USA > Indiana > Allen County > History of Allen County, Indiana, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers > Part 63
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'The same system of " subscription sehools" remained in vogue until 1854, with their alternate successes and failures. The public-school system was then being generally adopted, and L. M. Rogers, Charles H. Smith and Rolan Hull, Trustees, called an election for the purpose of voting the necessary school tax. A violent opposition was manifested, and the proposition defeated. The Trustees were then advised by the State Superintendent to call another eleetion for the same purpose, and to do so repeatedly. if necessary, assuring them that their cause would gain an inereased number of votes cach time. Each Trustee then took a portion of the township, which he canvassed thoroughly, and, when they thought the question had heen placed before the people in its proper light, another election was held, and the result was a victory for the free schools
The first free-sebool building was erected in the year 1854, on the farm known as " Elm Park," and in the same year the school at New Haven was con- verted into a lice school. Late in the fall of that year, two other buildings were
erected in different parts of the township. The number of buildings was increased each year thereafter, until every school district in the township was supplied. The standard of qualifiention adopted by the Board of Examiners, resulted in the withdrawal of teachers of inferior ability, and those who were placed in charge of the schools eame arined with a certificate from the Board. The school term now covers a period of six months, and the opportunities for acquiring an edueatiou are not exeelled by the schools of any loeality, so far as the essential branches are concerned. The total number of pupils enrolled in the nine district schools is 698.
CHURCHIES.
Trinity Evangelical Church-Lutheran .- In 1853, twenty-two members of St. Paul's Evangelical Church, at Fort Wayne, withdrew, and organized Trinity congregation. They were all residents of Adams Township, and the difficulty attending their journeys to ehureh at this city, led to the organization of a church nearer home. They were assisted in their efforts by the parent Church, and were enabled in the same year (1853) to ercet a neat frame house of worship on the Piqua road, at an expense of $1,500. Rev. Frederick Dietz was the first Pastor, and aeted in that relation for a term of two years. His successor, Rev. George Streckfusz, also remained two years, after which Rev. Andrew A. Zagel became Pastor, which position he still occupies. The Church now has sixty-five members. The day sehool, which is under charge of the Pastor, has an attendance of sixty . scholars.
St. Emanuel Church (New Haven) .- On the 7th day of November, 1858, nine members of this denomination met at the house of George Foster, in New Haven, and, under the ministerial offices of Rev. A. Hertzberger, organized St .. Emanuel Lutheran Church. Uutil 1859, the serviees of the Church were eon- dueted at private houses ; but in that year they erected a frame house of worship, 24x36 feet, at a cost of $900. This, with some renovations from time to time, has served as a church ever since. Rev. Hertzberger was the first Pastor, and remained two years. He was succeeded by Rev. E. E. Bode, and Mr. Bode was succeeded by Rev. Joseph Lehner, the present Pastor. In 1868 or 1869, a Sunday- school was inaugurated, and has been successfully maintained ever since. It now has an attendance of fifty-four scholars. Rev. Joseph Lehner is the present Superintendent.
St. John's Church-Catholic .- Early in 1858, Rev. Father Botti held services at the house of N. Schuckmann, which were attended by ten families of the Catholic faith. At this meeting, the first steps toward an organization were adopted, and, a few days later, Mr. Sehuckmann prepared a room in his house where services unight be held thereafter. Once a month, Father Botti, or some other minister of the Church, visited the congregation in a pastoral capacity. In 1859, the congregation purchased a lot in the town of New Haven, upon which they erected a brick church, at a cost of $4,000. In this house they worshipcd until 1876; then the funds on hand were devoted to the purpose for which they had been collected, and the ereetion of the present handsome brick church was commenced. This edifice is 56x136 feet, and cost $16,000. It is one of the finest churches in the county. It was completed and dedicated in November, 1877, and now has a membership of 120 families. Rev. B. Wiedow is the pres- ent Pastor. Connected with the Church are the following societies : St. John's Society, with 72 members ; St. Joseph's Society, 54 members ; St. Mary's Society, 90 members ; St. Ann's Society, Young Ladies' Sodality, and Boys' Sodality, all with large memberships.
