USA > Indiana > Historic Indiana : being chapters in the story of the Hoosier state from the romantic period of foreign exploration and dominion through pioneer days, stirring war times, and periods of peaceful progress, to the present time > Part 36
USA > Indiana > Historic Indiana : being chapters in the story of the Hoosier state from the romantic period of foreign exploration and dominion through pioneer days, stirring war times, and periods of peaceful progress, to the present time, centennial ed. > Part 36
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Her Civilization as Shown by Her Laws 517
brings no good results from the standpoint of reformation; hence we have discontinued the use of stripes for clothing, abolished the lock-step, and instead we give each inmate in the institution a suit of cadet blue clothing, cut in military style, and permit them to march in twos in mil- itary order. Seventy-five per cent. of the 1100 boys we have to-day come from broken homes and from en- vironments that were bad when they were children, or where the parents were dead. Much has been said of our divorce laws. The best law, in my judgment, that could be enacted for those who secure a divorce would be, if they had children under sixteen years of age, for the court to take charge of such children and see that they are placed in proper homes and given a high school edu- cation, the parents having nothing to say in the rearing of the child after divorce has been granted." 1
And what of these paroled men? Secretary Butler's reports show that more than half of them have re- mained faithful to the trust imposed in them. Of the 3755 prisoners paroled, since the law has been in force, he says that sixty per cent. have maintained themselves and been saved to society. Most of these men were not wage-earners before their incarceration, yet they have earned $949,773.63 while on parole, and eighty-six per cent. of their employers approved of the law as very beneficial. The paroled men, with- out exception, have a favorable opinion of it; and professional crooks, who do not expect to reform, all denounce the law. The secretary's deduction from all of his data is, that is it much better for the State as an organization that it be relieved of this expense; and for society that these men be returning to it professing reformation and willing to prove their
1 Whittaker, William H., Address at Fifteenth State Conference of Charities and Corrections.
518
Historic Indiana
profession by becoming working, earning members of it, instead of coming out with the hopeless outlook of the discharged convict, under the old régime; since a much larger per cent. of those discharged under the old system return to lives of crime, and a far greater per cent. of those discharged on parole manage to keep out of prison. Under the new system, by far the larger number of those released after the parole test become law-abiding citizens, and but a small per cent. again find their way behind the prison walls. As stated by former State Auditor Hart, "to-day the reformatories are giving wayward boys and girls educational facilities, industrial training, and Christian counsel, so that, instead of being schools of crime, the worthy among the young offenders are coming back to society prepared for honorable responsibilities." For the older prisoners, the State Bar Association, in common with other citizens, had doubts of the wisdom of the reform statutes; but its committee reported at the last annual meeting that the law was "a distinct advance in the State's attitude toward the treatment of criminals. The great majority of men paroled sustain the confidence placed in them, and not only perform the conditions, but merit their discharges, and become honorable citizens."
In claiming an advanced position for legislation in Indiana, it is natural to ask what is left to be desired. Active citizens for the public good see many needs. Especially do they deplore and condemn the backward condition of county affairs in the buildings used for the jails and poor asylums, when it might be expected the citizens would demand better conditions in the local institutions, where the blame comes close to home. The tardiness of some of the counties in availing
Her Civilization as Shown by Her Laws 519
themselves of the empowering statutes, that are not mandatory, suggests the desirability of further State control. We hold no brief for Indiana where she is behind the civilization of the times. It is important that the counties should be more progressive.
Indiana has not taken her place in the advanced ranks of legislation on the subject of suffrage for women. Notwithstanding most of the instruction and the civilizing influences of life in the State have been furthered by the mothers in the commonwealth, the ballot has not been extended to them. Among other things to be desired, in both county and State in- stitutions, is the doing away with the per capita method of providing maintenance and the retaining of convicted male prisoners to serve their sentence in idleness in the county jails, instead of in a State work- house. In the above conditions, it is hoped there will be speedy improvement. The most fundamental need is the establishment of industrial training as part of compulsory education in all of the counties. If the combination of required education and in- dustrial training has proved so effective in correctional institutions for convicts, it would seem that a like provision for enforced, universal training for all of the youth of the State, as a preventive measure, would be better economy of men and money than as a cure after the evil had come upon the community. If hand work must accompany head work to hold the average pupil within the civilizing influences of reg- ular hours at school, and within moral environ- ments, it would seem the part of wisdom to furnish such facilities for the youth still innocent of crime, rather than that he should have to commit a felony
520
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before he can obtain the training which will fit him for life work.
