USA > Indiana > Carroll County > History of Carroll County Indiana, its people, industries and institutions > Part 2
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648
Burkhalter, Paul
582
Butz, Henry J.
583
Caldwell. Henry M. 422
C'allane, Marshall D., M. D. 255
Campbell. Roscoe A. 660
Campbell, William M. 386
Carney, Calvin E., M. D. 262
Carter, Henry, M. D. 614
Cartwright. John A. 242
Clark. Delmar D. 644
Coble, William B. 384
Cochran, Charles E. 636
Cochran. Robert I .. 416
Conway, Patrick W., M. D. 325
Cook, William W. 278
Cooper, Thomas L., M. D. 372
Cornell, James B. 450
Crampton, Col. Adelbert B. 630
Crampton, Charles C., M. D.
241
Curtis, Theo. C.
518
D.
Dasher, Morgan S.
436
Davidson, William R. 407
Dawson, James R. 288
Delaplane, John
500
Doty, Sell S.
266
Douglas, Charles H.
621
Downham, Samuel 617
Draper, John J. 388
Draper, William H.
624
Dunkin, W. R.
284
E.
Eaton, Martin W.
245
Eckerle, William M.
367
Eikenberry, Abram W.
364
Digitized by
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
Ellis, John B.
392
Everman, William H.
513
F.
Fennell, Richard M. 481
Felix, Mrs. Esther
272
Ferling, David F.
560
Forlow, Daniel S.
498
Forlow, John M.
489
Foust, Joseph W.
347
G.
Galloway, Thomas I.
400
Gardiner, Archibald 568
Garrison, Jeremiah 452
Gee, John T.
368
Gilliam, Manford E.
581
Girard, Frank S.
432
Grantham, Joseph L. 587
Gray, James
341
Green, Joseph
370
Grimm, Adam
544
Groninger, Frank P.
374
Guard, George T.
425
Guckien, Michael
430
Guckien, Sylvester
654
Guckien, William J. 470
Gushwa, Albert
433
Guthrie, Mrs. Elizabeth F.
356
H.
Hanna, John L. 594
Hanna, Joseph W.
596
Hardy. David H. 5.20
Hardy, Mary C.
302
Harness, John R.
320
Haslet, Isaac N. 642
Hasselbring. William
571
Ilaugh, John B. 603
Haun, Martin G.
339
Heck, Granville E.
303
Hleiny, Isaac
389
Hemmig, Philip B. 598
Hendrix, Joshua M. 447
Hindman, William T. 253
Hinkle, Howard D. 466
Hinkle, William E. 475
Hostler, D. L. 414
Hufford, David
579
Hughes, William H. 280
Hlumes, James K.
420
I.
Ireland, Samuel W.
319
J.
James, Erasmus
S.
474
Jervis, John F.
515
Jester, Sereno
557
Johnson, Charles
391
Johnson, Hon. James L. 652
Johnson, Perry
376
Johnson, Robert P.
435
Joyce. Francis M.
627
Julien, George W. 455
Julien, Peter
626
Justice, Milroy
371
K.
Kearns. William B.
345
Keller, Andrew J.
477
Kennedy, John C. 606
Kestle, Charles O.
487
Kirkpatrick. Robert
541
Kirkpatrick, Samuel M.
274
Knettle, William
531
L.
Lake. John F.
678
Landes, Frederick 478
Landes. Henry 620
Landes, Isaac N.
517
Landes, William J.
395
Landis, Elias E. 362
Landis, Howard T.
315
Lathrope, Capt. John 322
Leatherman, Oscar
439
Leib, Joseph F.
483
Lenon, Charles E. 298
Lesh, Frank 641
Lesh, W. H. 379
Leslie, Philip 283
Lilly, David 312
Livingston, Alfred W. 591
Logan, Ellis
396
Lohrman, John G.
65,5
Digitized by
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
Long, Grover C.
677
Long, James D. 277
Long, Mrs. Malissa
279
Long, William
490
Love, James C.
