USA > Indiana > Centennial history and handbook of Indiana : the story of the state from its beginning to the close of the civil war, and a general survey of progress to the present time > Part 31
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The picture is more difficult to draw from any viewpoint along the eastern margin of the State, from Union county northward, for the reason (1) that the northern two-thirds of the State are covered with a thick mantle of glacial drift ; and, for the further reason, (2) that erosion has not played such a prominent part in the northern part of the State as in the southern part, where it has profoundly influenced the topography of the State.
While the above is true from a geologic stand- point, the reverse is true from a topographic standpoint. Topographically speaking the east- ern parts of the State are the highest, the slope or dip being to the south and southwest. The only exception to this southwestern slope worthy of notice is a small' area in the extreme north- ern end of the State, which area is drained by the Pigeon, Elkhart and St. Joseph rivers. The
lower courses of these rivers have been largely influenced, if not entirely changed, by the depo- sition of drift materials during the later glacial periods.
The elevation along the eastern margin of the State, from Franklin county to Steuben county, is from 800 to about 1,200 feet above the mean. sea level. Along the western margin of the State, from Posey county to Lake county, the elevation varies from 313 feet in the extreme southeastern part of Posey county to about 750 feet in Lake county.
Indiana is not a mountainous State. It has never been such. There is no geological evidence within the State of violent agitation or upheaval in the formative period of the portion of the earth's crust now known as Indiana. All of the valleys and hills and undulations in the State were formed by the erosive power of water, either glacial or stream. The differences in ele- vation above sea level in the State are not suf- ficient to cause any marked difference either in climate or in vegetation, either native or culti- vated. The oak, the maple and the ash grow as vigorously in Randolph county, where the alti- tude is greatest, as in Posey county, where it is the least. The same thing is true of corn and wheat. The slight difference in seeding time in the southern part of the State, and seeding time in the northern part is due to latitude and not to altitude. Perhaps spring is incidentally encour- aged in the southern part of the State by the pre- vailing south to southwestern slopes, and re- tarded somewhat by the flat and slopeless areas in the northern part of the State. The same thing would be true of harvest time. While differences in life and crop zones of the State have not been profoundly influenced by altitude, nevertheless an intimate knowledge of the topography of the State is of inestimable value to the people in the several ways enumerated under the head of Hyp- sometry of Indiana in the Thirty-sixth Annual Report of Department of Geology, as follows:
1. As preliminary maps for planning extensive irrigation and drainage projects, showing areas of catchment for water supply, sites for reser- voirs, routes of canals, etc.
2. For laying out of highways, electric roads, railroads, aqueducts, and sewage systems, thus saving the cost of preliminary surveys.
3. In improving rivers and smaller waterways.
MICHIGAN
THE MICHIGAN
GRANGERSTEUBEN
HA PORTE
JOSEPH
ELAHAART
LEGEND
Altitudes:
K
PORTER
E KALA
300-400 ft.
KOSCIUSKO
MARSHALL
STARKE
400-500 ft.
A
N
JASPER
WHITLEY
PULASKI
FULTON
500-600 ft.
NEWTON
WABASH
600-700 ft.
HUNTINGTON
W HETE
MIAMI
ADAMS
700-800 ft.
BENTON
CARROL
800-900 ft.
HOWARD
BLACKFORD
Y
TIPPECANOE
900-1000 ft.
WARREN
OIHO
1000-1100 ft.
DELAWARE
MADISON
RANDOLPH
1100-1200 1 ..
FOUNTAIN
MONTGOMERY
N
HAMILTON
Above 1200 ft.
EIN R
MARION
HANCOCK
HENDRICKS
PHAR
PUTNAM
5 H
FAYETTE UNION
JOHNSON SHELBY
MORGAN
FRANKLIN
C.L ALY
DECATUR
BRA WN BARTHOLOMEW
DEARBORN
SULLIVAN
ESTEIN.
JENNINGS
SWITZERLAND
JEFFERSON
DAVIESSTMARTIN
SCOTT
Note
WASHINGTON
Date - Ra Inos I least one. Fiss - After Leverett.
P
K
E
IN
G 18.5 0N
RISON
WARRICK
E R. R.Y
OSEY
SPENCER
TUCKY
K
E N
Topographical Map of Indiana. The highest points in Indiana are located in the south central and southeast corner of Randolph County .- Map by Edward Barrett, State Geologist.
J
A
SION1777
CLINTON TIPTON
VERMILET
Z
LAWRENCE
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CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA
4. As bases for the compilation of maps show- ing the extent and character of forest and graz- ing lands.
5. In classifying lands and in plotting the dis- tribution and nature of soils.
6. In locating and mapping the boundaries of the life and crop zones, and in mapping the geo- graphic distribution of plants and animals.