It will be seen from this cursory study of a few subjects of legislation in Indiana, that each year has marked some advancement; and that enough en- lightened laws have been passed to insure a measure of support in the emergencies of existence, and humane treatment of the defectives and the delinquents, to serve as a guarantee of further progress. "Let us count ourselves, then, as not having attained, but as pressing forward," said Alexander Johnson in the State Conference of Charities. "Real and great progress has been made and the tendency is ever forward to sounder principles, to improved methods, to increased efficiency, to decreasing relative cost, to the saving of wasted money, to the saving of wasted humanity." It is also a significant indication of ad- vance that the president of the State Conference felt justified in claiming that "to-day there is no State freer from partisan control, from scandal in the manage- ment of its public funds, than is our own, no state where the unfortunates are so humanely and scien- tifically cared for as in Indiana." 1 This improvement has resulted from the united efforts of an enlightened contingent of workers for the public good, acting upon the conviction that self-help and not pauperism must be inculcated. Insisting that education and criminality are opposite forces in civilization, and that prevention and reformation are the duties of the State in reference to wrong-doers, to carry out present laws and advance to higher planes it is evident that the thing most needed is personal interest
1 Whittaker, W. H., Bulletin of Charities and Corrections, page 86. April, 1907.
Her Civilization as Shown by Her Laws 521
in the public welfare, and individual service on the part of the best citizenship. "The patriotism of public duty enters very largely into the vitality of civic righteousness."
It will be seen that in her educational system, in the supervision of the health department, in ad- ministering charities and corrections, in the oversight of game and fisheries, in the appointment of city police commissioners, and in the methods of taxation, Indiana has steadily developed a closely centralized system of administration. It will be remarked that the State has taken the direction and control from the individual counties, and assumed the responsibility of enforcing uniform laws for the whole commonwealth. Formerly in other departments, as in the school system, "each community was a law unto itself. There was neither unity or uniformity. With closer organization order began to come out of chaos." This method has proved so efficient in accomplishing the wishes of the best citizens that it has attracted the attention of serious students from other States, as worthy of imitation. Indiana owes much to these general laws for all the counties. They have pushed forward civ- ilization in the outlying districts a full quarter of a century. Professor Rawles gives us a most excellent valuation of the results of this centralization in his very illuminating thesis on the subject:
"Both theory and practice demonstrate that this gravi- tation towards centralization in administration is in harmony with our progress, our political ideas, our pecuniary interests, and our highest prosperity and hap- piness. This conclusion does not relegate the theory of local self-government to the limbo of obsolete doctrines. There will always remain a field within which the people
522
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of the respective communities will have free choice as to their policies. This conclusion does not, therefore, mean an abandonment of the ideals of the fathers. The evidence has been sufficient to demonstrate that this centralization has resulted in a more efficient administration, has secured a greater safety of funds, has protected more thoroughly the interests of the whole people, has ameliorated the condition of the unfortunate classes for whose care and education the State is responsible, has led to the reformatory in place of the vindictive principle, and has helped to elevate the social and moral tone by diffusing knowledge and culture through the agency of the common schools. An increase of population is of itself a sufficient cause for the extension of governmental functions and a more careful organization of the machinery of administration; for any form of government is devised and instituted to promote the welfare of the society within which it is established." 1
Judged by the accomplishment of increased good to all of the people, there can be no doubt that State control in Indiana has resulted in a more scientific, humane, and economical administration of affairs.
Eminent statesmen try to impress upon the nation the importance of keeping the delicate balance of power between the States and the federal authority adjusted to prevent encroachments. Indiana has enacted such laws for the regulation of her local affairs and the establishment of a vigorous self-government that the State is often cited as an example of the direction in which the individual States should move to lessen the necessity of federal jurisdiction intervening.
