USA > Indiana > Historic Indiana : being chapters in the story of the Hoosier state from the romantic period of foreign exploration and dominion through pioneer days, stirring war times, and periods of peaceful progress, to the present time > Part 1
USA > Indiana > Historic Indiana : being chapters in the story of the Hoosier state from the romantic period of foreign exploration and dominion through pioneer days, stirring war times, and periods of peaceful progress, to the present time, centennial ed. > Part 1
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Gc 977.2 L57hi 1627927
M. L.
REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
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ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 02408 7022
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Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center
http://www.archive.org/details/historicindiana1909leve
Scenery along the Tippecanoe. From a photograph.
HISTORIC INDIANA
BEING CHAPTERS IN THE STORY OF THE HOOSIER STATE FROM THE ROMANTIC PERIOD OF FOREIGN EXPLORATION AND DOMINION THROUGH PIONEER DAYS, STIR- RING WAR TIMES, AND PERIODS OF PEACE- FUL PROGRESS, TO THE PRESENT TIME
BY
JULIA HENDERSON LEVERING
ILLUSTRATED
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK AND LONDON The Knickerbocker Press 1909
COPYRIGHT, 1909 BY JULIA HENDERSON LEVERING
The Knickerbocker Press, new York
1627927
TO THE MEMORY OF MY FATHER AND MOTHER WHOSE NOBLE LIVES AND CHARACTERS WERE A PART OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE PAST RECALLED IN THIS VOLUME
Trank from county to Nejen IJK
PREFACE
T T HE history of Indiana is rich in minor incidents of real interest and of importance; but not in events exclusively its own. The State had its share of the romantic and chivalrous adventures per- taining to the dawn of Western history, its share in the encounter with a savage race, in the self-sacrifice of pioneer days, and the heroic patriotism of the war periods. Following this, it had its decades of social and material development, common to the Middle West. It is a goodly land, most advantageously located, and always ready for its part in the national responsibilities.
The history of Indiana's past is the story of her fast vanishing frontier life and the gradual changes which come in meeting modern conditions. The differences in social life broaden so rapidly in this country, that later generations take a keen pleasure in pages that preserve the scenes and experiences of those earlier days.
Unless it is often retold, the memory of heroic en- deavors grows dim. Through history and literature the past accomplishments of a people are perpetuated, and their example has a manifold influence. From the pages of story and verse, the virtues and deeds, the energy and leadership of the best citizens are recalled to the remembrance of another generation.
The intention of this book is to include in a single volume an account of various phases of the develop-
V
vi
Preface
ment of the Commonwealth, whose history must be learned from many sources, not always accessible. Many who have not time for research, and others who have no taste for reading history, may take an interest in the romance of foreign dominion on the Wabash, and in a plain tale of the early settlers. Some may have aroused within them a just pride in their State, in reading of Indiana's valiant part in war, the development of her vast natural resources, and the advanced position which she has taken among the states in provisions for universal education, and the enactment of beneficent laws.
The author's lifelong familiarity with the scenes, the characters, the movements, and the events men- tioned, insures to the reader a sympathetic treatment of the subject. Fireside recitals by aged pioneers, addresses at old settlers' meetings, local historical society papers, reminiscences of early citizens, State records, scholarly monographs and histories have all gone to the making of these pages.
An attempt has been made to accredit, either in the text or in the appended bibliography, the state- ments and facts, freely gleaned, from every known authority. Acknowledgment and thanks are grate- fully rendered to them, and to old settlers for their reminiscences.
If a renewed interest in those authorities is enlisted, and popular attention is attracted to the historic events, which they have all faithfully sought to pre- sent, the intention of the present volume will be accomplished.
J. H. L.
LA FAYETTE, INDIANA, 1908.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I .- LA SALLE AND THE EXPLORATION .
1
I
II .- FRENCH DOMINION .
I 5
III .- BRITISH OCCUPATION
26
IV .- How SPANISH RULE AFFECTED INDIANA
.
32
V .- AMERICAN CONQUEST .
44
VI .- THE PIONEERS .
