USA > Indiana > Allen County > Standard atlas of Allen County, Indiana : including a plat book of the villages, cities and townships of the county patrons directory, 1898 > Part 12
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Still other States combine goog features from both of the plans above mentioned, and besides the other usuai township officials they maintain a township board, which is given cert,un restricted powers, such as those of a review or an auditing board, but they are not vested with the complete corporate and legislative powers of the township, this being reserved in a large measure to the voters, amil all questions call- ing for the exercise of such authority are acted upon at the town mect ings. In many of the States the township board just described is inade up of three or more of the other township officers, who are ex-officio members of the township hoard, and they meet at certain times, per- form the work required ot then, and report to the town meetings.
The principal officials in township organizations in nearly all the States are the following "Supervisors, or trustees," "' clerk," " treas- r," " assessor," " collector," "justices of the peace," "constables." "overseers, supervisors or commissioners of the lughirays," and " pound- masters," although as has been stated, inany of the States do not have all of these officials,
SCHOOL DISTRICT GOVERNMENT.
T HE " common school system," or, tospeak with greater accuracy the method of governing school districts, in the various States, differs widely, yet all follow in a general way one of two separate and clearly defined methods, being amended in minor respects to meet local conditions and ideas. All of these methods have their excellent points, and yet it has been claimed by eminent educators that no one of them is free from fault and objection, nor has reached per- fection. It will be the aim in this article to briefly explain the principal features of the several methods, but it is not possible to go into detail in the matter of giving the system of school government that is followed in each of the inany States of the Union. "The constitution and statutes of all the States agree, however, u.on several points. They aim to pro-
vide for a thorough and efficient system of free schools, whereby all the children of the States may receive a thorough comnion school education, they provide that all lands, money and other property donated, granted or received for school, college, cor. mary or university purposes, and the proceeds thereof, shall be faithfully applied to the objects stated; with two or three exceptions they provi'e that no appropriation shall be made or public funds applied in aid of ary church or sectarian purpose, or 10 support or sustain any school, acac-my, seniinary, college or university controlled or run to the interest of any church or for a sectarian pur- pose; aod they prohibit the varices school officials from holding any interest in the sale, proceeds or profits of any book, apparatus or lurni- ture used in the schools in which they, as officers, are interested.
In many of the States they follow what may be teimed the "inde- pendent school district" method, inasmuch as each district, so far as its corporate powers are concerned, is entirely separate and independent of other districts. Where this plan is followed the boundaries of each dis- trict are clearly defined, and each district is complete within itself They elect a full set of district officials, and exercise their corporate powers and manage their district affairs within themselves, In this plan the corporate powers of the district are usually vested in a dis- trict board, which has general charge of the interests of the district, hires teachers, and makes such contracts and carries into effect sucb methods as is deeined tiecessary to raise the grade or aid in the effi- ciency of the schools. The measure of the authority gni en to these dis- trict hoards is not the same in all the States, and in many States it is re- stricted, and a part of the corporate power is reserved to the people themselves, the officials being required, in all important matters, to carry out the wishes and orders of the people of the district as expressed and decided upou at the "district school meetings."
Another method which is followed in many of the States may he termed the "township system." In such States the law provides for the organization of each townslun for school purposes, or as one large "dis- trict," and cach township, so far as its educational interests are con- cerned, is organized, has the necessary officials and becomes a lody politic and corporate. As a general rule, where this method prerails. the townships are divided into three or more sub-districts. All of these sub-districts are a part of the whole, and the finances and general busi- ness is generally managed by a township board made up of representa- tives from each sub-district. This board is generally clothed with the corporate powers, hires teachers, provides fuel and supplies and makes all the contracts necessary to carry on the various schools in the town- ship. As with independent districts, the powers of this board are not. alike in all States where the township system prevails, for in some Stites their power is very much restricted, and is limited to certain offi- cial matters, the corporate powers and right to make important contracts being reserved to the people, who decide on these questions at what are terined the school meetings. In a few of the States where they follon the township system they bare no official board. This is the case in In diana, where they elect a township trustee, whose duty it is to look after all the educational interests of the township, subject to the approval of the people at the regular meetings. In most of the States where the township system prevails the law provides for the organization, under certain conditions, of sub-districts into independent districts, which gives them the power to elect their own officers and act independently of the other schools in the township.