1 Rawles, W. A., The Centralizing Tendency in the Administration of Indiana. Columbia University, New York.
Her Civilization as Shown by Her Laws 523
In making a summary of the legislation in Indiana to determine her rank in civilization among the States, we quote the statement of one of her citizens of national fame-"We have led in many ways, we are behind the most progressive in but few."
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANONYMOUS. Annals of Pioneer Settlers on the White-Water. Richmond, Indiana, 1875.
BALL, REV. T. H. Northwestern Indiana.
BANTA, D. D. History of Johnson County. Indianapolis, 1888.
BARTEL, FREDERICK J. "The Institutional Influence of the Ger-
man Element of the Population of Richmond, Ind." Wayne Co. Hist. Soc. Pub. Richmond, Indianapolis, 1899. BEARD, REED. Battle of Tippecanoe. Chicago, 1880.
BLATCHLEY, W. S. Gleanings from Nature. Indianapolis, 1899.
BLATCHLEY, W. S. State Geological Reports. Indianapolis.
BOLTON, NATHANIEL History of Indianapolis. Indianapolis.
BOONE, RICHARD G. Education in Indiana. Indianapolis.
BURR, S. J. Life and Times of William Henry Harrison. New York, 1840.
BENTON, ELBERT JAY. The Wabash Trade Route. Johns Hopkins Univ., 1904.
BUTLER, AMOS W. Reports of Indiana Board of State Charities.
BUTLER, AMOS W. Bulletins of Indiana Board of State Charities.
State Department. Indianapolis.
COCKRUM, WILLIAM M. A Pioneer History of Indiana. Oakland City, Ind., 1907.
COLEMAN, CHRISTOPHER B. Indiana Historical Magazine.
Indianapolis.
CONDIT, REV. D. B. The History of Terre Haute. New York, 1900.
CONKLIN, JULIA S. Young People's History of Indiana. Indiana, 1899.
COTTMAN, GEORGE S. Indiana Historical Magazine. Indianapolis. Cox, SANFORD C. Recollections of the Early Settlements of the Wabash Valley. La Fayette, Ind., 1860
DILLON, JOHN B. History of Indiana. Indianapolis, 1857.
DILLON, JOHN B. Monographs on Indiana. Indianapolis.
DINWIDDIE PAPERS. Virginia Historical Society Publications. DUNN, JACOB P. History of Indiana. Boston, 1888.
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DUNN, JACOB P. Monographs on the History of Indiana in Ind. Hist. Soc. Publications. Indianapolis.
EGGLESTON, EDWARD. Tales and Articles about Indiana.
EGGLESTON, GEORGE CARY. The First of the Hoosiers. Ferno,
1903.
ENGLISH, WILLIAM H. Conquest of the Northwest. Indianapolis, 1896.
FISKE, JOHN. Essays, Scenes and Characters in American History. New York, 1902.
FISKE, JOHN. Old Virginia and Her Neighbors. Boston, 1897. FOULKE, WILLIAM DUDLEY. Life of Oliver P. Morton. Indianapolis, 1900.
HARDING, WILLIAM F. "The State Bank of Indiana." Journal of Political Economy, U. C., 1895, Chicago.
HENDRICKS, MRS. THOMAS A. Popular History of Indiana. Indianapolis, 1891.
HENRY, WILLIAM E. Indiana Magazine of History. Indianapolis. Historical Addresses, Sketches in State Newspapers, and Remi- niscences of Pioneers.
HODGE, FREDERICK W. Handbook of the American Indian. Wash- ington, D. C., 1907.
HOLLOWAY, WILLIAM R. History of Indianapolis. Indianapolis. Indiana Historical Society Publications.
JONES, LLOYD. Life of David Owen. London, 1873.
JOUTEL, MONSIEUR. A Journal of the Last Voyage of La Salle. Reprint by the Caxton Club, Chicago, 1896.
LAW, JUDGE. The Colonial History of Vincennes. Vincennes, 1858. LEMCKE, J. A. Reminiscences of an Indianian. Indianapolis, 1905. LOCKWOOD, GEORGE B. The New Harmony Movement. New York, 1905.