564
Lowe, Stephen D.
482
Lowery, John A.
399
Lyon, Alfred B.
563
I.yons, Frank P., M. D. 584
Mc.
McCain, Charles R. 463
McCarty, James M. 485
McCarty, William M. 473
McCleary, David A., M. D.
634
McCloskey, John P.
406
McDonald,
Orlando
618
McGreevy, Michael J.
505
McKinney, Leander
300
McManus, Jacob C.
480
M.
Mabbitt, James D. 511
Mabbitt, Willard R. 511
Magart, Daniel B.
664
Maggart, James R.
663
Marquess, Isaac
332
Martin, Charles F.
514
Martin, Jesse 665
Martin, Monroe 078
Marton, Lebovics 318
Maxson, Curtis J.
417
Maxwell, Samuel M.
577
Mayhill, Bert B.
667
Mayhill, Noah
667
Mennaugh, Charles R. 429
Metz, Charles A. 394
Milburn, Andrew 522
Milburn, Henry 493
Miller, Eli S.
443
Miller. Jacob, Jr. 335
Minnix. Charles T. 462
Mitchell, Samuel
526
Moore, Charles W.
328
More, Shelby G. 334
Mourer, Rev. John H. 561
Musselman, David I .. 441
Musselman, Roscoe J. 542
Myer, Lewis S.
354
Myers, John B.
271
N.
Nace, Jacob H. 601
Neff, James A. 553
Neff, John H. 408
Newer, Albert A.
649
Newman, Jacob R. 464
O.
O'Bear, Albert D.
424
Odell, John C.
512
Orahood, Calvin C.
381
P.
Pantle, Charles F.
555
Parse, William W. 286
Patty, Elias C.
629
Pearson, John A.
559
Penn, John C.
506
Peterson, John A.
448
Plank, Reed
658
Polk, Willis V. 289
Pollard, Charles R.
673
Pollard, Hon. Charles R. 239
Pollard, John W.
352
Popejoy. Martin M. 308
Porter, Harley
307
Preston, Charles B.
438
Preston, Edward G. 402
Pruitt, Edward E.
313
Pullen, John A.
645
Pullen, William L.
419
Q.
Quinn, John L.
666
Quinn, William J.
423
R.
Rasler, Alexander 676
Reeder, James J. 592
Reinhart, Joseph 657
Rice, Elijah C.
661
Richter, Frank
412
Roach, William A. 258
Robbins, John 543
Robeson, Mahlon D. 37;
Robeson, Phares D.
292
Robinson, William H.
360
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BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
Robison, Hezekiah 348
Rodenbarger, Adam 586
Ross, James N. A. 496
Rule, Perry 260
T
Thomas, Marion B. 604
Timmons, William F. 365
Todd. John K.
556
Trawin, Robert S.
434
Trent, John C.
453
Trobaugh, W. A., M. D
275
Troxel, Franklin W.
574
Schock, Abraham A. 336
Shaffer, Gibson T. 503
! Shaffer. John W.
418
Shanklin, George W.
296
Shanks, David T.
528
Ulrey, Solomon
590
Shanks, James Q. 509
Shanks, John U. 639
V.
Shanks, Leonidas P. 508
Shanks, Vivaldy .
524
Shirar. George W.
532
Shookman, Ellis E.
247
Shuey, James L. 535
Shultheis, John 11. 331
Sibbitt, William B. 609
Wagoner, Henry 359
Sidenbender, Joseph 546
Wagoner, Isaac N. 576
Wagoner, Leonard J. 427
Wagoner, Orion M.
291
Wagoner, William F.
350
Smiley, Everett F.
623
Smith, Addison E. 457
Smith. George M. 267
Wecht, Adam
521
Whiteman, Wilbert
525
Wiggs, William 269
Wilkinson, John 373
Williamson, John W. 304
Willson, James L. 264
651
Stanley. Charles 405
Wilson, Milton
401
Stephen, Z. G. 669
Sterrett, Samuel W. 502
Wingard, Clarence E. 551
Wolever, Andrew W. 256
Wolverton, John N. 344
Wood, Andrew D.