St. John's School was inaugurated in 1864, by Rev. J. W. Giedle, then Pastor of the Church; and in the same year a schoolhouse, 20x30 feet, was erected, having but one schoolroom, and being condueted by a male teacher. In 1872, the present handsome school building was erected. The main building is 40x56 feet, two stories and basement, with an L. The teachers are Sisters of the Order of St. Agnes. Here the Church offers to her children an education equal to that which may be acquired at our public schools, combined with instruction in the religion of the Church. The school term begins with the first week in September, and closes in June-a period of ten months. The number of scholars now in attendance is 120.
Methodist Episcopal .*- On the 7th day of July, 1861, Rev. E. W. Erick, of Massilon Cireuit, organized the first Methodist Episcopal Class iu New Haven, with five members, viz., Rev. Trew Pattee, Lorenzo Pattee and wife, Mrs. Sarah Pattee, and Miss Emily Tinkham ; Rev. Trew Partee was appointed Class-Leader.
In 1862, Rev. J. W. Miller succeeded Rev. E. W. Erick on the Massilon charge. After preaching for three or four months, the latter abandoned the Class, without assigning any reasons for so doing, and the Church was left without preaching for the balance of that conference year; but they continued their meet- ings without a pastor until the conference of 1863, when New Haven Class was attached to Harlan Circuit, under the ministry of Rev. Thomas Colelazer, assisted hy Rev. Andrew Hollopeter. At the conference of 1865, this bceame the head of an independent charge, known as New Haven Mission, with an appropriation of $125. The mission consisted of New Haven and Bowers' Chapel; Rev. Walter E. Curtis was placed in charge, and preached at New Haveu every Sabbath.
Meanwhile the class was strengthened by an increase of members ; Mrs. Catha- rine Burgess was the first to join on probation, and was soon followed by her husband, Henry, as well as others from among the neighhors. But the soeicty was yet without a house of its own in which to worship, and through the kind- ness of the Methodist Protestant Society, were permitted to use their house until 1866, when Henry Burgess resolved to erect a house for the Lord, in which His people might worship Him. Agreeably with this resolve, a neat briek structure was begun, and in due time completed, and presented to the proper officers. It
*Compiled from a historical sketch, prepared by one of the Pastors of the Church, and kindly loaned lo the writer by Mr. llenry Burgess.
143
ADAMS TOWNSHIP.
was dedieated on Sunday, the 24th day of February, 1867. The dedieatory sermon was preached by Rev. R. D. Robinson, from Isaiah, ii, 2. The dediea- tory services were followed by a series of meetings, which resulted in a few aeees- sions to the Church.
Rev. W. E. Curtis remained in charge of the Church until the Conference of 1867, when he was suceeded by Rev. C. W. Lyneh, who remained one year, in the early part of which he inaugurated the Sunday school.
In 1868, Rev. P. Carland was appointed to take charge, but failed to report for duty, so that year preaching was kept up by supplies, among whom were Rev. Armstrong and Rev. John P. Jones.
In 1869, under the ministration of Rev. N. D. Shackleford, two additional appointments were brought into the charge-Milan Center and Garr Creek. Mr. Shackleford remained two and one-half years ; was transferred to Southern Illi- nois Conference, and Rev. M. H. Mott appointed to fill his unexpired term.
In 1872, Rev. W. E. Curtis was again appointed ; he remained one year, aud was succeeded in 1873 by Rev. John P. Nash. The entire number of mem- bers at this time was-full members, 109; probationers, 25; total, 134, an inerease of 129 in seven years.
In 1874, Rev. L. Roberts succeeded to the charge of New Haven and cir- cuit. He remained one year, and was succeeded by Rev. O. S. Harrison, who remained three years; his successor was Rev. John W. Lowry, the present Pastor.
Universalist .- In April, 1865. a meeting was held at the house of H. W. Loveland, for the purpose of organizing the First Universalist Church of New Haven. In this matter the ladies were the prime movers, and took the miost prominent part. The officers eleeted were Mrs. Col. Whitaker. President ; Mrs. Nancy McDonald, Vice President ; Mrs. Jane Phelps, Treasurer; Mrs. O. D. Rogers, Secretary. No Pastor was engaged, and meetings were held only at such times as the services of a minister eould be seeured by special engagement. The first sermon was preached by J. Merrifield, and for two years he offieiated in a pastoral relation. Among others who conducted services for this society, were Rev. Spooner, Rev. W. J. Chaplin and Rev. J. P. Chaplin. Recently, services have been conducted at intervals hy Rev. M. Crosley, of Fort Wayne. In 1878, the society purchased a lot in the town of New Haven, on which it is proposed to erect a house of worship. Since the organization, however, meetings have been held at the houses of its several members.