MERRILL, CATHERINE. The Soldiers of Indiana in the War for the Union. Indianapolis, 1867.
MERRILL, CATHERINE. Essays. Indianapolis, 1902.
NICHOLAS, ANNA. Idyls of the Wabash. Indianapolis.
NICHOLSON, MEREDITH. . Hoosiers. New York, 1900.
OGG, FREDERICK A. The Opening of the Mississippi.
PARKMAN, FRANCIS. La Salle and the Great West. Boston.
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PARKER, BENJAMIN, AND E. HINEY. Poets and Poetry of Indiana. PERSHING, M. M. Life of Gen. John Tipton. Tipton, Ind., 1906.
RAWLES, WILLIAM A. The Centralizing Tendency in the Adminis- tration of Indiana. Columbia University, N. Y.
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SMITH, WILLIAM H. History of Indiana. Indianapolis, 1897.
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State Superintendent of Public Instruction Reports.
STEIN, EVALEEN. One Way to the Woods. Boston, 1897. STEIN, EVALEEN. Among the Trees Again. Indianapolis, 1902. STICKNEY, IDA STEARNS. Pioneer Indianapolis. Indianapolis,
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-
INDEX
A
Adams, J. Otis, 407 Addams, Jane, 99 Ade, George, 356, 391 Agriculture in Indiana, 459, ch. xx .; French, 459; and early settlers, 461 ; fairs, 462 ; at Pur- due University, 466; taught in schools, 469; women's part in, 472 Agriculture, Journals of, 468 Alexander, Miss, author of Ju- dith, 388
Algonquin Indians, 10
Anderson, Melville B., 377
Anglo-Saxon love of the soil, 103 Art exhibition of great merit, 407 Artists of Indiana, 404
Audubon, John J., story of mill, 80 Automobiles, 237
B
Baker, Martha S., 405
Ball, Rev. T. H., 334, 382; on the culture in frontier homes, 96
Ball's paintings, 407
Bandits of the border, 192, 193 Banks, first, 160; in first con- stitution, 160; charter can- celled, 160; State bank of Indiana, 161; wildcat cur- rency, 162: disastrous free banking laws, 163; Bank of the State of Indiana, 164; national banks begun, 164; present wise laws, 164; sav- ings banks, 164
Banta, Judge D. D., 410, 413
Baptist Church first organized, 168 Barnes, Charles, 457
Bartel, Frederick, 382
Bee-hunters, 87
Ben Hur, 351
Benton, Elbert J., brochure on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 227, 228, 230 Beveridge, Albert J., 386
Bicknell, Ernest P., 503
Billings, Dr. John S., 456
Black Hawk War, 157
Blake, Mrs. Katherine, on pio- neer life, 92; on Rappites, 245
Blatchley, Wm. S., 328, 333, 382, 474, 484 Bloomington, State University, 430
Blue grass carried to Kentucky, 125
Breeders of pure bred live stock, a source of wealth and im- provement to the State, 476 British incite Indians to massa- cre, 45, 58
Bundy's pictures, 407
Burr, Aaron, his deluded fol- lowers in Indiana, 134
C
Cabins of pioneers, 64, 65 Campbell, Alexander, 173 Camp-meeting first held, 174 Canada, part of Indiana included in, 18; French ceded it to Great Britain, 23; the West wished it incorporated in the United States, 137
Cannibalism among the Miamis, 13
529
530
Index
Capitals of Indiana, first, 147; second, 148; present, 151 Carleton, Mrs., description of boarding-schools, 277 Carrington, General, 456 Catherwood, Mary H., 356
Chappelsmith, John, and wife, 2 59
Churches, early, 166
Civil War period, 293
Civilization measured by the laws, 493
Clark, General George Rogers, 46, 51, 57
Clay, John, quoted, 346 ff
Clay deposits in Indiana, 484
Clubs, 395; federation of, 397
Coburn, General John, tribute to Mr. Dillon, 379
Cockrum, Wm. M., 80, 81, 382 Coe, Dr., pioneer physician, 155 Coggeshall, Wm., Anthology, 350