· 60
VII .- INDIANA TERRITORY-1763-1816 .
106
VIII .- THE NEW STATE-1816
I39
IX .- EARLY CHURCHES IN INDIANA
166
X .- CRIMES OF THE BORDER
.
182
XI .- THE TRAIL-FROM BIRCH-BARK CANOE TO
ELECTRIC TROLLEY
.
198
XII .- THE SOCIAL EXPERIMENTS AT NEW HAR- MONY 240
XIII .- IN THE FORTIES AND FIFTIES 271
XIV .- INDIANA AS AFFECTED BY THE CIVIL WAR 293 XV .- PICTURESQUE INDIANA · 325
XVI .- AN INDIANA TYPE . · 336
XVII .- LETTERS AND ART IN INDIANA
. 350
XVIII .- EDUCATION IN INDIANA
vii · 409
viii
Contents
CHAPTER PAGE
XIX .- THE QUALITY OF THE PEOPLE 448
XX .- AGRICULTURE IN INDIANA . · 459
XXI .- NATURAL RESOURCES .
.
479
XXII .- THE STATE CIVILIZATION IN INDIANA AS SHOWN BY HER LAWS . 493
BIBLIOGRAPHY
. . 525
INDEX . .
. 529
ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE From a photograph.
SCENERY ALONG THE TIPPECANOE . . Frontispiece
ROBERT CAVELIER DE LA SALLE 4 From an engraving of the original painting.
"THE MISSIONARIES CAME FROM AFAR" . I8 Redrawn from an old print.
A TYPICAL PIONEER SCENE
62
Redrawn by Marie Goth from an old print.
THE SPINNING-WHEEL WAS THE STRINGED INSTRU- MENT OF THE HOUSEHOLD
· 64
THE HEROISM OF THE PIONEER WOMEN
68
From an old print.
A MAP OF INDIANA IN 1817 . . 80 . From an old print.
A VIEW OF THE OHIO RIVER FROM HANOVER COLLEGE
The Ohio was the front door into Indiana.
. 92 From a photograph.
THE SITE OF TIPPECANOE BATTLE GROUND AT THE PRESENT TIME .
·
.
I20
ix
x
Illustrations
PAGE
PROPHET'S ROCK . . I22
The Prophet stood on the high ground and chanted war songs in a loud voice and assured his followers of victory.
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON 130 From an engraving after the painting by Chappel.
THE OLD STATE HOUSE AT CORYDON, INDIANA . I36 From a photograph by Mowrer.
"CONSTITUTIONAL ELM" AT CORYDON, INDIANA. . 140 This elm is still standing. From a photograph by Mowrer.
AN OLD INDIANA BRIDGE · 194 These picturesque old bridges are fast giving place to modern iron structures. From a photograph.
THE INDIAN PERSISTED IN BELIEVING THAT THE THREATENING CREATURE WAS AN OFFENSE TO THE GENTLE RIVER .
. . 206 From an old print.
"JOURNEYING TO THEIR NEW HOMES YOU PASSED PEOPLE SEATED IN THE GREAT CANVAS-TOPPED CONESTOGA WAGONS" . . . 216 From an old print.
"WE COULD HEAR THE DRIVER WINDING HIS HORN AND IT ALL SEEMED TOO FINE AND GRAND" . . 220 From an old print.
THE OLD CANAL AND THE DESERTED TOWPATH .
. 226
OLD MAHOGANY FURNITURE BROUGHT TO THE WABASH BY RIVER AND CANAL
274 From a photograph.
xi
Illustrations
PAGE
THE DRESS OF THE FORTIES · 276
From a photograph of the period.
AN ADVERTISEMENT OF THE UNDERGROUND RAIL-
WAY · . 284
(From The Western Citizen, published July, 1844.)
ONE OF THE OLD COLONIAL HOMES LONG SINCE PASSED INTO OTHER USES · 290
SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' MONUMENT
320
.
A VIEW ON ONE OF THE BEAUTIFUL RIVER ROADS OF INDIANA . 326
THE ENTRANCE TO DONNEHUE'S CAVE IN LAWRENCE COUNTY, SOUTHERN INDIANA .