445
Digitized by
338.
Wasson, Samuel A. 358
Smith, Samuel II. 613
Smith, William 467
Snoddy, Samuel N. 410
Snyder, Rollie
295
Spangler, Edwin A. 589
Squier, George G. 486
Wilson, Isaac S.
Wilson, Smith 273
Stockton, Harry W. 521
Studebaker, Joseph 529
Swartz, Isaac 611
U.
Ulery, Rev. John
272
Voorhees, Russell D.
243
W.
Wagoner, David M. 672
Wagoner, George 534
Sigler. John N., M. D. 646
Sims, Joseph A. 548
Small, George 536
Wakeland, William J.
S.
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HISTORICAL
CHAPTER I.
RELATED STATE HISTORY.
.
BY ERNEST V. SHOCKLEY, PH. D.
The first white men to set foot upon the Northwest Territory were French traders and missionaries under the leadership of La Salle. This was about the year 1670 and subsequent discoveries and explorations in this region by the French gave that nation practically undisputed possession of all the territory organized in 1787 as the Northwest Territory. It is true that the English colonies of Virginia, Connecticut and Massachusetts claimed that their charters extended their grants westward to the Mississippi river. However, France claimed this territory and successfully maintained posses- sion of it until the close of the French and Indian War in 1763. At that time the treaty of Paris transferred all of the French claims east of the Mississippi river to England, as well as all claims of France to territory on the mainland of North America. For the next twenty years the Northwest Territory was under the undisputed control of England, but became a part of the United States by the treaty which terminated the Revolutionary War in 1783. Thus the flags of three nations have floated over the territory now comprehended within the present state of Indiana-the tri-color of France, the union jack of England and the stars and stripes of the United States.
History will record the fact that there was another nation, however, which claimed possession of this territory and, while the Indians can hardly be called a nation, yet they made a gallant fight to retain their hunting grounds. The real owners of this territory struggled against heavy odds to maintain their supremacy and it was not until the battle of Tippecanoe, in the fall of 1811, that the Indians gave up the unequal struggle. Tecumseh, the Washington of his race, fought fiercely to save this territory for his people, but the white man finally overwhelmed him, and "Lo, the poor Indian" was pushed westward across the Mississippi. The history of the Northwest (3)
.
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Territory is full of the bitter fights which the Indians waged in trying to drive the white man out and the defeat which the Indians inflicted on general St. Clair on November 4, 1792, will go down in the annals of American history as the worst defeat which an American army ever suffered at the hands of the Indians. The greatest battle which has ever been fought in the United States against the Indians occurred in the state of Ohio. This was the battle of Fallen Timbers and occurred August 20, 1794, the scene of the battle being within the present county of Defiance. After the close of the Revolutionary War the Indians, urged on by the British, caused the settlers in the Northwest Territory continued trouble and defeated every de- tachment sent against them previous to their defeat by Gen. Anthony Wayne at the battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. Although there was some trouble with the Indians after this time, they never offered serious resistance after this memorable defeat until the fall of 1811, when Gen. William Henry Har- rison completely routed them at the battle of Tippecanoe.
TERRITORY NORTHWEST OF THE OHIO ( 1670-1754).
Ohio was the first state created out of the old Northwest Territory, although Indiana had been previously organized as a territory. When the land comprehended within the Northwest Territory was discovered by the French under La Salle about 1670, it was a battle ground of various Indian tribes, although the Eries, who were located along the shores of Lake Erie, were the only ones with a more or less definite territory. From 1670 to 1763, the close of the French and Indian War, the French were in possession of this territory and established their claims in a positive manner by exten- sive exploration and scattered settlements. The chief centers of French settlement were at Detroit, Vincennes, Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Fort Crevecour and at several missionary stations around the shores of the great lakes. The French did not succeed in doing this without incurring the hostility of the Iroquois Indians, a bitter enmity which was brought about chiefly because the French helped the Shawnees, Wyandots and Miamis to drive the Iroquois out of the territory west of the Muskingum river in Ohio.