Condit, Rev. Blackford, 203, 382 Conklin, Julia S., 382
Conner, J. D., Jr., Secretary of Registry Association, 476
Conner's paintings, 407
Constitutional Commission, in 1815, 140; in 1850, 43.5
Constitution, wise provisions of first, 140
Corn Club, 467, 469
Corydon, second capital, 137, 148
Coudert, Amelia Kusner, 405
Coulter, Dr. John, 457
Coulter, Dean Stanley, 457, 481
Counterfeiting, 189
Coureurs de bois, 8; pursuits, 8; character of, 9
Covington, thriving river town, 34I
Cox, Jacob, 405
Cox, Sanford C., 382; story of
Irish canal laborers, 196
Crimes of the border, 182
Culver Military School, 430
Cumberland Road, 214, 215
D
Dairy farming, 477 Dale, Miss, married Robert Owen, 249
D'Arusmont, Phiquepal, at New Harmony, 259
Davis, Jefferson, unfair in re- port, 290 De Frees, John, character of, 388 Democracy of the West, 449 Democratic party during the war, 300 Denby, Charles, 457 De Pauw University founded, 428
Dial, the, quoted, 449
Dillon, John B., 137, 379
Doctors of early times, 92, 93
Dooryards about farm-houses, 478
Dress in 1816, 146
Duncan, Robert, quoted, 119
Dunn, Jacob P., 59, 130, 380, 458 Duquesne, Marquis, regarding French colonization, 459
E
Eads, John B., 456
Earlham College founded, 426
Earthquake in 1811, 133
Economic waste, 489
Education in Indiana, 409; in- dustrial, 441-443; compul- sory, 442
Educational system, 446
Eggleston, Edward, 358, 367
Eggleston, George Cary, 457; quoted, 368, 454
Electric power from streams, 491
Ellsworth, Annie, sent first
telegram, 286
Ellsworth, Edward E., at Cen- tennial, 451
Ellsworth, Henry L., quoted, 460
English, Wm. H., 59, 382
Erie, Lake, crossed by La Salle, 4 Europeans, contact with In- dians, 128 Explorers in Indiana, 4, 5
F
Factory Age lightens home labor, 99 Factory inspection, 499 Farmers, 475
53I
Index
Farmers' Institutes, 446, 467 Federal and State authority, 522 Fellows sisters, writings, 384 Fertility of soil, 135
Finley, John, poem Hoosier Nest, 65
Fire companies in early times, 286
Fiske, John, 135
Flatboats, 199, 202
Fletcher, M., letter about the character of Indianapolis set- tlement, 156
Fletcher papers, extract from, 99 Ford, Simeon, 391
Forkner's paintings, 407
Forsythe's paintings, 407
Fort Wayne, 18
Foster, John W., 381, 457
Foulke, Wm. Dudley, 142, 305, 307, 380, 386 Franklin College, 426, 427
French dominion, 19, 20
Furnham, Lucy, 389
G
Game, wild, in Indiana, 63, 73 Gazette on live-stock improve- ment, 476 Genet, citizen, creates trouble in the West, 36 Gibault, Father, priest in North- west Territory, 51
Gillilans' tales, 391 Girardin, Frank, paintings, 407 Glisson, Admiral, 456 Gold fever in '49, 290, 291 Goodwin, Rev. Thomas, 213, 382 Grange, 468 Griffiths, John L., 380, 394 Grist mills in early times, 70 Gruelle, Justin, painter, 407 Gruelle, R. B., painter, 407
H
Hamilton, Lieut .- Gov., instruct- ed by Great Britain, 45; re- captures Vincennes, 52; loses it forever, 57 Hamilton's collection of Indiana writers, 352 Hannegan, Edward, 288, 341 Hanover College, 425
Harding, W. F., monograph on Indiana, 382
Harmonie Commune, 24 1
Harrison, Benjamin, 394, 455 Harrison, Wm. Henry, 125, 126, 130, 282 Hay, John, native of Indiana, 456
Hays, Prof., on high schools, 470 Hayworth, Paul, and O. G. S., 366 Helm, Captain, in charge of Post Vincennes, 51
Henderson, Albert, a memoir, 336 Henderson, Charles R., 381, 457,500 Hendricks, Thomas A., 394, 455 Herndon, Commander, 456 Hibben, Helen, 406
Hines, Fletcher, Secretary of Registry Association, 476 Hiney, Enoch, collection of