In nearly all of the States one of the two general methods giren abore is followed, with certaini clianges to make the plan more efficient and satisfactory, and to better meet the desires and needs of the people of the different States. Many of the States combine good features from both these systems, as some of the States have the township system, wherei ench sub-district has its own board, and so far as controlling its own affairs is concerned, is independent of all other districts, But local conditions have in many instances made special and local provisions necessary that are different in each State, and while there may be a vast difference in the methods followed, their aim is the same, and, as a whole, the various systems have accomplished the result of giving throughout the length and breadth of the Union the grandest and most efficient system of free schools that the world bas ever known,
CITIES AND VILLAGES.
N all of the States the laws provide for the local government of cities and villages, so that when they attain a certain population they may be seperated from, and thus manage their affairs inde pendent of the township in which they are located, both as to school matters and civil authority. In school affairs provision Is made for handling the more complex educational interests of villages and cities-the school boards being made larger, and in many cases the scope of their authority is very much extended, In civil matters pro- vision is made in all of the States for the organization of villages and cities as corporate boches, seperate and distinct from the townships, and providing for the necessary officers to carry on the affairs of the munici-
ENTERED ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS IN THE YEAR A. D.
1806, BY GEO, A, OGLE, IN THE OFFICE OF THE LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS AT WASHINGTON, D. C.
GENERAL INFORMATION ON BANKING AND BUSINESS METHODS.
GENERAL INFORMATION Banking and Business Methods.
RELATIONS BETWEEN A BANK AND ITS CUSTOMERS.
IN business life fhi ' Is un tore complex or lusportnut relatlon than that ubleh exists beinern the onisiness inen generally and the banks, aud 11 should be guardeil ut ,.n offs care, so that both inas retain the full cont- dence of Ito uther, Butilness development In the United States has pro- pressed nlth sneh glg.intle sirldes that It has long since passtil the ginge nhere It is eira possible to varra on business i'llbont the agency of bank« Turi are to lay a necessity lu the transaction of business and making ex. rLanges, It has been vald, and utth a great dent of truth, tunt In the present day the eulire und sole object and result of business Is the transfer of credits on The books of the banking houses ; and that about the only ne 10 whileb money is puit in In making stund change or pat Ing balances, Bus iness, In the most general quil comprehensh e sense, Is alinost wholly carrier un by the al 1 of banks ullb chechs,drafts anil exchange. Aud Il u Ill be seen «Imt & very Important part the element of confidence play's In business Ilfc, wrben It Is remembered thaterer, check or ilraft that changes hanils, linpiles the confidence on the part of the party recelriog und urcepting 11, that It u Ill be honored nt the bank when presented.
OPENING AN ACCOUNT.
THE FIRST STEP IN The minutter of becoming n deposltor and customer of n bank lu the Interilew u Itb the banker, either the Preallent, or Cushler. us the en se mns he If unknown lo the banker It Is necessary for some one nhu Is known to Identify and ronch for the applicant as belug bouoralle uud straightforu ,jed, for gnuhis are compelled to be enteful In this malter as they subsequently must lundle all the checks, ilrafisor exchanges that the prospective enstomer emplois In fils business, so that ubitle the best- uess of an lionest man Is valnabir to |hem and Is appreciated, font of a ilIshonest tan Is shunned by them as nn element of risk and ilonger-ille summe to them as to every one else trith u bam he ileais.
The Identification and reference, however, being satisfactory the prov- peethe customer Is given a pass book or account book, u rites hla signature In a book kept for that purpose, Is made known to the recelring and paying 1ellers, inakes his first ileposit ail Is theu a full fledged enslomer 4101 depositor of the bank
DEPOSITS.
DEPOSITS are monde lu the follon Ing innnner. A "Deposi! Ticket" or " De. posit Blank" Is furnished the customer, and he enters upon this a fult description of all the fteins nbich he desires entered to bis credit, stating u betber It Is gold, silver or currency and inaklug a separate entry for each ilraft or check that he deposits, In enterlog sueb Items as drafts and check> Rome banks require a separate entry for each Item which will shon upon u tnt bank or at least ubat city or town each draft or check Is draun After hatlng endorsed lls Date on thy hnek of all checks and drafls be bonds the "Deposit Ticket," together with nil the lieins nainrd upon it, and Ils Pass Book, to 1be reeelring teller, irho exatuines it, checks off the rarlous liems to moe that they are all there, and enters the total amount to the customer's credit In the ""Pass Book ," and it Isalsocarried to hiscredit frou the Deposit Tleket onto the books of the bank. The " Deposit Tteket" Is au Important feature of the transaction, and the customer In required to all this out with ink It bears his name und The date and Is carefully pre- werred for future reference by the bank to seltle any illspite or difference that may arlee. As all men are Ilable to rrror the deposlior, to prevent ml + lakes, should nlu ays see that the amount of the deposit Is correctly entered In hils book before leaving the bank Ifn deposit |4 made u hen a customer hans unt Ins "Pass Book" n ilnullrate teket should be taken, and the amount entered properly u ben next at the bank.
