 inches.
A fathom is equal to 6 feet.
A league is three miles, but its length is variable, for it is, strictly speaking, a nau- tical term, and should be three geographical miles, equal to 3.45 statute miles, but when used on land, three statute miles are said to be a league.
In cloth measure an aune is equal to 1} yards, or 45 inches.
An Amsterdam ell is equal to 26.796 inches.
A Trieste ell is equal to 25.284 inches.
A Brabant ell is equal to 27.116 inches.
CHAPTER XXI.
MODERN CHICAGO.
Chicago of "Long Ago"- Wonderful Growth - Situation - Divisions - Bridges - Tunnels-System of Water Supply - A Great Undertaking - Triumph of Engineering Skill - The Great Fire - Generous Sympathy and Liberal Contributions - The City Rebuilt - Grandeur of Architecture -Commerce - Railroads and Shipping Facilities - Exposition - Exposition Building - First and Last Census.
A sketch of Chicago is embraced in the History of the Northwest Territory, which forms the first part of this volume. That sketch relates, for the most part, to the Chi- cago of the " Long Ago," when it was only a remote frontier trading post, and its com- merce confined to traffic with the Indians. This chapter will be devoted to the magic- like growth of the old trading place into a city that is the wonder and admiration of the civilized and commercial world, the home of nearly half a million people, and whose architectural elegance is without a parallel.
In comparing Chicago as it was a few decades ago, with Chicago as it is now, we recognize a change the magnitude of which we would be inclined to doubt, were it not an acknowledged, indisputable fact. Rapid as is the customary development of towns and cities, as well as of country districts in the United States, the growth of Chicago is without a rival in this or any other country.
224
GENERAL HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
The city of Chicago is situated on the west shore of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Chicago river. It extends north and south along the lake about ten miles, and em- braces an area of something more than forty square miles. To the eye of an observer. Chicago seems to be situated upon a level plain, but in reality the height of the natural surface above the lake varies from three to twenty-four feet, and the grade of the princi- pal streets has been raised from two to eight feet above the original surface. A complete system of sewerage has been established. The surrounding prairie for many miles is ap- parently without much variation of surface. Though it can not be observed by the eye, yet the city really stands on the dividing ridge between the two great rivers that drain half the continent, and is about six hundred feet above the ocean. Chicago river, before being widened, deepened. and improved, was a very small stream. It has but very little perceptible current, and for several miles is very nearly on a level with the lake. It is formed by two branches, one from the north and the other from the south, which unite about a mile from the lake. From this junction the stream flows due east to the lake. These streams divide the city into three parts, familiarly known as the North Side, South Side, and West Side. Bridges constructed upon turn-tables, or pivots, are thrown across the streams at many places. By swinging the bridges round, vessels are allowed to be towed up and down the river by steam tugs, so that there is very little difficulty in the way of passing from one division of the city to another. The stream has been made navigable for several miles for sail vessels and propellers, and immense warehouses and elevators have been constructed along its banks, where vessels are loaded and unloaded with great rapidity.
Besides the numerous bridges, there are two tunnels under the river, which were constructed to facilitate travel and avoid delays in consequence of open bridges. Each of these tunnels are provided with wagon and foot-ways. One of them connects the North and South Sides at the LaSalle Street crossing, The other tunnel connects the West and South divisions via Washington Street. The LaSalle Street tunnel was com- meneed in 1869, and completed in 1871, at a cost of §516,000.
The first great public improvement projected by Chicago enterprise was the Illinois and Michigan Canal, to connect Chicago and the lake with the Illinois river, at LaSalle, the head of navigation on the river. The canal is one hundred miles in length, and was completed in 1848.
SYSTEM OF WATER SUPPLY.
The greatest local engineering feat was the construction of the present system of water supply and the tunnels under the river. Owing to the fact that the water in the lake, near the river, was polluted with filth from the river, a plan was devised and car- ried into execution in 1865, for bringing the supply from far out in the lake. To accom- plish this a shaft was sunk on the lake shore at the old water works on the North Side, from which a tunnel was cut under the lake to a water crib that was sunk in the lake two miles from the shore. The tunnel is thirty-five feet below the bed of the lake, is five feet two inches in diameter, and is walled with fire brick and then covered with a thick coat- ing of water cement, The work of digging the tunnel was commenced at both ends, and was so accurately proseented that when the workmen met there was but a few inches variation in the respective lines. The contract price for building it was $315,139. This tunnel can deliver 50,000,000 gallons of water per day. A second tunnel was afterwards constructed, seven feet in diameter, six miles long, extending four miles under the city, with a capacity of 100,000,000 gallons per day. This water is distributed through over 410 miles of water mains, and the closest analysis shows it free from impurities. Thus
225
GENERAL HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
JM WING.& CO.