It must not be forgotten that the English also laid claim to the North- west Territory, basing their claim on the discoveries of the Cabots and the subsequent charters of Virginia, Massachusetts and Connecticut. These charters extended the limits of these three colonies westward to the Pacific ocean, although. as a matter of fact, none of the three colonies made a settle- ment west of the Alleghanies until after the Revolutionary War. New York
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sought to strengthen her claim to territory west of the Alleghanies in 1701, by getting from the Iroquois, the bitter enemies of the French, a grant to the territory from which the French and their Indian allies had previously ex- pelled them. Although this grant was renewed in 1726 and again confirmed in 1744, it gave New York only a nominal claim and one which was never recognized by the French in any way.
English traders from Pennsylvania and Virginia began in 1730 to pay more attention to the claims of their country west of the Alleghanies and north of the Ohio river. When their activities reached the ears of the French the governor of French Canada sent Celeron de Bienville up and down the Ohio and the rivers and streams running into it from the north and took formal possession of the territory by planting lead plates at the mouth of every river and stream of any importance. This peculiar method of the French in seeking to establish their claims occurred in the year 1749 and opened the eyes of England to the necessity of taking some immediate action. George II, the king of England at the time, at once granted a charter for the first Ohio Company (there were two others by the same name later organ- ized ). composed of London merchants and enterprising Virginians, and the company at once proceeded to formulate plans to secure possession of the ter- ritory north of the Ohio and west of the Mississippi. Christopher Gist was sent down the Ohio river in 1750 to explore the country as far west as the mouth of the Scioto river, and made several treaties with the Indians. Things were now rapidly approaching a crisis and it was soon evident that there would be a struggle of arms between England and France for the disputed region. In 1754 the English started to build a fort at the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, on the site of the present city of Pitts- burgh, but before the fort was completed the French appeared on the scene. drove the English away and finished the fort which had been begun.
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR ( 1754-63).
The crisis had finally come. The struggle which followed between the two nations ultimately resulted in the expulsion of the French from the mainland of America as well as from the immediate territory in dispute. The war is known in America as the French and Indian War and in the history of the world as the Seven Years' War, the latter designation being due to the fact that it lasted that length of time. The struggle developed into a world-wide conflict and the two nations fought over three continents, America, Europe and Asia. It it not within the province of this resume of
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the history of Indiana to go into the details of this memorable struggle. It is sufficient for the purpose at hand to state that the treaty of Paris, which terminated the war in 1763, left France without any of her former posses- sions on the mainland of America.
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PONTIAC'S CONSPIRACY (1763-64).
With the English in control of America east of the Mississippi river and the French regime forever ended, the Indians next command the attention of the historian who deals with the Northwest Territory. The French were undoubtedly responsible for stirring up their former Indian allies and Pontiac's conspiracy must be credited to the influence of that nation. This formidable uprising was successfully overthrown by Henry Bouquet, who led an expedition in 1764 into the present state of Ohio and compelled the Wyandots, Delawares and Shawnees to sue for peace.
NORTHWEST TERRITORY AND QUEBEC ACT.
From 1764 to 1774, no events of particular importance occurred within the territory north of the Ohio river, but in the latter year (June 22, 1774), England, then at the breaking point with the colonies, passed the Quebec act, which attached this territory to the province of Quebec for administrative purposes. This intensified the feeling of resentment which the colonies bore against their mother country and is given specific mention in their list of grievances which they enumerated in their Declaration of Independence. The Revolutionary War came on at once and this act, of course, was never put into execution.
REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD (1775-83).