It will be seen from the above that all checks and drafts are entered to the erullt of the customer nt the ilme be depolis them, the same as cash Hiems. The depositor, however, Is beld responsible for the non payment of all ebecks, drafts and other Items ileposited us ensh ttot|I pay ment has been ascerialoeil by' the bank The bouk, honerer, minst nie due illligeure In attendlug to theth ulthin a reasonable Ilme. If n cherk or draft Is hell berouil n reasonable thinr nod, meauw blle, the bank upon nhlch It le drawn Intla, the recelring bank would be compelled to lose If What Is u reason- able tlwe, necording to decisions of the courts, depends upon the eirrum- stances anil . arles in different casey Ju eliles, where they haron Clearing House, checks on other cliy banks are expected to reach the Clearing House on the next day succeeding the time of the ileposlt ; but as to checks oni drafte drawn upon other or distant eltles, a reasonable thine must be allowed for them to be prevented for payment. If the banker, however, 14 negligent concerning It, he must stund the lonk Snehuasen very rareha, Ifrier, oreur, und it in is safely be ainted that lu the absence of any special or ininun| couiltions for all Items such as cheeks, drafts, rte., the banker only receires them for colleellon for the account of the depositor and theirfor Gels only AN bly agent and as sich le charged with using only due diligence lu attenil. ing to the business
DISCOUNTS, LOANS, ETC.
T THE word "Discount" is npplled to Interest u hen It Is deducted from the Amount at the time u loan is made-lu other words, tutorest that is pald In adı unce. It Is the groeral role of books lu taking "short ilove" loans to el somtra to give credit for the amount of the loan, less the futerest,
Many bu ilages men fall to obinla the full benefit that n banh can ghe them, through bealtaner or diffidente lo asking for a loan ; and in many in- slancem will borrow of n neighboring business man and thus, frequently embaruse hlm, rather thou go to the bunker, u bose business It la to help him through such ilmrs of need, when possible This Is what banks are established for largely, aud they are alung s glad to "get thelr mnoues out anıt keep It ont" provided they enn be reasonably sure of its return, If an applicant Is unable to furnish rensonable security, or Is Irresponsible or unworthy he wnst ucer naarlly be refased, but In securing money which he caunot guaraotee the return of, whether It br frotu n bunker or another business munn he docs an bujneilee to the Interests of business generally Honever, erers bristness minn In need of finanteini helps, whether tils needs be great or little, should go to the bauher Araf and submit the altuntion, securities, ete, to him, as of all men he Ishy tralning the beat judge and an- Isor, In gifch inatiers Ile wny be compelled to fleellue to glir the requireil ald, but this refusol should never be taken ns a personal watler, neIt must be remembered that br bos other Interests to serre and depoeltors, sloek- bolilers und directora |i proip i beforr folloning his own personal desires,
COLLECTIONS
IN leurlig notes or other | teurs for collection the customer irrlles on the back of ench the horils " For Collerilon for Account of " mint piares his signature below 11 Upon recelnit of this, the proper offleer or rierk of the bank, will enter the flews elther In the back of the customer's "paws book ' or gire a separate revelpi ## the ense inmy be. When the bank receives payment on the Items the customer Is notlied and the muonnt Is entered to hls credit both on his l'ass book and ou the books of the bank the snur as any other depoalt, A bauk In reerling paper for collection acts only as the agent of the customer and does not asanimo any responsibility beyond due illilgence on Its part, All bonks inako collections elther tu of out of the city where they are located for their customers nt very moderate mnies, These Items should always be left nt the bauk before they become dne,8004
to give the bank the to give an abnodant vollee to the parties, if the custo. mer desires to make a "sight" or "time draft" upon n iletilor, upon appil- eatlon the hank will furnish him ulth blauk drafts.
STATEMENTS AND BALANCES.