THIE TOWN OF NEW HAVEN.
The land upon which the original plat of New Haven is located was eutered by a Mr. Gundy, who deadened the timber preparatory to clearing the land. It was known for many years as "Gundy's Deadening." Gundy sold the land to Hou. Samuel Hanna, of Fort Wayne, who, in turn, sold it to Eben Burgess. The latter sold it to his son, Henry, who divided it into town lots, and gave it the name of New Haven. It was recorded in June, 1839.
The first store in the village was kept by Henry Burgess, on the north side of the Wabash & Erie Canal, and Elias Shafer opened a hotel about the same time, near Mr. B.'s store. The Wabash & Erie Canal had then been in opera- tion several years, and Mr. Burgess saw the advantages which would accrue to a town established at such a favorable point. His sagacity was not at fault, and, unlike the majority of that class of villages denominated "canal towns," New Haven has never lost its busy air; for what was detracted therefrom hy the decline of canal traffic, has been more than restored by the railroad.
INCORPORATION.
In June, 1866, John Begue and others presented to the Commissioners of Allen County a petition, accompanied by a map, affidavits, ete., praying for the incorporation of the town of New Haven.
On the 7th day of July, 1866, an election was held at New Haven, to decide whether the majority of its citizens were in favor of having it incorporated as a town. The election resulted favorably with the proposition, and was then declared by the Board to be an incorporated town.
In December, 1867, New Haven was made a voting-preeinet, in response to a petition presented by Allen H. Dougall and others, which stated that their voting-place was then inconveniently located, "and praying that the corporate limits of New Haven be established as a voting-precinct.'
This ineorporation has given to New Haven the benefit of a town govern- ment, and the cleanliness of its streets, and the beauty of its residenees, stamped it upou the memory of all visitors as a worthy representative of the prosperous Indiana town. The following is a list of its principal business men:
Dry goods and groceries, Whitaker & Schnelker, Schnelker & Bueter; meat markets, Joseph Stark, James Cameron; drugs, R. S. Knode & Co., A. B. Crippin & Son; bakery, Henry Hager; blaeksmiths, Joseph Federspiel, B .; Federspiel, Jr., & Bro., Edward Lee; cabinet makers, John Bernreiter & Co .; wagon-maker, Peter Poyry; boot and shoe makers, Miller & Koehn, F. Mack, F. Linniman ; physicians, Dr. M. F. Williamson, Dr. R. S. Knode, Dr. L. S. Null; groeery and meat market, John Brooks; merehant tailor, Carl Gothe ; millinery, Mrs. Birchfield; insurance, W. S. Rogers; agent Wabash Railway, R. B. Dickerson; ageut United States Express Co., Josoph Lee; tile-factory, Fischer & Hargrave.
LOCAL INDUSTRIES.
Maumee Valley Flouring- Mill .- In 1864, L. M. Rogers, John Begue and Levi Hartzell began the ereetion of this mill, and completed it in March, 1865. The main building is 36x48 feet, three stories, with a basement. The engine-room is 20x48 feet. The mill has three runs of buhrs, with a manufacturing capacity of one hundred barrels of flour per day. The original cost of the building was $14,000. Rogers, Begue & Hartzell continued as its proprietors for three years, when a change was made
in the firm; Mr. Rogers sold his interest to Amasa Powers, and shortly thereafter, Mr. Powers sold to Louis Lepper ; Charles Lepper then purchased the interest of John Begue, and the Lepper Brothers then rented the interest of Levi Hartzell. It was then eondueted under the firm name of Lepper Brothers, and continued so until 1871. On a certain day, in that year, the engineer permitted the water to run dangerously low in the boiler, and a terrific explosion took place. Both proprietors and the engineer were killed, and the miller, and two boys who were in the upper portion of the building, were hadly, though not fatally, injured. The building was ruined, and remained in that condition three years. In 1874, it was purchased by the present proprietors, Joseph Brudi & Co., by whom it was repaired, and has since been successfully operated.
