USA > Indiana > Centennial history and handbook of Indiana : the story of the state from its beginning to the close of the civil war, and a general survey of progress to the present time > Part 28
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In the search for gold occasional diamonds have been found, but usually too small to be cut. There is record, or tradition, rather, of two found years ago that sold respectively for $50 and $75. Other precious stones have been found, but few, if any, of commercial value .*
county." Just as they finished this flume a heavy storm and freshet tore it out and swept it away in pieces-to the utter dis- couragement of the builders. This was probably in the sixties. * See Geol. Repts. 1888 and 1901.
CHAPTER XVII
MANUFACTURES
Growth of Manufactures .- As stated in a previous chapter the manufacturing industries of Indiana were almost negligible during the earlier decades, the general conditions being a fatal handicap. By 1850, these conditions began to change, and with that change the manufactur-
made possible the development of natural re- sources. Practically the impetus begins with the incoming of the railroad,* and the growth of the railroad system and the general industrial move- ment have gone abreast.
Industrial Statistics .- By the census returns
-
Convent of Sisters of St. Francis, Oldenburg, Franklin County.
ing era set in. In 1849, the total value of the manufacturing output was $18,725,000. By 1869 it had increased to $100,000,000, and by 1909 to $579,075,000. Within those years the State ad- vanced from fourteenth to ninth place in the Union, and from the employment of 14,440 wage- earners, representing 1.5 per cent. of the total population, as estimated in 1850, we have for the 1910 estimate 186,984 employes, amounting to 6.9 per cent. of the population. This growth it attributed by a census writer to the various natural resources of the State, but, as a matter of fact, the greatest of all factors, perhaps, has been improved transportation service which has
of 1910, $508,717,000 were invested in manufac- turing industries in Indiana. There were 7,187 establishments, classified under fifty-five sepa- rate industries, besides 772 that were unclassi- fied.
The most important of these, as estimated by the capital invested were, in the order named, the iron industries, foundry and machine shop products, carriages and wagons, artificial gas, ag- ricultural implements, lumber and timber prod- ucts, automobiles, furniture, and flour and grist
* It must be remembered, however, that prior to the railroad era the Wabash and Erie and Whitewater canals played their parts in developing their respective sections.
185
186
CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA
mill products. These leading industries repre- sent investments ranging from $47,781,000 for iron industries, to $15,857,000 for the output of flour and grist mills. Of the total capital in- volved about one-third is invested in the five lead- ing cities-Indianapolis, South Bend, Ft. Wayne, Evansville and Terre Haute, these decreasing in the order named. Indianapolis is far in the lead with $76,497.000. Its largest industry is that of foundry and machine products. South Bend leads in the manufacture of carriages and wagons with a capital of $17.442,000, which is far in excess of any other one local industrial invest- ment. Evansville leads in furniture.
The ten leading manufacturing cities, other than the five already named, are in the order of their investments: Hammond, Mishawaka, Richmond, Anderson, Michigan City, Muncie, Laporte, Elkhart, East Chicago and Elwood.
Out of the State's total population of 2,700,- 873 in 1910, the manufactures gave employment to 208,263 persons, including wage-earners and employers. Compared with agriculture, as an industrial factor, the latter still leads. The num- ber of persons employed on farms as owners, tenants or managers in 1909 was 215,485. This does not include many others who follow agri- cultural occupations.
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CHAPTER XVIII
AGRICULTURAL ADVANCEMENT
Comparative Agricultural Values .- It is safe to say that whatever the manufacturing and commercial future of Indiana may be, it will always take high rank as an agricultural State. The quality and amount of its cultivable soil in- sures that. Among all the States of the Union Indiana, Ohio, Illinois and Iowa rank highest in the percentage of land area in farms and in the average price per acre. In the first-the amount of farm land compared with total area-Iowa ranks first with 95.4 per cent. Indiana and Ohio, coming next, are almost a tie, the former having 92.3 and latter 92.5 per cent. In the average value of farm lands Illinois comes first with $95.02 per acre, Iowa follows with $82.58 and Indiana comes third with $62.36. This valuation includes land, buildings, implements and live stock, and the land value alone of Indiana ex- ceeds that of Ohio, being $1,328,196,545.