· 328 From a photograph.
THE CLIFTY FALLS, NEAR MADISON, INDIANA .
330
ONE OF THE GORGES OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY . 332
AN OLD MILL · .
. 334 One comes upon these old mills unexpectedly at a turn of the road, set amidst the most charming scenery. From a photograph.
ALBERT HENDERSON . . 338
THE EARLY POETS ALL SANG OF THE BEAUTIES OF FORESTS AND STREAMS
.
352
BENJAMIN HARRISON
.
394
From a photograph by Clark, Indianapolis.
THE DAUGHTER OF CHIEF MASSAW .
·
400
From a sketch from life by William Winter on the
Miami Reservation.
·
xii
Illustrations
PAGE
A MIAMI INDIAN 404
Sketched from life by William Winter on the Miami Reservation.
YOUNG'S CHAPEL, CONSOLIDATED SCHOOL, UNION TOWNSHIP, MONTGOMERY COUNTY, INDIANA . . 412
Hacks ready to start home.
A SCENE NEAR HANOVER COLLEGE . · 424 From a photograph.
CONSOLIDATED SCHOOL IN UNION TOWNSHIP ·
. 426
From a photograph.
FROM THE STATELY ENTRANCE YOU LOOK OUT OVER THE BEAUTIFUL CAMPUS OF "ST. MARY'S OF THE WOODS" .
428 .
1
STUDENT BUILDING, INDIANA UNIVERSITY, BLOOM- INGTON, INDIANA 432 .
From a photograph.
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS . · 440 From a photograph by Miner, Fort Wayne, Ind.
CABINET WORK DONE IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF BLUFFTON . 442
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AT PURDUE UNIVERSITY 446
"OFTEN FROM MORNING UNTIL NIGHT THERE WAS A CONTINUAL RUMBLE OF WHEELS, AND WHEN THE RUSH WAS GREATEST THERE NEVER WAS A MINUTE THAT WAGONS WERE NOT IN SIGHT"
From an old print.
454
THE ENTRANCE TO SCHOOL GARDEN, DELPHI, INDIANA 460
CHILDREN CRATING THEIR TOMATO CROP IN THE SCHOOL GARDEN AT DELPIII, INDIANA · 464
... X111
Illustrations
PAGE
PRIZE CROP RAISED BY A MEMBER OF THE BOYS'
CORN CLUB IN LAPORTE COUNTY, INDIANA . 468
THE ENTRANCE TO PURDUE UNIVERSITY . ʻ 472
THE PICTURESQUE SAND DUNES CAST UP BY THE
GREAT LAKES
. 482
LOWER FALLS CATARACT, STYNER'S FALLS · 490 Such falls as Styner's Cataract await their develop- ment as generators of electric power.
THE STATE CAPITOL, INDIANAPOLIS .
· 500
From a photograph by W. H. Bass Photo Co.
THE INDIANA REFORM SCHOOL FOR BOYS .
,
· 512
From a photograph by Deweese, Plainfield, Ind.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The author gratefully acknowledges the kindness of those who have assisted in the illustration of this vol- ume by permitting the use of photographs belonging to them. Among the friends who have so helped her are: Mrs. Gordon Ball, Mrs. J. H. Styner, Mrs. Julius Hargrave, Mr. William M. Blatchley, Mr. Lawrence McTurnin, Mr. E. L. Hendricks, Mr. Samuel D. Symmes, Mr. Claude Millar, Mr. E. G. Bunnell, Mr. John F. Haines, Mr. W. A. Wirt, the President of Indiana Uni- versity, the President of Hanover College, and the Sister Superior of St. Mary's-of-the-Woods. Thanks are also offered to Hon. Amos Butler and Superin- tendent Fassett A. Cotton, who went over certain chapters which were concerned with matters on which they are authorities, and enabled the author to speak with the more confidence regarding them.