New Haven Flouring-Mill .- This building was erected in 1856, hy Amasa Powers, Volney Powers and John A. Powers, and by them eondueted for several years under the firm name of Powers Brothers. In 1867, Amasa Powers withdrew, and became indentified with the Maumee Valley Mill, and was succeeded by his brothers, Johu A. and Volney, who still operated the mill under the old name of Power Brothers. Subsequently, Allan H. Dougall purchased the interest of John A. Powers, and the firmu name was changed to Powers & Dougall. About a year later, Mr. Dougall sold his interest to Volney Powers, who then became sole proprietor. A short time subsequently, Volney Powers sold one-half of his interest to Charles Stapleford. The latter failed to comply with the terms of sale, when the entire interest reverted to Mr. Powers, by whose heirs the mill is now owned. The main building is -10x50 feet, three stories and basement, with an engine-room 16x50 fect, divided from the main building by a briek wall. The mill, which is now operated by William Knox, has a manufact- uring capacity of seventy-five barrels of flour per day.
Planing- Mill .- In 1863, Gustaf Gothe and Carl Brudi erected a frame mill at the east end of New Haven, and supplied it with the necessary machinery for conducting a planing mill, consisting of two planers, with a full complement of lathes and saws.
In 1865, Carl Brudi sold his interest in the establishment to his brother, Joseph, who is now one of the proprietors.
They saw lumber from the rough log into flooring, lath, shingles, ete., and find a market for their goods in Illinois and other points.
Stave-Factory .- In 1864, B. Schnelker and J. E. MeKendry erected a building near the Wabash Railway at New Haven, which they furnished with a complete set of stave machinery. In 1869, Mr. McKendry disposed of his interest in the establishment, when a company was formed, consisting of B. Schnel- ker, H. Schnelker, John B. Beugenot, Anthony Beugenot and Jobu Begue, by whom it was operated under the firm name of Sehnelker, Beugenot & Co., until January, 1874, when John Begue retired from the hirm.
In May, 1878, H. Schnelker and Mrs. B. Sehnelker purchased the interests of the other partners, since which time the business has been conducted under the firm name of H. Schnelker & Co.
The machinery consists of six saws, one stave-cutter, heading cireular, planer, jointer, etc. The firm employ ninety-five operatives, and use annually 12,000 eords of wood, all of which is made into staves, and sold at Quiney, Ill., St. Louis and Hannibal, Mo., and other markets.
An establishment similar to this, on the north side of the canal, is owned and operated by the same firm.
The New Haven " Palladium."-The first copy of this paper was issued October 25, 1872. It is a seven column-paper, and in politics it is independent, but not neutral.
It was founded by Thos. J. Foster, who continued as its editor and proprietor until June 5, 1879, when it was purchased by Orrin D. Rogers, by whom it is now conducted. It is ably edited, and presents a commendable amount of news weekly.
OFFICERS OF THE TOWN OF NEW HAVEN FROM ITS INCORPORATION IN 1866 TO THE PRESENT TIME (1880).
Dato.
Justico of the Peace.
Clerk.
Treasurer.
Assessor.
Marshal.
1866
Somnel Eveland.
Henry Durgess.
Joseph W. Whitoker .. Edward Lee.
1867
Allen 11. Dougall ..
.. Jolın Begne
.. Levl Reynold.
1868
.. Jomes Broderick
1869
John D. Beugnot.
H. D. Bartholomew ... Sumpel Harper.
1870 S. L. Eveland
1×71 John Dougall 1872
H. H. Schnelker ....
Anthony Dougnot ...
.J. D. Begue
James Cameron.
18760. D. nogers ..
11. Schnelker ...
C. T. Lipes ..
Edward Keefe.
1876 J. D. Licklider ..
Frank Berger ..
J. Bilderback
1877 M. M. Thompson ..
Frank J. Mannel ...
L. S. Null
... Eli Neal
Thomas Meads.
1870
=
.D. Dowling
11. L. Schnelker
Edward Keefe.
1880
TRUSTEES.
Date.
First Ward.
Secoud Ward.
Third Ward.
1866 Levi Dell.
Dernard Schnelker ..
C. A. Zollinger.
1867
=
1 L. M. Rogers *
1808
Gustave Gothe.
1860 Jobn B. Schnelker ..
1870
14
1871
George W. Bell.
Conrad Sebwautz.