A FEW words couLi rning statements and balatters ut lil not bo Inappropri. ale In this connection Every customer of a bank should alunys aud ulthont fall, once In ench manlb, bare hly " Pays Book " bblauerd by 1hu hanker, This rule should alnoss be observed to correct any error that inight ocenr aud hrold loss and compliatlots The amount of deposits In nuded np u ad & balance le strnrk by deilueting the total amount of the ene tomer's checks irhleh the bruk Ims ellber pall or "accepted" (eerilfeil) staring the month. The rancelled checks are returnedlo the enstomer. If muy error Is discoverel It should be reported immediately is the link on thal It may he lavestigated nud reellfied.
NEGOTIABLE PAPER
PROBABLY the greatest faclor in The business world of to-day Is "Negotl- uble Paper," u ltbont which it Is not probable that business development could hare assumed the rust proportions that it lins irached In Amterlen ; nul withont ihlet The business of the elilltzeil world could not be entried on. This teria Ineluiles a tarlety of Instruments, such as promissor) notes. rbecks, ilrafts ond fillls of exchange, The hill of rxebange In one of Ihn oldest forms of niegotlabis paper, and has bren In nie for a number of renturles The draft tid check came Into it at a much Inter ing , and the promissory note Is a comprath els recent Inrention, and ling tery largely Inken the place of the bill of exchange ne It was used in former Umis The most Important attrllinte of promissory notes, bills of exchange, nurul other Instruments of the anime eines, which distinguish Them from all other con- trnets, Is their negotinbility. This cousists nftuo entirely distinet clements or braneben-Brul, the power of transferring the paper from one ou ner in another, so that the assignee shall nastme a complete ille, ami be able to sue on It; second, the effect upon the rights of the partly's product by such n transfer when made before inaturity, In the regular conise of business, for a roughleratlon to n purelinser In good faith, und ulthout nollee of am ilefeet or ilelebst, thereby all defenses of the innlter (ulth frn exceptions) ure ent off, and the holder hecomes absolutely entitled to recover
A written order of proil so inn be perfectly Falld us a contrnet; but II irIll not be Degottable unless certalo requislles are compiled utth. The follon lug riqulalies are Imillspener'ble: It must be nrillen; wist bo signed: 11 must be nbsolule, not dependlag ngon any contingency ;It imust be to pas ioner In a certain amount or In an amount capable of bring certain by computation ; the time of r iyment must be certain or sheh us will become rerialn; but when no t' ,je is expressed the lan Implies that payment is due Immediately; nod lastly, the order or promise ianst be accompanied by nords of Degottability-that Is posible to n certain payee , order nr tu bearer.
PROMISSORY NOTES.
ACCORDING to the general " Im mereliant," una/Teetril by stofute, a promissory note is the written promise ofn persou, called the " tanker" to pay neerinin sum of money nt a certalu time ton deslgunted person fermed the " payee " or lo lits order or benrer. It must binie all the requisties that hat e been mentioned for negotiable paper, ofhern ise, If It falls In any of these iuniters It becomes a contract, us It thus loses the element of negotia- bility. Contracts may be perfectly vallil irlthonit all of theso requisites, but they do not possess the peculiarqualities which belong to promissory notes It is customury In all promissory uotes to write the words "raluo re- celred"" but ibls lu not absolutely essential, ns a coustderotlou and va|tie Is jospiled In erery note, draft, check, bill of exchange or cilorsement, It Is the common law of both Englund and this country that no promise can be enforced nelees made for a coneldernflon or sealeil but negotiable Inatry- meuts as a rule are an exception tothly Between the original parties a u ant of consideration enn be pleaded in defense and would operate to de. fent a recovery. It would bare the sune effeet as butu een an endorser agil lils endorsee, but this only applies to litimedlate parties or to those n bo hail uotleo of the defrine or became holders of the paper affer maturity I may be stated as 10 almost Invariable rule that no defense ulll operate to ilefent the recovery If the poper has been negotiated and passed Into the lands of no lanocent purchaser, In the regular course of business, before maturity and for ralur The absence of any of these elements, however, allt nllow n defeuse to be set up and will defeat recorery even tu tbe hands of tblnil partles if it enn be shoun that there was eliber' n uaat of considera- tlon, that It uns obia|weil by duress, or fraund or circumventloa, or Iarceus ; or that the couslileratlon was Illegal, In order to cut off these defensie Abd give the holder the absolute right to recover, all of the conditions unmed must be fulfilled, If he purchases the gote eten one day after It becomes due It Is then subject to any defense or set off nhleh the maker may have against the origlual payee,
