USA > Indiana > St Joseph County > An Illustrated historical atlas of St. Joseph Co., Indiana > Part 2
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NEWSPAPERS.
In the September term the court house building was formally accepted, but was not entirely completed till some years later. At the November term Benjamin Hardman, David Miller, and | started in the county during the past forty-three years.
Nearly twenty different newspapers and periodicals have been
Jesse Frame were appointed to lay out three county roads. The commissioners of the Vistula road were paid off, and other unim- Defrees and his brother Joseph H. Defrees. At the solicitation The pioneers in this department of industry were Jolin D. portant business transacted.
of his uncle the latter left Ohio in 1831, and came to South Bend,
January 6, 1834, "German Township " was set off, and the |and the two brothers in company started the Northwestern
held at "St. Joseph Iron Works," which place (now Mishawaka) was rapidly becoming quite a town, even eclipsing South Bend, in point of business and population. Joseph Nickols was licensed to retail spiritnous liquors, and Orlando Hurd to keep tavern at the " fron Works " at the September term.
Nothing indicates such rapid increase of business, as a brisk traffic in intoxicating drinks. Those who practice at this bar are always " men of business."
The " Township of Plymouth " was laid off at this session, and the place of election designated at Grove Pomroy's house.
At the September term the "St. Joseph Iron Works, " through their officials, made application for incorporation, and John Brownfield was licensed to vend foreign merchandise.
These records reveal the "beginning of things " in our now thriving city.
At the November term the " field notes " of the State road, from South Bend through Sumption's Prairie down the Kankakee River to the western bounds of the State, were ordered recorded. Hiram Dayton, Commissioner.
We will remark in passing that the roads and public highways, of St. Joseph county -as spread upon the record - are more tor- tuous than the gyrations and epecycles of the various planets of the old astronomers, and no Philadelphia lawyer could thread their mazes.
January, 1835, Alexis Coquillard petitioned the board to estab- lish a ferry at the foot of Market street.
At an early day the farmers of St. Joseph County, agitated the subject of organizing a society devoted to their interests, and at thie May term, 1835, the following was
" Ordered, by the Board that public notice be given that the
the last Saturday in the present month, to organize a county ag-
Thus ended the first civil year under the administration of ricultural society, agreeable to the statute in such case made and the Board of Commissioners, withal a busy and prosperous year. provided." A township society was also noticed in German town- At the January term, 1832, the Board established the follow- ship, at the same session.
At the September term of the same year, it was
" Ordered, that notice be given to the citizens of South Bend, to-meet at the court house to elect trustees for the corporation of the town of South Bend."
On the 31st day of October the following gentlemen were elected Trustees of South Bend, viz. : William P. Howe, Horatio Chapin, Peter Johnson, John Massey, and James A. Mame.
Gold watches, each 50
=
Silver and composition watches 25
Pleasure carriages, 4 wheels -50
Pleasure carriages, 2 wheels 25
=
Each poll 50
=
These rates will hardly bear comparison with those of the of the county; but alas for human foresight! None of us can tell
what a day may bring forth. While Mishawaka has always been
present day
it only needs comparison with the present county expenses to
Union township was also organized at this session, and Edward
At the May term, Liberty township was laid out and elections
Our space forbids a further notice of this early formative period. Enough lias been given to convey an idea of the activity of those who first settled this beautiful valley of the St. Joseph.
COURTS.
" Ordered, That Benjamin Coquillard be licensed to keep a tavern at the town of South Bend."
" Ordered, That Calvin Lilly be licensed to keep a tavern at the town of South Bend."
All of these tavern licenses were granted at the same session of the Board of Commissioners.
At this time, Benjamin McCarty was sheriff, and R. West Scott, deputy sheriff. The state road as surveyed by George
"Ordered, That the American Fur Company be licensed to Crawford from Fort Wayne to South Bend, with field notes, were vend foreign merchandise in said county," by paying $10. ordered recorded May 15, 1832. Horatio Chapin was licensed to sell merchandise. These were At the September term, Anthony Defrees was appointed among the first merchants in South Bend.
county agent, giving bonds in the sum of $6,000.
At the November term Horatio Chapin was appointed school commissioner, in place of William McCartney resigned.