poems, 354 Hinsdale, Prof., on British colo- nization, 30; on American occupation of the West, 59 Hobbs, Barnabas, 41 I Hoosier, origin of name, 366
Hoosier dialect, 358-362, 367 Hoosier Group of painters, 404 Hoosier writings, 390
Horse-thieves, 185
Hoshouer, Prof., as a teacher, 424 Hospitality of pioneers, 282 Howard, Judge Timothy E., His- tory of St. Joseph County, 382 Howe, Judge, quoted, 190
I
Illinois, separated from Indiana Territory in 1808, 130
Indiana, first explored 1, 15; under French rule, 15; British, 26; territorial days, 106; fer- tility of soil, 135; State or- ganized, 139; future rank of State depends on legislators, 165; in the forties and fifties, 271 ; slavery in, 293 ; provision for education, 409; character of population, 448; geograph- ical position favorable, 478; natural resources varied, 479; character of laws, 493
532
Index
Indiana Farmer quoted, 477
Indiana prize corn, 469
Indiana Society of Chicago, 457 Indiana University founded, 431 Indianapolis, site of, selected,
151; capital moved to, 153; first sale of lots, 153; early settlements, 154-156; as a railway centre, 234; art school, 408
Indians, all Algonquins in In- diana, Io; barbarity, 10, 127; customs, 11-12; religion, 12; influence of friars, 16; intox- ication, 16, 118, 119; send a "speaking bark," 60; conflict with white race, 106, 127-129; forms of warfare, 107; General Clark's dealings with, 108, 109; articles bartered with, 110; games, 119; treaties with, 120; names of, 120 Industrial schools, 501
Industrial training in the schools, 519
Internal improvement system, 214, 219-221; effect on State,
222, 225; abandoned by State, 231
Iron deposits, 489; iron oxide for paint, 489
J
Jeffersonville received General La Fayette, 153
Jenners, Anna, story of a pioneer, 102
Jennings, Jonathan, first Gov- ernor, 14I
Johnson, Alexander, 503, 510, 511, 520
Johnson, Robert Underwood, native of Indiana, 457
Johnston, Gen. Jos. E., 456
Joliet and Marquette discovered the Mississippi, 3
Jones, Rev. Jenkin Lloyd, trib- ute to Thomas Lincoln, 104 Jones, Lloyd, Life of Robert Owen, 248
Joutel's Journal quoted regard- ing La Salle, 6 Judah, Mrs. John, stories by, 389
Julian, Geo. W., agitator for abolition of slavery, 300; author, 382
K
Kankakee River, La Salle's ex- ploration of, 5; picturesque-
ness, 333 Kaskaskia, Fort, captured by Clark, 48
Kentucky volunteers, with Clark, 46; guard the frontier, 58; at the battle of Tippe- canoe, 124; carry home blue grass, 125
Kindergarten Training School (State), 439 Knights of the Golden Circle, 307 Krout, Caroline, author, 389
L
La Fayette, General de, visits Indiana in 1825, 153, 208 La Fayette, city of, 204
Lakes in Indiana number one. thousand, 333
Land Commissioners to adjust claims of settlers, 131 Land sharks in the early settle- ment outwitted, 133 Lane, Henry S., 274, 298 Lanier, Sidney, quoted, 357
La Salle, Robert Cavelier de, ar- rived in Canada, 3; learns Indian languages, 3; ambition to explore the West, 3; sells his estate to raise funds, 3; starts on his first voyage to find a passage to China and discovers the Great River, 3; makes another voyage west and down the Illinois to the Mississippi, 5; enemies in Canada, 6; goes to France to enlist the support of Louis, 6; Tonty's friendship for, 7 Laws for the new States, 141 Lawton, General, 456
Lawyers in early times, 146; riding the circuit, 147
Legislation in Indiana, regard- ing Australian ballot, 499; board of State Charities, 501,
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