Demand of payment for a note must be maile af the place where It Is payable at the Ihne of maturity ; If uot pald uotlee must InimedIntely be giren to the endorsers, otherwise, In a annforlty of the States all endorse. menia that are not qualified will be released. If n note le bot dated It nIll not defeat Ii, but u Ill be considered as dateil n hen It nas made, buid writ- len date Is prima facie crlilence of the time of utaking, When a note falls due on Situday, or a legal bollday, It becomes payable the ilay prei loug, If & #tito 19 urltteu at length In the boily and ulso In Ogures at the corner the written words control It. It destroys the negotlablilis of n note to uritr In the body of It any conditions or coutlageneles, A valuable conalderatlon Is not always money. It inpy be eliber any galu or adi antage to the prom- laor, or Injury sustained by The promiser at the promisor's request. A pro- Plons debt, or a Buetunting balance, or a debt ilne from a thinil person, anight be a valuable consideration So is a moral couulderallou, If founded upon u prevloun legal consideration ; 14, tyhere one promises to pay n delit flat Is barred by Ilniltatlon or by Infancy. But n merely moral consideration ns one founded upon uatural love and affection Is uo legal consideration. No consideration le suffelent In law if It be Illegal In its nature, or if ils- tinetly opposed to publle polley. If a note Is pij able at a bank It Is only necessary to linie the note at the bank ni tho stipulated the to couvilinte n sufleleut demand ; aml If there aro un fundis there to meet It, this Is anf- neleut refusal,
DAYS OF GRACE,-In a grent many Sintes torre "Days of Grace," asthet nre termed, are allon ed on negotiable Instruments bey omul tho date set for payment. This Is unt the undrerand rule, houerer, as the tradeney of Inle years lins been tou ard doing away ulth this enatom, nud a number of States hare alrenily passedlans nbollehing the " Days of Graer " Where the rule Is in effect, hou rier, and it Is not speeldenli> unired In the Instru- ment The pay or Isentitled to the three ilags ns fully as though it here mo silpainted, and the holder cannot enforce collection until the expiration of three days after tho ilnie set for payment.
BILLS OF EXCHANGE.
"HE "bill of exchange ' Is an open letter or order uhereby one person re- queste another to pay a third party (or order or bearert a certain fixed T Nitin of money. They are of two lunds, the Inland nud Foreign bills, the umines of which haply the difference between them The three parties 1 the bill are called the Drafter, Drawee unil Payee, The bill must be pre- sebteil to the Drawee nud If he agrees to obey the order he "accepts" the bill by uriting the word "accepted" nerosa lls face amil slgos his name be- low It-aud this becomes the "Acceptor." Tho Instrument In usually inade negotiable anıl the payco can transfer it to olbers ky rodarsement, u tileh method of transfer inny go on Indeniuliely.
The following Is a common forms of au inland bill of rxehange
BILL OF EACHANOE.
Citicano, ILL., June 1, 1694.
$600 Sixty ihuye after sight piny to Joltu Simg, or order, S|x Hinudred Dollars, and charge samy to my account To HENur HOLT & Co. Joux Dor Boatop, Mass.
CHECKS
A CHECK on a bank ly one form of all "Inland Bill of Exchange " Int there Is some alight difference In the Inblihy of the parites to 11 A chech iejiilres no acerpinnee, as a bank ju boundto piny the ihr ihn ufita depoel. 1ori ulille still in possession of their finds and the droner ofu : 41. 4 har lig Emule on deposit has an aellon for daingu for refusal to honur Il ichech, under stich elreumstances, on the ground of nn hoptled obligation to pay checks according to the manal rongse of business Chreks ned nsinthe drawn poj able lumeilintels, but they m.it be made payable ati futiny das , and In this euse Their sesembluner ton bill of reehinge In 1r13 chise As minled, a check requires no acceptance, sofar as payment or linblilly of The drawer Is concerned, but It creates in obligailan ugminst n bauk lu Invor of the holiler until nerepinure When accepted bi the Imnunk the u ont "Acceptel" la altunped on His face urlth thu signatie of the banher. 11 14 then sold to be certified and Ibereafter the bunk Is liable to the holder As spon as the check Is "erifiltri" the amount 14 ebargel agalust |be nernnut of the "ilrauer" the same as If pald, and Iils conshlered pold sd far ns the ' dran er " 14 topperneil.
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