During the War for Independence (1775-1783), the various states with claims to western lands agreed with the Continental Congress to surrender their claims to the national government. In fact, the Articles of Confedera- tion were not signed until all of the states had agreed to do this and Mary- land withheld her assent to the articles until March 1, 1780, on this account. In accordance with this agreement New York ceded her claim to the United States in 1780, Virginia in 1784, Massachusetts in 1785 and Connecticut in 1786, although the latter state excepted a one-hundred-and-twenty-mile strip of three million five hundred thousand acres bordering on Lake Erie. This
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strip was formally relinquished in 1800, with the understanding that the United States would guarantee the titles already issued by that state. Vir- ginia was also allowed a reservation, known as the Virginia Military Dis- trict, which lay between the Little Miami and Scioto rivers, the same being for distribution among her Revolutionary veterans. There is one other fact which should be mentioned in connection with the territory north of the Ohio in the Revolutionary period. This was the memorable conquest of the territory by Gen. George Rogers Clark. During the years 1778 and 1779, this redoubtable leader captured Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Vincennes and thereby drove the English out of the Northwest Territory. It is probable that this notable campaign secured this territory for the Americans and that without it we would not have had it included in our possessions in the treaty which closed the Revolutionary War.
CAPTURE OF VINCENNES.
One of the most interesting pages of Indiana history is concerned with the capture of Vincennes by Gen. George Rogers Clark in the spring of 1779. The expedition of this intrepid leader with its successful results marked him as a man of more than usual ability. Prompted by a desire to secure the territory northwest of the Ohio river for the Americans, he sought and ob- tained permission from the governor of Virginia the right to raise a body of troops for this purpose. Early in the spring of 1778 Clark began collecting his men for the proposed expedition. Within a short time he collected about one hundred and fifty men at Fort Pitt and floated down the Ohio to the falls near Jeffersonville. He picked up a few recruits at this place and in June floated on down the river to the mouth of the Tennessee river. His original intention was to make a descent on Vincennes first, but, having re- ceived erroneous reports as to the strength of the garrison located there, he decided to commence active operations at Kaskaskia. After landing his troops near the mouth of the Tennessee in the latter part of June, 1778, he marched them across southern Illinois to Kaskaskia, arriving there on the evening of July 4. The inhabitants were terror stricken at first, but upon being assured by General Clark that they were in no danger and that all he wanted was for them to give their support to the American cause, their fears were soon quieted. Being so far from the scene of the war, the French along the Mississippi knew little or nothing about its progress. One of the most important factors in establishing a friendly relation between the Amer- icans and the French inhabitants was the hearty willingness of Father Gibault,
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CARROLL COUNTY, INDIANA.
the Catholic priest stationed at Kaskaskia, in making his people see that their best interests would be served by aligning themselves with the Americans. Father Gibault not only was of invaluable assistance to General Clark at Kaskaskia, but he also offered to make the overland trip to Vincennes and win over the French in that place to the American side. This he successfully did and returned to Kaskaskia in August with the welcome news that the inhabitants of Vincennes were willing to give their allegiance to the Americans.
However, before Clark got his troops together for the trip to Vincennes, General Hamilton, the lieutenant-governor of Detroit, descended the Wabash and captured Vincennes (December 15, 1778). At that time Clark had only two men stationed there, Leonard Helm, who was in command of the fort, and a private by the name of Henry. As soon as Clark heard that the British had captured Vincennes, he began to make plans for retaking it. The terms of enlistment of many of his men had expired and he had difficulty in getting enough of them to re-enlist to make a body large enough to make a successful attack. A number of young Frenchmen joined his command and finally, in January, 1779, Clark set out from Kaskaskia for Vincennes with one hundred and seventy men. This trip of one hundred sixty miles was made at a time when traveling overland was at its worst. The prairies were wet, the streams were swollen and the rivers overflowing their banks. Notwithstand- ing the difficulties which confronted him and his men, Clark advanced rapidly as possible and by February 23, 1779, he was in front of Vincennes. Two days later, after considerable parleying and after the fort had suffered from a murderous fire from the Americans, General Hamilton agreed to surrender. This marked the end of British dominion in Indiana and ever since that day the territory now comprehended in the state has been American soil.
VINCENNES, THE OLDEST SETTLEMENT OF INDIANA.