1872
1873
Edward Leo
Gustave Gothe.
1874 O. D. nogers.
1875 Lovi Bell
J. B. Dougnot.
1876 Mathias Drown
J. D. Becker.
1878
Hernian Schuelker.
-
1879
=
J. Fischer
1880
*C. A. Zollinger resigned und L. Bl. Rogers was appointed to fill the vacancy.
... bovi Bell.
F1 H. Schnelk(T ......
Ell Neal
J. A. Creppiu.
C. Monoban.
1873
Levi Bell.
1874
Samuel Miller
1878 Conrad Schwartz.
E. D. Whilaker
-
..
1877 Joseph Stark
144
HISTORY OF ALLEN COUNTY, INDIANA.
NEW HAVEN GRADED SCHOOL.
In 1858, the Trustees of Adams Townsbip erected the present building, which then contained but two rooms, and was conducted as a district school, without grades. After the incorporation of New Haven, this became town property, and two rooms were at once added to the building.
In December, 1866, Dr. James Anderson was employed as Principal, with authority to grade the school and employ his assistants. There is no record of teaeliers for that year or the two succeeding years. The school record begins with the term commencing in September, 1869. From that time to the present, a complete roster of teachers and members of the Town Board of Education will be given. The first Board (1866) was constituted by L. M. Rogers, C. E. Bryant and John Begue. The balance are as follows :
Teachers for 1869 .- Dr. James Anderson, Principal; Miss Cornelia Dicker- son, Primuury.
Board of Education .- H. P. Bartholomew; Joscpb Starke and Allen H. Dougall.
Teachers for 1870 and 1871 .- M. B. Mahurin, Principal ; Robert MeDou- gall, Intermediate ; Miss Sallic Bell, Primary.
Board of Education .- H. P. Bartholomew, Allen H. Dougall ; H. M. Mason.
Teachers for 1871 and 1872 .- Williamu A. Henry, Principal ; William C. Pond, Intermediate ; Miss Minnie Sugarts, Primary.
Board of Education .- R. S. Knode, Allen H. Dougall and Henry M. Mason.
Teachers for 1873 .- William A. Henry, Principal ; Miss Maggie A. Tower, Intermediate; Miss Josie Williams, Primary.
Board of Education .- Samuel H. Eveland. R. S. Knode, Allen II. Dougall. Teachers for 1874 .- W. A. Diekey, Principal; Miss Maggie A. Tower, Intermediate ; Miss Josie Williams, Primary.
Board of Education .- R. S. Knode, Allen H. Dougall and L. M. Rogers. Teachers for 1875 .- W. A. Dickey, Principal ; Miss Maggie A. Tower, Intermediate ; Miss Josie Williams. Primary.
Board of Education .- Allen H. Dougall, L. M. Rogers and R. S. Knode. Teachers for 1876 .- T. J. Newman, Principal; Miss Maggie A. Tower, Intermediate : Miss Frances Culver, Primary. ( Mr. Newman resigned before the close of the teru, and was succeeded by J. P. Sharkey. )
Board of Education .- Allen H. Dougall, L. M. Rogers and L. S. Null.
Teachers for 1877 .- J. P. Sharkey, Principal ; Miss Harrict M. Wbeeler, Intermediate; Miss Allie Allen, Primary.
Board of Education .- L. M. Rogers, R. S. Knode, Dr. M. F. Williamson. Teachers for 1878 .- James A. Kibbe, Principal; Miss Harriet M. Wheeler, Intermediate; Miss M. A. Tower, Primary,
Board of Education .- M. F. Williamson, L. M. Rogers and R. S. Knode. Teachers for 1879 .- James A Kibbe, Principal ; Miss Victoria A. Harper, Intermediate ; Miss M. A. Tower, Primary. { Miss Tower resigned, and was sneceeded by Miss McNair. >
Board of Education .- M. F. Williamson, L. M. Rogers and R. S. Knode. The number of sebolars enrolled at present is 393.
SOCIETIES.