7. As base maps for the plotting of informa- tion relating to the geology and mineral resources of the country.
8. In connection with questions relating to State, county and town boundaries.
9. As a means of promoting an exact knowl edge of the country and serving teachers and pupils in geographic studies.
10. In connection with legislation involving the granting of charters, rights, etc., when : physical knowledge of the country may be desir able or necessary .- Edward Barrett, State Geolo gist, 37th Annual Report Department of Geolog. and Natural Resources.
Scene on White River at Broad Ripple, Marion County.
ADAMS COUNTY
DECATUR, SEAT OF JUSTICE
A DAMS COUNTY is located in the north- eastern part of Indiana. It is bounded on the north by Allen county, on the west by Wells, on the south by Jay county and on the east by the State of Ohio. It contains 336 square miles of practically level surface admirably suited to agriculture.
Organization .- The county was organized in 1836 with Decatur as the seat of justice. The site was offered to the locating commissioners by Samuel Johnson, who offered as an inducement to have the county seat located on his land, the sum of $3,100, four church lots, half an acre for
Court-House and Soldiers' Monument, Decatur,
public square, one acre for a seminary and two .cres for a cemetery. He further agreed to pay he expenses of the locating commissioners, and urnish a house to hold court in until suitable buildings could be erected. This offer was ac- epted and the commissioners promptly accepted he offer "and proceeded to the aforesaid town ite, and marked a white oak tree with blazes on our sides, on each of which they individually in- cribed their names." A large tract of land lying etween Allen and Randolph counties had been previously called Adams county, after the distin- uished statesman who bore that name; yet no rganization had been effected.
Notable Features .- The southern part of the ounty embraces the famous "Limberlost" dis- rict, immortalized by Mrs. Gene Stratton-Porter 1 her books, "Freckles" and "A Girl From the
Limberlost." This district, since it has been dredged, has proved to be the most fertile and valuable soil in Adams county, and many very productive oil wells have been sunk in and near this district.
Population of Adams county in 1890 was 20,181; in 1900 it was 22,232, and according to United States Census in 1910 it was 21,840, of which 958 were of foreign birth. There were 4,810 families in the county and 4,774 dwellings.
Township, Cities and Towns .- There are twelve townships in Adams county : Blue Creek, French, Hartford, Jefferson, Kirkland, Monroe,
Public Library, Decatur, Adams County.
Preble, Root, St. Marys, Union, Wabash and Washington. The incorporated towns are De- catur, Berne, Geneva and Monroe. Decatur is the county seat.
Taxable Property and Polls .- According to the annual report of the Auditor of State, from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913 the total value of lands and lots in Adams county was $7,447,405; value of improvements was $2,508,870, and the total net value of taxables was $16,251,740. There were 3,598 polls in the county.
Improved Roads .- There were 500 miles of improved roads in Adams county built and un- der jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Gravel road bonds outstanding, $612,259.46.
Railroads-Steam and Electric .- There are
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CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA
55.74 miles of steam railroad operated in Adams county by the Chicago & Erie : Cincinnati, Rich- mond & Fort Wayne ; G. R. & I. : and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western railroads. The Bluffton, Geneva & Celina Traction Company, and the Fort Wayne & Springfield Railway Company, operate 18,70 miles of electric lines in the county.
Educational .- According to the report of E. S. Christen, county superintendent of Adams county, there were ninety-live schoolhouses, in- cluding six high schools, in AAdams county in 1914 employing 149 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 4.170. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super- visors, principals and teachers was $72,003.50.
The estimated value of school property in the county was $410,600, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $120,378.
Agriculture .- There were in Adams county in 1910 over 2,300 farms embraced in 208,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 88.7 acres. The value of all farm property was $23,000,000 showing a per cent. of increase in value over 1900 of 107.3. The average value of land per acre was $76.70. The total value of domestic animals was over $2,000,000: Number of cattle 17,000 valued at $450,000; horses 10,000, valued at $1,300,000; hogs 55,000, valued at $320,000 sheep 25,000, valued at $106,000. The tota value of poultry was $100,000.
ALLEN COUNTY
FORT WAYNE, SEAT OF JUSTICE
A LLEN COUNTY is located in the north- eastern part of Indiana, bordering on the State of Ohio. It is bounded on the north by Noble and Dekalb counties, on the west by Whit- ley and Huntington counties and on the south by
Portrait of John Allen, in Allen County Court-House. - Painted by Jouett.