Historians have never agreed as to the date of the founding of Vin- cennes. The local historians of that city have always claimed that the settlement of the town dates from 1702, although those who have examined all the facts and documents have come to the conclusion that 1732 comes nearer to being the correct date. It was in the latter year that George Wash- ington was born, a fact which impresses upon the reader something of the age of the city. Vincennes was an old town and had seen several generations pass away when the Declaration of Independence was signed. It was in Vincennes and vicinity that the best blood of the Northwest Territory was
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found at the time of the Revolutionary War. It was made the seat of justice of Knox county when it was organized in 1790 and consequently it is by many years the oldest county seat in the state. It became the first capital of Indiana Territory in 1800 and saw it removed to Corydon in 1813 for the reason, so the Legislature said, that it was too near the outskirts of civiliza- tion. In this oldest city of the Mississippi valley still stands the house into which Governor Harrison moved in 1804, and the house in which the Terri- torial Legislature held its sessions in 1805 is still in an excellent state of preservation.
Today Vincennes is a thriving city of fifteen thousand, with paved streets, street cars, fine public buildings and public utility plants equal to any in the state. It is the seat of a university which dates back more than a century.
FIRST SURVEYS AND EARLY SETTLERS.
The next period in the history of the territory north of the Ohio begins with the passage of a congressional act (May 20, 1785), which provided for the present system of land surveys into townships six miles square. As soon as this was put into operation, settlers-and mostly Revolutionary soldiers- began to pour into the newly surveyed territory. A second Ohio Company was organized in the spring of 1786, made up chiefly of Revolutionary officers and soldiers from New England, and this company proposed to estab- lish a state somewhere between Lake Erie and the Ohio river. At this junc- ture Congress realized that definite steps should be made at once for some kind of government over this extensive territory, a territory which now in- cludes the present states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and about a third of Minnesota. Various plans were proposed in Congress and most of the sessions of 1786 and the first half of 1787 were consumed in trying to formulate a suitable form of government for the extensive terri- tory. The result of all these deliberations resulted in the famous Ordinance of 1787. which was finally passed on July 13, 1787.
ORDINANCE OF 1787.
There have been many volumes written about this instrument of gov- ernment and to this day there is a difference of opinion as to who was its author. The present article can do no more than merely sketch its outline and set forth the main provisions. It was intended to provide only a tem- porary government and to serve until such a time as the population of the
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CARROLL COUNTY, INDIANA.
territory would warrant the creation of states with the same rights and privileges which the thirteen original states enjoyed. It stipulated that not less than three nor more than five states should ever be created out of the whole territory and the maximum number was finally organized, although it was not until 1848 that the last state, Wisconsin, was admitted to the Union. The third article, "Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of educa- tion shall forever be encouraged," has given these five states the basis for their excellent system of public schools, state normals, colleges and uni- versities. Probably the most widely discussed article was the sixth, which pro- vided that slavery and involuntary servitude should never be permitted within the territory and by the use of the word "forever" made the territory free for all time. It is interesting to note in this connection that both Indiana and Illinois before their admission to the Union sought to have this pro- vision set aside, but every petition from the two states was refused by Con- gress in accordance with the provision of the Ordinance.
FIRST STAGE OF GOVERNMENT UNDER THE ORDINANCE.
The ordinance contemplated two grades of territorial government. During the operation of the first grade of government the governor, his secre- tary and the three judges provided by the ordinance were to be appointed by Congress and the governor in turn was to appoint "such magistrates and other civil officers in each county and township as he shall deem necessary for the preservation of the peace and good will of the same." After the federal government was organized a statutory provision took the appoint- ment of these officers out of the hands of Congress and placed it in the hands of the President of the United States. All executive authority was given to the governor, all judicial authority to the three judges, while the governor and judges, in joint session, constituted the legislative body. This means that during the first stage of territorial government the people had absolutely no voice in the affairs of government and this state of affairs lasted until 1799, a period of twelve years.
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