N. A. Griffetli was ordered to furnish a " flat " 45 feet long, 12 feet wide for the use of the ferry at South Bend.
Complaint having been made to the Board of Commissioners, it was ordered at tle March term 1833, that N. B. Griffeth's ferry license be discontinned. At the same session Samuel L. Cottrell was allowed a license to sell " strong liquors and groceries " in South Bend.
The above was probably the first Circuit Court of the County, and all the above orders were passed Sept. 6, 1831. The following day Aaron Stanton appeared and presented a certificate of election as county commissioner, and took his seat the St. Joseph Co. Library, in place of Joseph White resigned. as a member of the board.
The commissioners appointed to re-locate the county seat re- ported favorably to South Bend.
A petition had been circulated among thie settlers, and over one hundred and twenty-five names were secured in favor of South Bend. The friends were very active and finally triumphed. Bonds were given by L. M. Taylor, Alexis Coquillard, Joseph Rohrer, Samuel Studebaker, Samuel Hanna, and David H. Cold- rick, in which they obligated themselves to pay the sum of $3,000 if the county seat be permanently located at South Bend. Fif- teen lots were donated by Taylor and Coquillard for the use of
RATES OF TAXATION.
Horses, mules, and asses, over 3 yrs 3772 cents. =
Each work ox. 1834
Brass clocks, each 50
11
For several years "St. Joseph Iron Works " (or Mishawaka,) increased more rapidly in business and population than South Bend, and the people of the former town were jubilant, - enter- taining the fond idea that she was destined to be the ruling city
tunal society was established in Penn township.
Calls were ordered at this session for the election of school Harris was granted a ferry license at "St. Joseph Iron Works."
commissioner for the county, and three school trustees, and the county was divided into two school townships, numbered one and ordered at Daniel Antrim's house.
Five dollars were required for a tavern license; eight dollars for license to peddle wooden clocks.
" Ordered, By said board that Peter Johnson be allowed a tav- ern license at South Bend, to commence on the Ist of August, 1831."
" Ordered, By the Board, that David Pickering, Deputy Sheriff of Allen County, be allowed the sum of $5 for notifying the commissioners to re-locate the seat of justice of St. Joseph County."
" Ordered, That each person of the grand jury and petit jury be allowed fifty cents for their services rendered in attending the November term of the St. Joseph Circuit Court."
At this session of the board, Aaron Miller was appointed Treasurer of St. Josephi County, William and Benjamin McCarty being his security.
John Egbert was appointed County Agent, and Samuel L. Cottrell was allowed $32 for services rendered as sheriff of said county.
Sept. 7, 1831, the county having undergone some changes in its outlines, the following townships were re-arranged and laid
Portage; and Chapel W. Brown for Highland.
Nathan B. Nichols was licensed to keep a tavern at the Kan- kakee Branch Crossing, in St. Josephi County, on the Detroit and Chicago Road, Oct. 31, 1831.
At the November term of the Board of Commissioners, Calvin Lilly, Joseph Cissna, Barzilla Druliner, and John Garrard were appointed constables, and the order for building a jail was spread upon the records in extenso. See "Commissioners' Record," first book, p. 35, Auditor's office, South Bend.
At this time, Benjamin McCarty was sheriff, and was allowed $40 for assessing the unassessed property of St. Josephi County,
the house of Jacob Egbert. They also divided the county into four road districts.
HISTORY OF SAINT JOSEPH COUNTY-CONTINUED.
7
STATEMENT FOR 1873.
Value of Products.
Hands. 1.
Guiding Star Lodge, No. 371, instituted. 1866
1. Flouring Mills
$ 581,000 23
Wagons, Carriages, etc
1,152,420
576
GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC.
3- Farm Machinery
212,500
Agricultural Implements
17,000
II
5. Furniture
333,500 200
6. Door, Sash and Blinds
259,972 98
7. Foundries
314,500
211
8. Sewing Machines
Woolen Manufactories
80,000
I.
Ladies Benevolent Aid Society, instituted.
1871
Stone Cutting, etc
41,469
29
South Bend Turn Verein.
The attempt to establish a "Fourier Society " on the " Mc- Cartney Farm " in 1845, was a failure.
4. South Bend Chapter, No. 8, Order of Eastern Star.
The Woman's Literary Club.
ROADS.