Temperancee .- In 1843, a Temperance Society was organized at New Haven, with more than one hundred members. It was not a secret society, but a union of young men and ladies, banded together under a pledge, to abstain from intoxi- cating drink, and to encourage aud persuade others to do so. The first officers were: L M. Rogers, President : Jaques St. Jobn, Vice President ; Dr. P. H. Clark, Secretary ; Benjamin St. John, Treasurer. The society was not connected with religion, and from this lact grew a damaging amount of opposition from the churches, wbose leaders openly denounced it, however commendable its object, or bowever successful its results. Through its instrumentality a number of reforms were effected, but the outside pressure was more than it could bear, and within a few years it was disorganized and ceased to exist.
Newman Lody, No. 316, A., F. d. A. M., was instituted February 3, 1868, by W. H. Newman, acting D. G. M., and worked under dispensation until May of the same year, when a charter was granted by the Grand Lodge. The following were the charter members : James Savage, Allen H. Dougall, L. MI. Rogers, J. E. Taylor, A. J. Williamson, L. S. Null, Levi Reynolds, A. Rey- nolds, Henry Burgess, S. W. Critchlow, William Dougall, A. R, Linden, G. W. Linden. C. A. Zollinger, Silas Work.
The first officers were : James Savage, W. M .; Allen H. Dougall, S. W .; L. S. Null, J. W .; John A. McKendry, Treasurer; L. M. Rogers, Secretary ; James Criteblow, S. D .; I. E. Taylor, J. D .; A. J. Williamson, Tiler.
The following is a list of officers from that date to the present: 1869-Allen H. Dougall, W. M .; A. J. Williamson, S. W .; J. W. Whitaker, J. W .; George W. Bell, Treasurer ; J. H. Anderson, Secretary. 1870-Allen H. Dougall, W. M .; J. W. Wbitaker, S. W .; John Brooks, J. W .; S. A. Thompson, Treasurer ; Eugene Whitaker, Secretary. 1871-Allen H. Dougall, W. M .; John Brooks, S. W .; J. W. Wbitaker, J. W .; G. W. Bell, Treasurer ; Eugene Whitaker, Secretary.
At the election held December 25, 1871, the following officers were chosen : Allen H. Dougall, W. M .; John Brooks, S. W .; L. S. Null, J. W .; J. W. Whit- aker, Treasurer ; Eugene Whitaker, Secretary. 1872-A. H. Dougall, W. M .; J. W. Whitaker, S. W .; H. W. Loveland, J. W .; G. W. Bell, Treasurer ; Eugene Whitaker, Secretary. 1873-John Brooks, W. M .; J. W. Whitaker, S. W .; J. Kirkham, J. W .; G. W. Bell, Treasurer; Reuben B. Hoops, Secretary. 1874-L. S. Null, W. M .; Jobn Kirkham, S. W .; E. B. Whitaker, J. W .; G. W. Bell, Treasurer ; Samuel Miller, Secretary. 1875-John Kirk- ham, W. M .; E. B. Whitaker, S. W .; Samuel Miller, J. W .; J. W. Whitaker, Treasurer ; A. C. Null, Secretary. 1876-H. W. Loveland, W. M .; E. B. Whit- aker S. W .; S. Miller, J. W .; Joseph W. Wbitaker, Treasurer; A. C. Null, Sec- retary. 1877-E. E. Whitaker, W. M .; J. W. Whitaker, S. W .; J. A. Crippen, J. W .; John Brooks, Treasurer; Samuel Miller, Secretary. 1878-J. W. Wbit- aker, W. M .; Samuel Miller, S. W .; Josepb Black, J. W .; John Brooks, Treas- urer; J. A. Crippen, Secretary.
The above-named officers, elected December 9, 1878, for a term of one year, still occupy their respective stations. The next election will be held in Decem- ber, 1879.
The Lodge is now in good working order, having twenty-seven members in good standing. Its assets are $300. Its meetings are held iu the neatly furn ished lodge-rooms, and are generally well attended.
New Haven Lodge, No. 253, I. O. O. F., received a dispensation February 20, 1866, signed by T. B. McCarty, G. M., and was instituted on the evening of March 6, of the same year, by William Kcan, D. D. G. M., assisted by B. H. Tower, Platte J. Wise and others. The following were the charter members : L. M. Rogers, J. W. Whitaker, James Dawkins, William McIntosh, A. Whitney and A. M. Taylor. The first elective officers were: L. M. Rogers, N. G .; A. Whitney, V. G .; J. W. Whitaker, Secretary ; Henry Burgess, Permanent Sec- retary ; E. W. Green, Treasurer.
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