Statistics of the State .- The approximate total area of Indiana is 23,068,800 acres. Of this 21,299,823 acres are in farm lands and 16,931,252 acres are classed as "improved." The average size of farms is 98.8 acres .* The im- proved acreage has about doubled since the Civil war, and the total number of farms now is 215,485. During the period named the greatest land increase was prior to 1880, it dropping thereafter to a small per cent., but the increase in values has been phenomenal since 1900. As against the present average acreage value of $62.36 the value in 1900 was $31.81, the increase being 96 per cent.
Distribution of Values .- Land values in In- diana range from ten or fifteen dollars per acre to a hundred and twenty-five or more. The best land, as measured by selling value, is represented by a block of counties stretching across the cen- tral and north-central parts of the State, reach- ing as far south as Johnson. Shelby and Rush, and as far north as Newton, Miami and Wabash. Of this block Marion and Benton counties rank
* The average size of farms steadily decreased from 1850 to 1900, it being in the first-named year 136.2 acres, and in the lat- ter 97.4 acres. In 1910, for the first time, there is shown a tend- ency to increase.
highest, the latter, presumably, because of its superior soil, and the former because of Indi- anapolis and its influence on values. The north- ern tiers of counties run uniformly from fifty to seventy-five dollars per acre, with the exception of Starke, Pulaski and Steuben, which rank lower. The Wabash valley, from Parke to Posey, runs from fifty to seventy-five dollars; a stretch a little farther east, extending from Put- nam to Warrick and Spencer on the Ohio river are twenty-five to fifty dollars, and most of the southeast corner of the State are valued at the same figure. The cheapest land reaches from Monroe and Brown to Perry and Harrison, on the Ohio, and Jefferson and Switzerland are also included in this class. The value is placed at ten to twenty-five dollars per acre, though it is prob- able that but little land in the State is sold at the ten-dollar figure .*
Crops and Their Distribution .- Among the crops raised in Indiana we find twenty-one dif- ferent kinds that are important enough to be considered by the State Department of Statistics in it's last biennial report (1913-14). These are : Corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, water- melons, cantaloupes, apples, berries, potatoes, onions, tobacco, tomatoes, timothy, clover, al- falfa, prairie hay, millet, cow peas and soy beans.
Corn .- Of these, as measured by acreage and yield, corn is far in the lead ; the acreage, as com- pared with wheat, which ranks next, running from about one to three millions more.
The total yield of the corn crop for 1913 was 161,276,315 bushels. The ten leading counties as to total yield were Tippecanoe, Benton, Rush, White. Clinton, Allen, Boone. Shelby, Madison and Montgomery ; though for the average yield per acre Tipton leads the State with an average in 1913 of 57.69 bushels per acre. Some of the river counties, like Knox, have spots that yield phenomenally, but do not hold up when it comes to a total estimate. Statistics show that corn is grown on nearly nine-tenths of the farms of the State, but what may be called the "corn belt"
* From charts and tables of Thirteenth Census.
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CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA
occupies the central part of the State from Wayne to Vigo, and from Shelby and Johnson to the upper Wabash region.
W'heat .- In wheat the State seems to be fall- ing off, the acreage being less in 1912 than any time in eight years. It was nearly two millions less than it was in 1899. The leading wheat sec- tions run up the Wabash from Posey to Sulli- van : Dubois and Floyd, in the south, are good counties, as are Shelby, Johnson, Rush, Bartholo- mew. Hendricks and Marion in the central belt. Among the northern counties Noble, Kosciusko, Pulaski, Whitley, Grant, Wabash, Miami, De- kalb. Carroll, Cass, Howard, Benton, Boone and Clinton all take rank. In 1913 Miami led with an average yield of 22.71 bushels and Posey with a total yield of 1,143,264 bushels. In the average per acre we find the ten leading counties are all in the northern group just specified, from which it may be concluded that our true wheat belt ex- tends across the State from Clinton on the south to Kosciusko and Dekalb on the north.
Oats and Rye .- Next to corn and wheat. as considered by acreage, comes oats, of which there has been a slow but steady increase for the last thirty-five years. The best oats region coincides with our best wheat country, being the north- central counties.