The Michigan road was cut through the country in 1832. It extends from Madison, on the Ohio river, to Michigan city, on Lake Michigan, a distance of 258 miles.
The Vistula road, running from Toledo to South Bend, was put in order about the same time.
The opening of these roads had its influence upon the settle- ment of the country, and emigrants from Ohio, Pennsylvania and Virginia, found their way hither in great numbers, in the year 1832, and the succeeding two or three years.
In May, 1832, the state road from Fort Wayne, via Goshen to South Bend, a distance of seventy-six miles, was surveyed by that veteran pioneer, the Hon. George Crawford, now of Laporte county.
A state road from the crossing of the Yellow creek by the Michigan road, via Laporte to Michigan city, was laid out by Andrew Burnside, and in 1834, the state road through Sumption's prairie to the west line of the state.
The records concerning the county roads are too numerous for insertion. See ist and 2d books "Commissioner's Records," at the Auditor's office.
FERRIES.
The first ferry license across the St. Joseph river, at South Bend, was granted to N. B. Griffeth, in September, 1831, at the foot of Water street.
January, 1835, Alexis Coquillard established a ferry at the foot of Market street. The fee, per annum, was $2.00.
CHURCHES IN SOUTH BEND.
The present number of churches and denominations repre- sented in Sonth Bend are as follows :
One Baptist, one Christian, one Episcopal, two Evangelical, two Roman Catholic, one Lutheran, three Methodist, two Presby - terian, two Reformed, one Universalist, one Dunkard.
The Methodists were among the first to raise the Gospel ban- ner in St. Joseph county, and their churches may now be found in almost every hamlet throughout its borders.
The German Baptists, or Dunkards, were among the first also, and the Millers were the first preachers among them. The Bap- tists were represented by Elder Hastings and others. The Catholics pre-occupied the ground, having their mission- aries among the Indians long before the active settlers made their advent into this country.
The Methodists organized a church in Hamilton, in Olive township, in 1838. The have one at New Carlisle, one also in Greene township, one in German, one in Union, one in Centre, two in Penn, one in Lincoln, one in Liberty, and two in Portage. The Baptists have five in the county ; one at South Bend, one one at Pleasant Valley.
3. ST. JOSEPH COUNTY SAVINGS BANK was established in 1870 at South Bend. It was organized under the general law, and the present amount of deposits is $100,000 Interest declared on the first of January, and the first of July, on money which shall have remained in bank three and six months preceding said at Walkerton, one on Sumption's prairie, one at Mishawaka, and days. Deposits of $50 and upwards, subject to withdrawal at any time, will draw five per cent. interest from date of deposit to that of withdrawat, if left in bank thirty days. Dr. L. Humphreys, 'The Dunkards have churches in Olive, in German, in Liberty, in Union, in Portage, in Penn, Centre, and other townships. President ; J. C. Birdsell, J. M. Studebaker, Vice Presidents; Jo seph W. Warden, Treasurer. Trustees-David Greenawalt, Al- The Advents have a church in Greene township, and one in Liberty. mond Bugbee, T. M. Bissell, Joseph Warden, Wm. F. Bulla, T. W. Defrees.
The Christians have one in Olive, one in Mishawaka, one in South Bend, one in Union township, one on Harris' prairie. There are eighteen church buildings in St. Joseph county out- side of the city and villages.
The Universalists have a church in South Bend and one in German Township.
In Madison township the Lutherans, Albrights, and Dutch Reformed hold the ground.
For further particulars concerning the churches of St. Joseph county, see " History of the Churches " on another page of this volume.
COUNTY OFFICERS.
South Bend Commandery, No. 13, instituted 1866
ODD FELLOWS.
South Bend Lodge, No. 29, instituted.
1846 Gustavus A. Everts.
Thomas S. Stanfield.
Bobert Blum Lodge, No. 278, instituted ..
1867 Samuel C. Sample, 1836.
John B. Niles.
South Bend Encampment, No. 9, instituted 1867
Ebenezer M. Chamberlain.
Andrew S. Osborn.
Thomas S. Stanfield.
I.
Keedy's
165,000 IO
2. Loomis'
150,000
3. Knoblock's
60,000
5
Total
375,000 23
TAX DUPLICATE FOR 1874.
We glean the following particulars from the tax duplicate for the county for 1874, recently completed by Auditor Wheeler :
Number of acres, 296,325.54-100 ; value of lands, $5,843,070 ; value of lands and improvements, $6,594,240.