Wells and Adams counties. It is the larges county in the State with an area of over 65 square miles. Its geographical location has bee a pronounced factor in determining its pros perity, particularly in its earlier history. For Wayne, its predecessor of the old French perioc Fort Miami, and the Indian town antedating that, were all located at the fork of the Maume river, because it was a controlling point in an im portant line of travel between the Great Lake and the Mississippi valley. When, in course q time, that travel was augmented by the Wabas and Erie canal, and the tides of migration set i from the east, Fort Wayne became a gateway t the State and Allen county received the fir fruits of the invasion.
Organization .- The organization of Alle county became effective April 1, 1824, with Fo Wayne as the seat of justice, and the first ele tion for county officers was held in the last wee of May. The county at that time embraced als the territory afterward given to Wells, Adam Huntington and Whitley counties. The first ci cuit court was held August 9, 1824, with Samu Hanna and Benjamin Cushman on the bench ar C. W. Ewing as prosecuting attorney. Alle county is named for Colonel John Allen, a di tinguished Kentucky lawyer. During the peric preceding the siege of Fort Wayne by the India
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CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA
tribes in 1812, the governors of Kentucky and Ohio took military precautions against invasion by the red men. In May of that year, Governor Scott of Kentucky organized ten regiments. Among the patriots who enlisted was Colonel Allen, who was placed in command of the rifle regiment. He lost his life at the battle of River Raisin. An oil painting of him hangs on the wall of the "relic room" in the court-house.
Population of Allen county in 1890 was 66,689; in 1900 was 77,270, and according to United States Census of 1910 was 93,386, of which 9,251 were of foreign birth. There were 21,128 in the county and 20,282 dwellings.
Townships, Cities and Towns .- There are twenty townships in Allen county : Aboite, Adams, Cedar Creek, Eel River, Jackson, Jef- ferson, Lafayette, Lake, Madison, Marion, Mau- mee, Milan, Monroe, Perry, Pleasant, Scipio, Springfield, St. Joseph, Washington and Wayne. The incorporated cities and towns are Fort Wayne, Monroeville, New Haven, Shirley City. The county seat is Fort Wayne.
Taxable Property and Polls .- According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Allen county was $34,064,690 ; value of improvements was $18,- 426,060, and the total net value of taxables was $63,420,840. There were 17,555 polls in the county.
Improved Roads .- There were 325 miles of improved roads in Allen county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- ing, $700,847.
Railroads-Steam and Electric .- There are 173.21 miles of steam railroad operated in Allen county by the Cincinnati, Findlay & Fort Wayne ; Cincinnati, Richmond & Fort Wayne; Fort Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville; Fort Wayne & Jackson ; Grand Rapids & Indiana ; Lake Erie & Fort Wayne ; New York, Chicago & St. Louis ; Vandalia; Wabash; and the Fort Wayne & De- troit branch of the Wabash railroad. There are 91.6 miles of electric railway operated by the Fort Wayne & Springfield; Fort Wayne & Northern Indiana Traction Company ; Fort Wayne & Northwestern Railway Company, and the Ohio Electric Railway Company.
City Hall Building, Fort Wayne.
High School, Fort Wayne.
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CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA
School for Feeble-Minded Youth, Fort Wayne.
Educational .-. According to the report of D. O. McComb, county superintendent of Allen county, there were 191 schoolhouses, including six high schools, in Allen county in 1914 employ- ing 467 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 10,866. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, princi- pals and teachers was $332,206.86. The estimated value of school property in the county was
$2,184,000, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $726,668.
Agriculture .- There were in Allen county in 1910 over 4,300 farms embraced in 395,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 91.3 acres. The value of all farm property was $+3,000,000, showing 93.2 per cent. increase in value over 1900. The aver- age value of land per acre was $74.97. The total value of domestic animals was over $3,500,000: Number of cattle 30,000, valued at over $800,- 000; horses 17,000, valued at $2,000,000; hogs 56,000, valued at $380,000 ; sheep 37,000, valued at $166,000. The total value of poultry was $180,000.
Industrial .- According to the United States Census of 1910, there were 230 industries in Fort Wayne, furnishing employment to 12,184 persons. Total amount of capital employed, $20,- 346,176. Value of products, $23,686,809, value added by manufacture, $12,271,618.
Fort Wayne, the seat of justice of Allen county, was located on a high bank opposite which, on the north, the St. Marys and the St. Joseph unite and form the Maumee river. On the site of this town was the old "Twightwee
--
Fort Wayne, 1794.