Rye has long been a minor crop, but is on the increase, the average in 1913 amounting to 207,680 acres. The northern counties produce the most, as they do of barley, which is also a crop of minor importance.
Hay .- The farmers of the State devote con- siderable acreage to forage crops other than corn fodder, such as timothy, clover, alfalfa, cow peas and soy beans. Timothy leads in acreage and yield, the production being tolerably uniform for the last twelve or fifteen years, with an an- nual yield somewhat exceeding a million tons. Clover comes next in tonnage, and both these hays thrive best in the northern counties. Al- falfa is at present regarded as a coming crop and has been steadily increasing since 1909, the acre- age in 1913 being 36,624, scattered over counties both north and south. Cow peas and soy beans seem to thrive best in the southern section, Knox being the leading county in these productions. The total yield for 1913 was 79,317 tons. Be- sides the above crops considerable wild or prairie hay is harvested and seems to be increasing year
by year, 90,143 tons for 1913 being in excess of any previous year given in the statistics. The wild hay counties lie both north and south, but the leading section is in the northwest part of the state.
Potatoes, Onions and Tomatoes .- The potato crop is on the decrease, as shown by the returns for the last thirteen years, the production within that period diminishing almost one-half. The yield for 1913 was 3,137,228 bushels. This crop does best in the northern counties, as does the . onion crop, which in Indiana runs considerably over a million bushels a year.
The tomato crop is increasing, a yield of 125,224 tons in 1913 being larger than ever be- fore. Tipton county takes the lead. The crop is raised chiefly for the canning factories.
Melons .- A crop of growing importance, par- ticularly in the lower Wabash counties, is that of melons. In 1913 there were, altogether, 8,057 acres devoted to this product, the average value per acre of which was $62.83. For both water- melons and cantaloupes, Knox, Gibson and Posey counties stand at the head, and their cantaloupes are said to be famed as far east as New York and as far west as Colorado.
Apples .- In orchard fruit, particularly apples, Indiana, which once produced a superior quality, suffered decadence because of the inroads of orchard enemies and the neglect to wage an intel- ligent warfare against such enemies. Of recent years there has been a revival of interest ; apple- growing by scientific orcharding has been pro- moted, especially in the southern hill counties, where land is at once cheap and adapted to fruit, and the results have been shown at apple exhibits held annually at Indianapolis the last three or four years. These exhibits compare well with those of the famous fruit districts of Washington and Oregon. If our fruit is somewhat inferior in size and showiness, it is superior in flavor, and the verdict of those who have investigated is that Indiana land costing twenty-five dollars or less per acre will make as good return to the investor as will Hood River or Yakima land at five hun- dred dollars an acre-providing, of course, the same care is expended as is necessary there.
Tobacco .- We hardly think of Indiana as be- ing a tobacco State, yet it produced in 1913 no less than 10,049,280 pounds. The tobacco "belt" is, of course, chiefly in the southern part of the
LAPORTE
KELKHART.
ST. JOSEPH
LAGRANDE STEUBEN
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11.
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80 TO 90 PER CENT
875 TO $100 PER ACRE
90 TO 95 PER CENT
Per Cent. for the State, 92.3
95 TO 100 PER CENT
Average for the State, $62.36
$125 AND OVER PER ACRE
Per Cent. of Land in Farms and Average Value of Farm Lands in Indiana by Counties, 1910. (From 13th Census.)
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TIPPECANOE
190
CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA
State, but counties as far north as Tippecanoe and Grant figure in statistics, and Randolph is one of the ten best.
Live Stock .- Indiana as a live stock State takes high rank. Horses, mules, cattle, hogs, sheep and poultry represent the animal industries important enough to be considered by the State Department of Statistics.
From the beginning of the State's history hogs have been far in excess of every other animal product. Ever since the statistics have been kept the number on hand each year has been a million and a half to two millions, the statistics for 1914 giving 1,992,819. The loss from disease is a heavy tax on the industry, running into the hun- dreds of thousands each year. In 1911, 1912 and 1913 it averaged about a half million a year. The greatest number of hogs are raised in a belt cut- ting east and west through the central part of the State, with Rush in the lead, with 56,016 head on hand January 1, 1914.