XV
"Whatever the worth of the present work may be, I have striven throughout that it should never be a 'drum and trumpet history.' If some of the conventional figures of military and political history occupy in my pages less than the space usually given them, it is because I have had to find a place for figures little heeded in com- mon history-the figures of the missionary, the poet, the painter, the merchant, and the philosopher."
GREEN'S Short History of the English People.
HISTORIC INDIANA
CHAPTER I
LA SALLE AND THE EXPLORATION
F LOWING through the most fertile part of the land which stretched from the Alleghanies to the Mississippi, was the beautiful river known to the Indians as the Ouabache. It was through the wilderness bordering on that stream that the ex- plorers came who first revealed to Europeans the country south of the Great Lakes.
We are familiar with this domain as a busy section of an established country. We know it as a group of great States, dotted with thriving towns and crossed by thousands of railways; whose trains flash past numberless cultivated farms, and carry their products to the great cities, which have grown up within the territory. But this is only recent history.
Three centuries ago the region north of the Ohio, then covered with a dense wilderness, was a land of adventure, of tragedy, and of romance. Here the red man, tracking through his endless forests, en- countered a new race, that was to deprive him of his hunting-grounds. Other events contributed to the
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Historic Indiana
stirring elements of the drama. Scarcely had the canoes of the white race crossed the Lakes, and drifted down the rivers, of what is now known as Indiana, before the history of the Northwest was but the echo of the strife between the Powers of the Old World, and the ominous contest between their colonists with the aborigines. It requires a little imagination to realize that kings and monarchs exercised do- minion over Indiana. Nevertheless, from the time that the gallant La Salle opened the way, until the beginning of the nineteenth century, all of the territory of which it is a part was an interna- tional shuttlecock. The whole Mississippi Valley was claimed, ceded, and re-ceded by the nations of Europe, as well as by the native chiefs and the American government.
During all of this time, the tragic part of its history was the ever-present menace of the savage tribes, who were being despoiled of their heritage. Such con- ditions can hardly be called prosaic, and when the true story of explorer, friar, fur-trader, and pioneer are added, it would be a tale hard to match.
It was more than a hundred and seventy-five years after Columbus discovered America, before any Euro- pean explored the country south of the Lakes, and revealed those magnificent regions to the world. The beginning was the first journey of La Salle. For fifty years the English settlers had been peopling the Atlantic Coast, while Canada had been the ob- jective point of the adventurous French. Following the accessible water-routes, their explorers had reached out along the region north of the Lakes, as far as Lake Superior; and their fur trading-posts and mission- houses had been established at the strategic points.
3
La Salle and the Exploration
South of Detroit and the Lakes, the vast territory of fertile soil and more temperate climate lay unexplored. This was from fear of the fierce Iroquois tribes, who intimidated the most courageous traders.
In the year 1669, a new name was enrolled among the intrepid spirits who were willing to dare further dangers of the wilderness for fame and fortune; and the heroic figure of Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, appears. This brave young man had come out from France three years before, and after studying the explorations already made by others, and addressing himself to the acquisition of seven or eight Indian languages, he considered himself prepared to under- take the realization of his dreams of exploration. Selling all he possessed to defray the cost of the ex- pedition, he threw his whole energies into preparation for the daring venture. His plan was to explore the far country where the "Great River" was said to be, and claim the territory for France. With a little band of fourteen followers, in four frail canoes, he started on the journey from Montreal. The hints grudgingly imparted by the natives, as to the Great River which flowed into the sea, as to fabulous mines in the southwest, and as to a passage to China, he followed eagerly. Except the information regarding the river, the tales were but will-o'-the-wisps.