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CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA
Village" or principal seat of the Miamis, in their language called Ke-ki-on-ga, a place of impor- tance over 150 years ago. Here, too, was old Fort Wayne, erected by order of General Wayne in September, 1794, and just below this fort, on the opposite side of the Maumee, was fought the disastrous battle of General Harmar with the Miamis under Chief Little Turtle, on October 20, 1790. This place at one time was called "The French Stores," as it was for a long time a place of resort for many of the French traders, and near it was the carrying place from the naviga- ble waters of Lake Erie to those of the Wabash. Fort Wayne continued to be a military post until 1819. Until the removal of the Miamis and the Pottawatomies, west of the Mississippi in 1841, it was used as a trading point by the Indians for the disposal of their furs.
According to the United States Census for 1910, Fort Wayne has a population of 74,352, and is now the second largest city in the State.
Fort Wayne has seven railroads: The Penn- sylvania Lines ; Wabash system; New York, Chi- cago & St. Louis ( Nickel Plate) railway and Lake Shore and Michigan Southern railway- four great east and west trunk lines ; Grand Rap- ids & Indiana railway with its direct line from the Straights of Mackinaw to Cincinnati, and the Lake Erie & Western, and the Cincin- nati, Hamilton & Dayton railroads, which run to the territory south and southwest. It is the di- visional point of six of its seven railroads. The
1
Postoffice Building, Fort Wayne.
large car building and repair shops of the Penn- sylvania lines are located here, and the Wabash, Nickel Plate, and the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railroads maintain modern plants for light car and locomotive repair. Fort Wayne is the terminal point of five important electric inter- urban railways, reaching in all directions.
The public schools of Fort Wayne rank among the best of the cities of America ; be- sides it has numerous private and parochial schools and colleges of high standard. It is the seat of Concordia College, founded in 1839, in Perry county, Missouri, by Lutheran refugees from Saxony, which was removed to Fort Wayne in 1861. The college is supported mainly by the Missouri Synod of the German Lutheran church.
Sacred Heart Academy. -In 1866, when the road to Fort Wayne was still un-
Sacred Heart Academy, Fort Wayne.
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CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA
made, when as yet for many miles the wood- man's ax had not been heard, the ground for the foundation of Sacred Heart Academy was broken. It is conducted by the Sisters of the Holy Cross.
Built upon an eminence, the academy com- mands a charming view of the surrounding coun- try, beautiful in its rolling stretches of cultivated fields and native woodland. The timber used in the building was cut from the neighboring woods; the bricks, of which the house is con- structed, made upon the spot.
The academy curriculum embraces all studies from the minim department through the four years of academic work as well as the commer- cial course. Special attention has always been paid to music in its varied branches. Art, too, claims a prominent place, its disciples being taught not only the rudiments of drawing, but advanced work in still life and from the cast.
While every effort is made for their bodily comfort and mental training, paramount atten- tion is bestowed upon the moral development and heart culture of the students of Sacred Heart Academy.
School for Feeble-Minded Youth .- By an act of the Legislature, approved March 7, 1887,
the School for Feeble-Minded Youth, at Fort Wayne, was established, and the trustees were authorized to take immediate charge of the feeble-minded children then at "The Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children" at the Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans Home at Knightstown. The present site at Fort Wayne was purchased May 19, 1887. Certain buildings of the Eastern Hos- pital for the Insane at Richmond were utilized as temporary quarters for the children from May 1, 1887, to July 8, 1890, when the new in- stitution was opened. The privileges of the school are extended to feeble-minded, idiotic, epileptic, and paralytic children under sixteen years of age. Since 1901 the school has also maintained a custodial department for feeble- minded women between the ages of sixteen and forty-five years, such women to be received by commitment from the courts. An interesting and valuable adjunct to this institution is called "Colony Farm," a tract of land containing 5091/2 acres, on which the older and stronger male in- mates are employed in all kinds of farm work. This farm has been in operation since 1893. For such of the children as are capable of receiving it, the school affords literary, manual and indus- trial training.
BARTHOLOMEW COUNTY
COLUMBUS, SEAT OF JUSTICE
B ARTHOLOMEW COUNTY is located south of the center of the State. It is bounded on the north by Johnson and Shelby, on the east by Decatur and Jennings, on the south by Jackson and Jennings and on the west by Brown county. The county contains 405 square miles and is noted for its splendid soil.