Cattle, in number of head, rank next to hogs, the returns for 1913 showing 1,076,033 on hand March 1. Of these 40,954,419 were dairy cattle, the figures showing beef cattle to be considerably in excess. The leading counties for milk cows and dairy products are those running across the north part of the State, though Hamilton and Marion rank high, and Ripley in the south is in - cluded among the "ten best." Allen leads.
The production of horses and mules has in- creased year by year, that of 1914 exceeding any previous year, being 646,846 horses and 82,575 mules. The best horse counties lie in the north, but the best mule counties are in the southern part of the State, with Posey decidedly in the lead.
The cheaper hill lands of the southern coun- ties would seem to be the logical section for sheep grazing, but all the leading counties lie north, with Lagrange and Steuben leading. The statis- tics for fourteen years show that the sheep in- dustry has been steadily declining. In 1900 there were 932,856, with a wool clip of 4,537,975 pounds. By 1914 the number had fallen to 481,075. Perhaps the mortality from disease among sheep has had something to do with the decline. The yearly loss between the years speci- fied has ranged from 27,610 in 1913 to 83,754 in 1901. The sheer loss in 1913 equaled $116,874.
When we consider poultry and eggs the figures
loom up large. In 1910 there were reported a total of 13,789,109 fowls, valued at $7,762,015. Of these 13,216,024 were chickens. There were 202,977 turkeys, 121,306 ducks, 139,087 geese and 57,433 guinea fowls. The increase during the ten preceding years was 15.4 per cent. and the increase of value 83.8 per cent., these increases being in chickens. The egg production is given as 80,755,437 dozens, valued at $15,287,205.
The best poultry counties lie in the north, though Ripley is classed among the ten that stand highest. Allen and Kosciusko lead.
ORGANIZATION OF FARMERS
The "Grange."-In 1867 a movement to or- ganize the farmers of the United States for the purpose of protecting themselves commercially was initiated by Oliver Hudson Kelley, of Wash- ington. The organization effected, known as the "National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry," became, within a few years, the greatest that had ever been promoted in this country in behalf of the agricultural classes. Subordinate associa- tions, called State Granges, sprang up, and by, 1874 there were upward of 21,000 of these, with a total membership of about 700,000.
The central idea of the order was co-operation in selling and buying, with a view to eliminating the profits of the middleman, and, especially, the unrighteous gains of the speculator and mon- opolist who preyed off the labor of the producer. The Grange established co-operative elevators,. warehouses, flour mills and purchasing agencies, and through these it effected a material saving to its members. After 1874 the popularity of the order, for some reason or other, declined as rap- idly as it had risen .* By 1880 it had dropped entirely out of public notice, and for ten years little was heard of it. Then it began to recover on a sounder basis that was better thought out. At present it exists in thirty-one States, one of which is Indiana.
The movement in Indiana was part of the wider movement as above sketched, and was or- ganized at Terre Haute, February 28, 1872, un- der the direction of O. H. Kelley.t The exact present status of the order we are unable to;
* It has been said that this decline was "but the inevitable re. action from too sudden popularity."
¿ Terre Haute Daily Gazette, March 1, 1872.
191
CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA
gather from the reports that are issued, but in 1912 we find it stated that since 1911 there had been an increase of 1,500 members and an addi- tion of twelve new local granges within the State. The year preceding September 20, 1914, there were added eight new granges and something like 600 members.
Farmers' Institutes .- March 9, 1889, an act was passed by the Legislature providing for county institutes. By this law it was made the duty of "the Committee of Experimental Agri- culture and Horticulture of the Board of Trus- tees, together with the faculty of the School of Agriculture of Purdue University, to appoint be- fore November first of each year suitable per- sons to hold in the several counties of this State, between the first day of November and the first day of April of each year, county institutes for the purpose of giving to farmers and others in- terested therein instructions in agriculture, horti- culture, agricultural chemistry and economic en- omology."
This law continues in operation and has been a great educative and organizing influence among the farmers of the State. In each county is ap- pointed a local head or county chairman, who assumes responsibility for the meetings of that county, and to supply these meetings, held over he various counties, something like a hundred nstitute speakers are secured. These include practical farmers, horticulturists, stockmen and specialists of the Purdue Agricultural Experi- ment station. Of late years, in addition to the subjects of the original programs, attention is given to domestic science for the women and girls, to young people's contests in farm produc- ions, and to boys' and girls' clubs.