Value of lots and improvements in the county, $3,949,875. Of this amount New Carlisle has $66,695; Mishawaka, $720,020 ; South Bend, $3,081,270 ; Walkerton, $30,900 ; North Liberty, $24,180 ; Lakeville, $15,190.
Valne of personal property, $4,501,285 ; total value of taxa- bles, $15,049,400.
Of this amount South Bend has over one third-$5,297,340. Number of polls assessed in county, 5,012.
Upon this the state tax is $25,074.10 ; county tax, $47,642.21 ; road tax, $7,658.18; school tax, $26,578.64; township tax, $4,- 172.68 ; special school tax, $752.22 ; local tuition tax, $1 1, 294.58 ; dog tax, $2,088. Total amount of taxes, $159,057.88.
BANKS.
In no city of the West has the manufacturing business been more extensively carried on than in South Bend. It is the secret of its rapid growth, and its prosperity - giving employment to building as a branch of the Bank of the State of Indiana, with a thousands of its industrious citizens. The following statement gives come idea of the manufactured products in 1873 :
WAGON MAKERS' ESTABLISHMENTS.
No. Hands.
I. Studebaker's
Val. of Products. -$896,220
453
2. Coquillard's 197,200
78
3. Chockelt's
30,000
20
4. Mueller's, etc. 30,000
25
Total
-$1,152,420
576
Here, then, in one department of industry, the forest trees and iron ore, are converted into vehicles for man's convenience and pleasure, and nearly 600 worthy persons are given employment, and over $1,100,000 coined from the raw material.
FARM MACHINERY, ETC.
In the line of farm machinery, South Bend compares favorably with the manufacturing towns of Ohio. Threshing machines, grain drills, plows, saw machines, and all kinds of farming uten- sils are made here. The principal establishments are as follows, in 1873 :
Val. of Prod. Hands.
1. Birdsell's Clover Separator
150,000
75
2. Oliver's Plows 240,000 140
3. Strayer's Grain Drill
62,500
25
4. Beache's Sewing Machine 17,000
Singer's Sewing Machine. 1,100,000
510
Total
$1,569,500 761
I.
2.
South Bend Chapter, No. 29, instituted. 1855
3. South Bend Lodge, No. 294, instituted 1863
Germania Lodge, No. 301, instituted 1865
dollars are put in circulation among the people.
„To mention all the industrial enterprises of South Bend, Mish- 5. awaka and other towns in St. Joseph county, would extend this sketch beyond our limits.
I.
The following is a condensed statement of the various manu- 2.
factories in the city of South Bend, as furnished by Mr. Turner, in his Annual :
3.
4. Schuyler Lodge, No. 39, instituted 1870
GOOD TEMPLARS.
Pioneer. It was politically Whig, and the first paper in all this region of country. There was no other paper north of Indiana- polis nor west of Detroit at that time. Joseph H. sold out his interest in the paper in 1833, and moved to Goshen, Ind., where he still remains engaged in the mercantile business. John D. moved the press to White Pigeon, Mich., and subsequently went to Washington, D. C., and became superintendent of Public Print- ing. He still resides there and is engaged in preparing a history of the State of Indiana.
After the first six months the Northwestern Pioncer was changed to
2. The St. Joseph Bracon.
3. The South Bend Free Press was established in 1836, by Wil- liam Millikan, and in 1845 was changed to
II.
12
Cooperage
27,500
41
Excelsior
7,000
3
14.
5. The Mishawaka Tocsin was established in 1841, by Wilbur F. Storey - the present editor of the Chicago Times - was moved to South Bend, and its name was changed to
6. Indiana Tocsin, and in 1845 it migrated to La Porte and was lost.
7. The Free Democrat was established by E. W. H. Ellis, as a campaign paper, and survived but a few months.
8. The St. Joseph County Forum was established in 1853 by A. E. Drapier and son. It passed into the hands of E. Molloy, and was called
9. The Natinoal Union, and was changed to
10. South Bend Weekly Union in 18-, and purchased by Chas. F. Murray in Dec., 1874.
Bush. Wheat. Hands.