The "Mississippi" was a name repeated about Canadian camp-fires and in the manors of French chevaliers long before any bold voyageur had travelled far enough from his fellows to reach its banks. Four years after La Salle's initial journey toward the west, Joliet and Marquette, going by Lake Michigan and the Illinois River, reached the "Father of Waters"; and published their achievement of that fact to the
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Historic Indiana
world, but it is claimed that this first voyage of La Salle was probably by another route. The eminent historian Parkman tells us that, by the loss of old records, which have disappeared since 1756, we are deprived of the account of La Salle's movements dur- ing the two years following his departure from Canada, on this first mission of adventure. The memorandum that is preserved says that, after leaving Lake Erie, six or seven leagues distant, he finally came to a stream which proved to be a branch of the river we call the Ohio; and that descending it for a long distance he joined that river. Some have maintained that he went beyond the confluence of the Ohio with the Mississippi. As the source of the Wabash is near the west end of Lake Erie, a voyage down that river would naturally lead to the discovery of the Ohio. Doubtless, then, the Wabash country was approached from Lake Erie and the Maumee River, as this route was followed in later journeyings of the French. After crossing the broad Lakes in their slight boats, and paddling up the Maumee to its source, they probably made a short portage of their canoes and camp lug- gage to the head-waters of the Ouabache, only a few miles overland, and launched their boats for the first voyage through Indiana.
No incident could appeal more to the imagination than this advent of those birch-bark canoes, filled with the denizens of countries overseas, paddling down the newly discovered stream whose rippling waters had flowed for centuries through the vast forest, all undreamed of by white men. The shores they passed were lined with enormous forest trees, festooned with vines and filled with singing birds. Fish abounded in the placid stream, and wild game came unafraid
Robert Cavelier de la Salle. From an engraving of the original painting.
5
La Salle and the Exploration
to the water's brink. Leagues on leagues and miles on miles of unknown lands, sparsely inhabited by savage peoples, stretched away from the narrow river which carried the slight canoes with their hand- ful of men. It is a picture to remain in the mind, this first coming of the old world into the new west. Such slight records of those earlier journeys have been preserved that we must await further research for verification, and for details of the happenings. We know that on later voyages, in the years 1671 and 1672, and again in 1679-1680, La Salle entered the State from Lake Michigan through the St. Joseph River and traversed the northwestern part of what is now Indiana. Following the suggestions of the Indians, he ascended the St. Joseph to about three miles from the present site of South Bend. Here a slight elevation separates the waters that drain into the Gulf of Mexico from those that flow toward the St. Lawrence, and the land flattens out into great stretches of swamp and meadow. Across the grassy plains, covered with game and wild fowl, and strewn with the skulls and bones of buffalo, they carried their boats four or five miles to the origin of the Kan- kakee. Coming to a little clear thread of water, in the surrounding swamp, it is recorded that they set their canoes on it, and pushed down the sluggish streamlet, looking at a distance like men who sailed on land. Fed by an unceasing tribute of the spongy soil, which extended on either side over sixteen hun- dred square miles of valley, the stream quickly widened into a winding river, with its two thousand bends. On this stream they floated amidst that voiceless soli- tude toward the Illinois, and through it to the Mississippi, which was the goal of their wanderings.
6
Historic Indiana
From these two journeys through the region that is now called Indiana, La Salle may in truth be called its discoverer. The routes he opened up were followed for many decades by succeeding voyagers. The two parts of the State that he explored were widely dif- ferent in their physical features. The Wabash Valley was heavily wooded, and the surface of the country high and rolling, while the lands south of Lake Mich- igan were vast plains dotted with lakes. The ex- plorers wrote to France that they had found the country good and pleasant; that the climate was admirable, and the soil extraordinarily fertile .. They found game in abundance, and mentioned partic- ularly the wild turkey.
These first excursions of La Salle into the Indiana wilderness, at the opening of his career, and before jealous enemies tried to thwart his far-reaching plans of dominion, were full of hope and expectation. Later there were stirring tales of his courageous ad- ventures on the Mississippi; the history of his long journeys to France for authority and funds, the coun- terplotting of Canadian foes, his triumphant recog- nition by the King, and, last of all, his early death at the age of forty-three, in the Louisiana wilderness. In the preface to Joutel's Journal, the following recog- nition of La Salle's services to France places him among the illustrious heroes sent out by the Grand Monarch. There it is urged:
"Let us transmit their names to posterity in our writings, for the consequences of their labor are most honorable and advantageous to the Nation. . .. La Salle was dig- nified, bold, undaunted, dextrous, insinuating, not to be discouraged at anything, ready at extricating himself out of any difficulty. No way apprehensive of the greatest
.