CHICAGO WATER WORKS-THE CRIB - TWO MILES FROM SHORE.
226
GENERAL HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
it will be seen the water supply of the " Garden City " is unsurpassed by that of any city in the world.
THE GREAT FIRE.
The 8th and 9th days of October, A. D., 1871, will ever be memorable. not only in the history of the "City of the Unsalted Sea," and the great State of Illinois, but in the entire country and throughout the civilized world. At that time this city was the scene of the greatest conflagration ever known in the history of the world, far surpassing that which occurred in London, in 1666, when thirteen thousand buildings were destroyed. In this great Chicago fire, seventeen thousand four hundred and fifty buildings were swept away by the devouring element, and ninety-eight thousand five hundred people rendered houseless and homeless. Miles of magnificent business blocks, palatial residences and costly ornamentations were laid in ashes, the devastation covering an area of 2,004 acres, or three and one-third miles.
The sensation conveyed to the spectator of this unparalleled destruction, whether through the eye, the ear or other senses or sympathies, can not be adequately described, and any attempted description would only test the poverty of language. As a spectacle, it was, beyond question, the grandest, and at the same time the most appalling, ever witnessed by mortal eyes. "From an elevated standpoint," said an eye witness, "the appearance was that of a vast ocean of flame, sweeping in mile-long billows and breakers over the doomed city." Brick and stone buildings melted away like snow. The flames lapped from street to street, and large buildings perished at their touch. Added to the spectacular elements of the conflagration - the intense and lurid light, the sea of red and black, and the spires and pyramids of flame shooting into the heavens - was its con- stant and terrible roar, drowning even the voices of the shrieking multitude of almost a hundred thousand human beings that were driven into the streets and from place to place - even into the lake -to find safety and refuge from the irresistible, unconquerable burning. With that terrible, unmistakable roar of the fast-spreading flames, there fell upon the ears of the helpless thousands the loud and rapid detonations of explosions - or falling walls. In short, all sights and sounds that could terrify the weak and unnerve the strong, held supreme dominion. But they were only the accompaniment which the orchestra of nature was furnishing to the terrible tragedy there being enacted. But amidst all the devastation of property and the crowded life and death race of so many tens of thousands of men, women and children, only two hundred of them are known to have perished during the two days march of the destroyer.
It has been estimated that the loss occasioned by this fire, not including the deprecia- tion of real estate and the interruption to business, was $190,000,000, of which only 844,000,000 was recovered in insurance, leaving $146,000,000 disseminated in thin air or lying in smouldering ruins.
But the sympathy of the whole civilized world was awakened, and generous hearts and plethoric purses sent contributions by tens, and hundreds, and thousands, and tens of thousands of money (to say nothing of provision and clothing that were contributed by the car-load from all parts of the country), as reported by the Relief and Aid Society up to Nov. 7, 1871, until the sum total reached in cash $2,051,025, and the estimated amount of provisions, clothing, etc., swelled the donations to the magnificent sum of 83,500,000.
Chicago was rebuilt. Like the fabled Phoenix, the city rose again from the ashes of her ruin, much grunder and more magnificent than before. The interruption to business was of short duration ; and within one year after the fire a large part of the burned dis- trict was rebuilt, and now there is scarcely a trace of the dire disaster, save in the improved character of the new buildings over those destroyed, and the generally improved appearance of the city, which, in an architectural sense, is acknowledged by noted tourists and travelers to be the finest in the world.
227
GENERAL HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.
COMMERCE OF CHICAGO.
The trade of Chicago is co-extensive with the world. In all countries and in every clime, the trade marks of her merchants are seen. Everywhere Chicago stands promi- nently identified with the commerce of the continent. A few years ago, grain was carted to Chicago in wagons and exchanged for salt, groceries, etc., which, in turn, were carted back to prairie homes. Now more than 10,000 miles of railroad, with thousands of trains heavily laden with the products of the country center here. The cash value of the produce handled during the year 1878, was $220,000,000 ; its aggregate weight, 7,000,000 tons, equivalent to 700,000 car loads. The transportation of this great bulk of produce required 28,000 trains of ordinary capacity. These trains, if arranged in one continuous line, and one following the other in close order, would have reached from London across the Atlantic to New York, and from New York across the continent to San Francisco.
In the grain, lumber and stock trade, Chicago has surpassed all rivals, and is, indeed, not only without a peer, but in these branches of commerce excels any three or four
VANDER GOOD TO ENECHAT.
PASSENGER DEPOT OF THE CHICAGO ROCK ISLAND & PACIFIC RAILWAY CO., AT CHICAGO.
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