II. The Mishawaka Bee was established in 1846, by S. P. Hart, and was discontinued after two years.
12. The Free Press was established in 1852, by D. C. Ireland, - sold out to L. A. Elliott, who changed its name to
13. The Mishawaka Enterprise, and sold out to Archibald Beal in 1858. Mr. B. conducted it about eight years, and sold to N. V. Brower- who sold to S. T. Montgomery, and he to E. A. Jer- negan, who has associated with him J. S. Carpenter.
14. South Bend Weekly Tribune, established in 1872, by the Tribune Printing Co. Daily Tribune first issued in 1873.
15. The Investigator, a religious paper of the Christian denom- ination, was published for a while by P. T. Russell.
16. The Ave Maria, a monthly periodical, published at Notre Dame University, in the interest of the Roman Catholic Church. 17. Turner's South Bend Annual was commenced in 1868, and is devoted to the interest of trade and manufacturers. T. G. Turner, Editor and Proprietor.
18. Northern Indiana Teacher, established January, 1874,- devoted to the interests of public schools. Published monthly, edited by H. A. Ford.
19. The Notre Dame Scholastic, is a weekly paper published at Notre Dame University. It is devoted to the interests of educa- tion - ably edited and handsomely printed.
MANUFACTURERS.
15.
Brick Making
110,000
16. Printing and Publishing
Total -$4,532,814 2,094
As we note the beginning of these various enterprises and companies, we are astonished at the rapid progress that has been made in them. The Studebakers were established here only twenty-two years ago (1852), the first paper mill in 1868, and nearly all of the others within the last decade.
We should have stated at the proper place the amount of busi- ness in 1873 at the
FLOURING MILLS.
1,100,000
510 37
MISCELLANEOUS.
9.
IO.
Beach's Paper Mills
280,000
2. South Bend Library Association, instituted
3.
4. The St. Joseph Valley Register, under the editorial manage- ment of Schuyler Colfax, September, 1845, and is still continued in South Bend under the editorship of Beal & Benner.
13.
Fly Catchers
16,000
17
48
2.
4.
. Austin Post, No. 17, (Department of Indiana.)
KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS.
1. Crusade Lodge, No. 14, instituted 18-
CIRCUIT COURT. PRESIDING JUDGES.
John R. Porter, 1832.
Albert G. Deavitt.
SECRET SOCIETIES.
South Bend is favored with a large number of secret societies, as will appear from the following enumeration :
MASONIC.
St. Joseph Lodge, No. 45, instituted. 1842
From the above five different enterprises, nearly 800 men are given employment, from whose earnings their families are well clothed, fed and educated, and over one million and a half of 4.
1. The first bank in St. Joseph county was the branch of the State Bank, established at South Bend in 1838. Its charter ex- pired in 1856. The same parties then continued business in their
capital of $100,000, until 1864. It was then moved to J. Brown- field's, who -kept the charter alive until 1867, when they resumed business again with a capital of $75,000. In 1870 the stock of this bank was merged with the SOUTH BEND NATIONAL BANK, situated on Michigan street. Capital, $100,000. Jno. Brownfield, President ; Wm. Miller, Cashier. Directors-John Brownfield, William Miller, Schuyler Colfax, B. F. Price, D. H. Baker.
2. THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK was established in 1863, in The first church built in St. Joseph county was the Methodist, at South Bend. It was erected about 1834, on Michigan street, but the building not meeting the conditions of the contract was South Bend, with a capital of $150.000 ; surplus, $75,000. J. R. not accepted. The same building is now in existence and is used Foster, President; C. A. Kimball, Cashier, Directors-J. R. Foster, W. F. Cushing, A. Corbett, C. Wadhams, P. E. Stude- baker.
for a barn. The Presbyterians organized their first church at Mishawaka in 1834.
8
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HISTORY OF SAINT JOSEPH COUNTY-CONTINUED.
ASSOCIATE JUDGES.
John Bauker, 1832 Reynolds Dunn, 1837.
Chapel W. Brown, 1832.
Powers Greene.
William McCartney, 1833. Peter Johnson.
John Ireland, 1837. John D. Robertson.
PROBATE JUDGES.
James P. Antrim, acting, 1832. Elisha Egbert, 1856.
John J. Deming. Edward F. Dibble.
COMMON PLEAS.
Elisha Egbert. Edward J. Wood. Daniel Noyes.
CLERKS.