7
La Salle and the Exploration
fatigues. Wonderful steady in adversity, and, what was of extraordinary use, well versed in several languages. Having such extraordinary talents, he was very accept- ably employed in these affairs "1
and added a domain larger than Central Europe to the possessions of his sovereign.
The quaint language of the faithful Henri de Tonty, friend of La Salle, in his tribute to that leader, pic- turesquely presents the discoveries as they impressed the explorers themselves.
"Monsieur, the plunderers of your fortune cannot take away that discovery, or blot out the World you then opened. And what is Europe compared to this vast country? At the height of his magnificence, Louis cannot picture to himself the grandeur of this Western Empire. France is but the palm of his hand beside it. It stretches from endless snow to endless heat; its breadth no man may guess. Nearly all the native tribes affiliate readily with the French. We have, to dispute us, only the Eng- lish, who hold a little strip by the Atlantic, the Dutch with smaller holdings inland, and a few Spaniards along the Gulf. It is an Empire, which Louis might drop France itself, to grasp."
There can be no doubt that La Salle had a clear comprehension of the value, to France, of his explor- ations, for he not only established trading-posts for gain, but he also endeavored to carry thither people to colonize and preëmpt the territory. The sad ending of his short life came all too soon for the successful carrying-out of his dreams of an Empire, but enough was accomplished by La Salle and. Tonty to place
' Joutel's Journal of La Salle's Last Voyage, Introduction, page 16, Reprint of Caxton Club, 1896.
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Historic Indiana
them as the great frontier knights of the middle West in the dawn of its history.
For many years after these first voyagers paddled down the Wabash, the only travellers to the region were the hardy and adventurous coureurs de bois. No records were kept of their journeys,-how soon they followed the explorers, or how often they came and went; but long before the French government established military outposts, these wandering traders and trappers, with an occasional zealous priest, were the sole visitors to the wilds of what is now Indiana.
The coureurs de bois of Canada ranged over the whole northern and western part of the new con- tinent from Hudson Bay to Louisiana in search of adventure, and to trade with the Indians. They be- longed, largely, to the lower classes of adventurers who came out continually from France; but their numbers were constantly augmented by impoverished members of the nobility, or reckless gallants who were reduced in fortune, or fugitives from justice. Inspired by love of adventure, or seeking the oblivion of the forest, these men of gentle blood joined fortunes with the reckless, shiftless voyageurs. Hunting, trap- ping fur-bearing animals, trading with the Indians, and living with the natives in utter abandonment of previous civilization, was the life into which they drifted. As they rowed down the streams, their paddles kept time to the gay strains:
Tous les printemps, Tant de nouvelles Tous les amants
Changent de maîtresses · Jamais le bon vin ne m'endort ·
L'amour me réveille
9
La Salle and the Exploration
Tous les amants
Changent des maîtresses
Qu'ils changent qui voudront Pour moi je garde la mienne Le bon vin n'endort L'amour me réveille
They married the squaws; sold spirits to the braves against all law; ofttimes discarded all clothing; and sometimes conspired against the authorities. They have been known to leave the explorer or missionary alone in the wilderness, to the mercies of the savages. Such were those dauntless adventurers, the coureurs de bois, who were peculiar to early Canadian life and history. As most of the territory of which Indiana formed a part was included in that domain in the eighteenth century, these romantic characters were its first white inhabitants. They did not found any homes or towns. They came singing down the rivers in their light canoes, and lodged with the Indians, traded with them, drank with them, and monopolized the forest bargaining. It was through these gay French vagabonds that the savages obtained their bright-colored blankets, their gaudy trinkets, and also the powder, the arms, and the firewater, which made them more dangerous than before. Only such irresponsible, weather-hardened voyageurs could have endured the privations of that savage life; and their daring adventurous spirit secured to them the fur- trade of the forest. Not a trace of their existence in Indiana remained at the time of the conquest of 1779, when the French still inhabited the posts. No name, habitation, or landmark was left of those who thus
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