Throughout the United States these farmers' nstitutes are increasing and broadening their scope of work. In the season of 1909-10 (the atest figures we have) there were held in Indiana 354 meetings, or 1,218 sessions, at a cost of about en thousand dollars. All counties of the State vere included in the system.
PRESENT AGRICULTURAL TEND- ENCIES
Of recent years agricultural conditions in In- liana have been undergoing changes. From a argely preponderating rural population that has ormerly prevailed that population has decreased
not only in its ratio to the urban population but actually. Between 1900 and 1910 there was a sheer loss of 96,732 .*
This must be accounted for, in large part, by the drifting from the country to the cities, but another factor undoubtedly is the seeking of cheaper lands in the newer States.t As a coun- ter-balance to this reduction of the farming pop- ulation the wider introduction of labor-saving machinery and other facilities has reduced the necessity for manual labor. The shifting of the population city-ward seems not to have affected production, and it may be accounted for in part by decreased need for farm labor.
"Back to the Soil" Movement .- On the other hand there is a certain "back to the soil" move- ment of which we see frequent mention, but a study of this movement over the country at large by George K. Holmes, of the United States De- partment of Agriculture, shows that in character it is by no means an equivalent for the exodus from the farms, and would not be even if the interchanging elements were equal in number. Those who are turning country-ward are not as a rule experienced farmers, and Mr. Holmes, after collecting data from forty-five thousand crop cor- respondents, classifies them as follows: Those who move to the country but hold to their occu- pations in town ; those who occupy their farms when the season suits and go back to the town in winter ; those who take to the soil as an escape from city conditions and the hard struggle for existence there ; merchants and many others who. having failed in the city, fancy they can succeed in the country ; those who, having forsaken the country in their youth, fondly return to it as a matter of sentiment after they have spent their lives making money elsewhere ; and, finally, the moneyed man indulging in a fad or luxury, who spends lavishly on his country place, upsets the wage scale of the neighborhood and operates as a disturbing influence generally.
This study of Mr. Holmes applies to Indiana as elsewhere, and it is obvious that none of the classes he specifies contributes very largely to agriculture as a serious pursuit. It should be added that a factor in the situation is the inter-
* This is not all an agricultural loss, however, as "rural" popu- lation includes those in towns of less than 2,500.
# Inter-state migration works both ways, but in the shifting process Indiana has lost 100,000 more than she has gained, as shown by the census charts.
192
CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA
urban electric railway, which has brought city and country into far closer touch than formerly and has, to a large degree, shorn the country of its old-time unattractive isolation.
Tenantry .- The tables show that farm ten- antry in Indiana is increasing. In 1880 twenty- four out of every hundred farms were operated by tenants. In 1910 it stood at thirty per cent., with a marked increase in favor of cash tenantry. The heaviest percentage of tenantry is in the northwest part of the State.
The Scientific Impulse; State Aid .- As a general proposition tenantry means agricultural deterioration, and Mr. Holmes' list of amateur farmers as cited above would also seem to imply deterioration in this pursuit ; but as opposed to this we find that to-day, as never before, there is a tendency toward improved methods of farm- ing, based on scientific instruction. There is a distinctive movement in this direction ; new edu- cational influences are at work, and an increas- ing number of the younger farmers are equipped for the business by courses in the agricultural colleges. The State agricultural school, Purdue University, is an important factor in this im- pulse. Not only does it offer the regular four- years' course in the science of agriculture, but it also conducts various special short courses of which the farmers and their families can take advantage in the more leisurely seasons at small expense. This covers two features which the university bulletin designates as a Winter School and a Farmers' Short Course. The work of the first "consists of lectures and laboratory exer- cises arranged to meet the needs of farmers and home-makers," and its object is to "help young men and women to produce better corn and live stock, better milk and butter and better fruit, and to make better homes and at the same time to secure a greater profit from the time, money and energy expended. The Farmers' Short Course is "designed to meet the needs of busy farmers" by a definite plan of study outlined to cover a period of one week in January of each year. This is an extension course and, in the form of lectures, is carried into the counties that wish to take advan- tage of it.
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