I. Lathrop M. Taylor 1830 to 1837
2. Tyra W. Bray 1837 " 1844
3. John F. Lindsay 1844 “ 1851
4. Samuel M. Chord 1851 " 1859
5. Elias V. Clark 1859 “ 1867
6. George W. Matthews +867
SHERIFFS.
I. Benjamin McCarty 1831 to
2. Samuel L. Cottrell
1831 “ 1832
3. Scott West 1832
4- Daniel A. Fullerton 1832 " 1833
5. Samuel L. Cottrell 1833 " 1838
6. Charles M. Tutt 1838 “ 1842
7. Lott Day, sen. 1842 " 1846
8. Lott Day, jr 1846 "
1850
9. Ralph Staples 1850 " 1852
IO. Benjamin F. Miller 1852 " 1856
II. Evan C. Johnson 1856 " 1860
12. Nelson Ferris 1860 “ 1864
13. Solomon W. Palmer. 1864 " 1868
14. George V. Glover. 1868 " 1872
15. Joseph Turnock 1872
PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS.
I. Andrew Ingram 1832, circuit.
2. Samuel C. Sample
1834,
3. George Pierson
1848,
Jones L. Foster .. 1854, common pleas.
Joseph Henderson
1854% =
Andrew Anderson, jr. 1856,
Reuben L. Farnsworth 1857.
CORONERS.
Samuel L. Cottrell 1834 to 1835
2 . E. P. Taylor
1835
3. Leonard B. Rush 1841
4. Jacob Hardman 184-
5. Israel De Camp 1843 1845 “ 1847
6. Truman Fox
7. Richmond Tuttle.
8. Allen Bassett. 1847 " 1852
1852
1854
9.
Aaron A. Webster
1854 " 1856
IO. Andrew H. Long
II. Daniel Dayton 1874
RECORDERS.
I. L. M. Taylor 1830 to 1837
2. William H. Patterson
1837 " 1851
3. Lott Day, jr. 1851 " 1858
4. R. J. Chestnutwood 1858 " 1867
5. Alexander N. Thomas 1867
AUDITORS.
I. L. M. Taylor.
2. Tyra W. Bray 1830 to 1837
ديـ George W. Matthews r837 " 1844
4. Aaron B. Ellsworth 1845 " 1849
1849 " 1859
5. . Woodman J. Holloway 1859 “ 1867
6. Alfred Wheeler ..
1867
TREASURERS.
I. John D. Lasly
1830 to 1831
2.
Aaron Miller.
3. John T. McLelland 1831 " 1833
4. Albert Monson 1833 " 1840
John K. Wright 1841 " 1850
6. Robert B. Nicar 1856
1851 "
7. Solomon Miller. 1856 " 1860
8. John H. Harper.
1860 “
9. Ezekiel Greene. 1864 " 1868
10. Hiram Miller 1868 " 1872
Il. David B. Creviston.
1872
COUNTY SURVEYORS.
r. William Clark
2. Tyra W. Bray-
3. Thomas B. Bulla 1836 " 1856
4.
Milton W. Stokes. 1856 " 1864
William D. Bulla
1864 " 1865
6. William M. Whitten.
1865 “
1866
7. William D. Bulla
1866 “ 1868
8 . Milton V. Bulla
1868 “ 1872
Q. William M. Whitten.
1872 " 1874
IO. Arthur J. Stace 1874
COUNTY. COMMISSIONERS.
I. OLD JUSTICES' COURT.
1830 to 1831. Adam Smith, Lambert McComb, Levi T. Arnold.
2.
FIRST COMMISSIONERS' COURT.
1831 to 1832. David Miller, Joseph Rohrer, Aaron Stanton.
1832 to 1833.
John Ireland, Benjamin Hardman, John Martindale.
1833 to 1835.
John Ireland, Lott Day, Reynolds Dunn,
1835 to 1836.
Lott Day, Reynolds Dunn, Orlando M. Hurd.
1836 to 1837. . Reynolds Dunn, Orlando M. Hurd, William H. Patteson.
1837. Lott Day, Orlando M. Hurd, George Holloway.
1837 to 1840. Lott Day, George Holloway, Alonzo Delano.
1840 to 1841. Lott Day, Alonzo Delano, Thomas D. Vail.
1841 to 1842.
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