Organization .- The county was organized by legislative act January 8, 1821, which became effective February 12, 1821. The county was named for General Joseph Bartholomew, a dis- tinguished citizen of Clark county and a senator in the State Legislature from 1821 to 1824. Gen- eral Bartholomew was lieutenant-colonel com- manding a battalion of infantry at the battle of Tippecanoe, where he was severely wounded. He died twenty-nine years later on the day of the
presidential election in 1840. John Tipton, later United States senator from Indiana, was con- nected in an interesting way with the founding of the county seat at Columbus. He donated thirty acres for the site, and the commissioners, grateful for the donation, named the county seat Tiptona, in honor of General Tipton. This was done February 15, 1821. However, on March 20, the commissioners rescinded their action, on ac- count of Tipton's political views, it is supposed, and changed the name of the county seat to Co- lumbus.
Population of Bartholomew county in 1890 was 23,867 ; in 1900 was 24,594, and according to United States Census in 1910 was 24,813, of which 561 were of foreign birth. There were 6,281 families in the county and 6,112 dwellings.
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CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA
Townships, Cities and Towns .- There are fourteen townships in Bartholomew county : Clay, Clifty, Columbus, Flat Rock, German, Har- rison, Haw Creek, Jackson, Nineveh, Ohio, Rock Creek, Sand Creek, Union and Wayne. The in- corporated cities and towns are Columbus, Clif- ford, Elizabethtown, Hartsville, Hope and Jones- ville. Columbus is the county seat.
Taxable Property and Polls .- According to the annual report of the Auditor of State from the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the total value of lands and lots in Bartholomew county was $11,944,026; value of improvements was $3,777,950, and the total net value of tax- ables was $20,203,861. There were 4,226 polls in the county.
Improved Roads .- There were 424 miles of improved roads in Bartholomew county built and under jurisdiction of the county commissioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstanding, $282,165.25.
Railroads-Steam and Electric .- There are 70.5 miles of steam railroad operated in Bar- tholomew county by the Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern ; Columbus, Hope & Greensburg,
Swinging Bridge, Hartsville, Bartholomew County.
Clifty Falls. Clifty rises in the southeast corner of Rush county, flows through Decatur and empties into White River three miles below Columbus. The Indian name of this stream was Es-the-nou-o-ne-ho-neque, or Cliff of Rocks River .- Photograph by Wm. M. Herschell.
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CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA
and the P., C., C. & St. L. railway. There are 26.43 miles of electric railway operated by the Central Indiana Lighting Company and the In- terstate Public Service Company.
Educational .- According to the report of Samuel Sharp, county superintendent of Bar- tholomew county, there were eighty-two school- houses, including two high schools, in Bartholo- mew county in 1914, employing 186 teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils was 4,371. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers was $98.111.69. Estimated value of school prop- erty in the county was $373,400, and the total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was $32,051.
Agriculture .- There were in Bartholomew county in 1910 over 2,100 farms embraced in 244,000 acres. Average acres per farm 115.1
acres. The value of all farm property was $21, 000,000, showing 70.2 per cent. increase in valu over 1900. The average value of land per acre was $67.73. The total value of domestic animals wa: over $1,400,000: Number of cattle 11,000, valuec at $280,000 ; horses, 7,500, valued at $670,000 hogs, 30,000, valued at $197,000; sheep, 8,000 valued at $33,000. The total value of poultry wa! $86,000.
Industrial .- According to the report of the State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there were twenty-four industries in Columbus, furnishing employment to more than 1,500 persons. Among the more important industries are the W. W Mooney & Sons Tannery, one of the largest in the United States ; Reeves & Co., manufacturers of thrashing machinery ; the Reeves Pulley Com. pany, manufacturers of wood pulleys, and Cald well & Drake Iron Works.
BENTON COUNTY
FOWLER, SEAT OF JUSTICE
-
B ENTON COUNTY is located in the north- western part of the State. It is bounded on the north by Newton and Jasper, on the east by White and Tippecanoe, on the south by Warren county and on the west by the State of Illinois. The county contains 414 square miles.
Organization .- The year 1840 witnessed the organization of Benton county, named for the celebrated Thomas H. Benton. The act of Feb- ruary, 1840, however, did not name commission- ers, and it was not until January 31, 1843, that the Legislature named commissioners to locate a county seat. The commissioners met on the third Monday of May, 1843, at the home of Basil Jus- tus and chose a site on section 18, township 34 north, range 7 west, on land donated by Henry W. Ellsworth and David Watkinson. In Septem- ber, 1843, the commissioners ordered that a court-house be erected in the county seat "in the town of Milroy," which was named in honor of Samuel Milroy, one of the locating commission- ers. Learning that there was another town of that name in the State, the commissioners, at the October session, changed the name to "Oxford." The county seat remained here until July 10,
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