USA > Indiana > Allen County > Standard atlas of Allen County, Indiana : including a plat book of the villages, cities and townships of the county patrons directory, 1898 > Part 8
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CHICAGO
MACRIDIAN
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JITH
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LAKE
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MERIDIAN
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MILWAUKEE
DETROIT
& NASHVILLE
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WLITTLE ROCK
MERIDIAN
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Colora 2%
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Longitude West from Greenwich
LAKE
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SUPPLEMENT IL.
UNITED STATES LAN D SURVEYS.
These lines are termed "Rango Lines." They divido the laud into strips or divisions six miles wide, extending North and South, parallel with the Meridian. Each division is called a Rauge. Ranges are mimbered from one upward, commencing at the Meridian; and their numbers are indicated by Roman characters. For instance, the first division (or first six miles) west of the Meridian is Rango I. West; the next is Range II. West; then comes Range III., IV .. V., VI., VII., and so on, until tho territory governed by another Principal Meridian is reached. In tho same manner tho Ranges East of the Meridian nro numbered, tho words East or West being always used to indicate the direction from the Principal Meridiau. See Diagram 3.
Commencing at the Base Line, at intervals of six miles, lines are run East and West parallel with the Base Ine. These aro designated as Township Lines. They divide tho land iuto strips or divisions six miles wide, extending East and West, parallel with the Baso Line. This plau is followed both North and South of the Base Line until the territory governed by another Principal Meridian and Base Line is reached. These divisions or Townships are numbered from one upward, both North and South of the Baso Line, and their numbers are indicated by figures. For instance : The first six mile division worth of tho Base Line is Township 1 North ; the next is Towuship 2 North ; then comes Township 3, 4, 5, aud 6, North, and so on. The same plan is followed South of the Base Line: the Townships being designated as Township 1 South. Township 2 South, and so on. The " North " or "Sonth" (tbe imtials N. or S. being generally usedl) indicates the direction from the Base Line. See Diagram 3.
Theso Township aud Rango Lines, crossing each other, as shown in Diagram 3, form squares, which are ealled "Townships" or "Government Towuships," which are six miles square, or as nearly that as it is possible to mako them. These Townships are a very important feature in locating or describing u piece of land. The location of a Government Township, however, is very readily found when the number of the Townsbip aud Range is given, by merely counting the number indicated from the Base Line and Principal Meridian. As an examplo of this, Township 8 North, Range 4, West of the 5th Principal, Meridian, is at once located on the square marked * on Diagram 3, by counting eight tiers north of the Base Line aud 4 tiers west of the Meridian.
TOWNSHIPS OF LAND.
TOWNSHIPS are the largest sub- divisions of land run out by the United States Surveyors. In the Governmental Surveys Township Lines are the first to be run, and a Township Corner is established every six miles aud marked. This is called "Townshipping." After the Township Corners have been care- fully located, the Section aud Quarter Section Corners ure established. Each Township is six miles square and contamis 23,040 acres, or 36 square miles, as near as it is possible to make them. This, however, 'is fre- quently made impossible by: (1st) the pres- ence of lakes and large streams; (2nd) by State boundaries not falling exactly on Township Lines; (3rd) by the convergence of Meridians or curvature of the earth's surface ; and (4tb) by ,naceurate surveys.
Each Township, unless it is one of the exceptional cases referred to, is divided into 36 squares, which are called Sections. These Sections are intended to be one mile, or 320 rods, square and contain 640 aeres of land. Sections are numbered consecutively from 1 to 36, as shown on Disgram 4. Beginning with Seetion 1 in the Northeast Corner, they run West to 6, then East to 12, then West to 18, and so on, back and forth, until they end with Section 36 in the Southeast Coruer.
Diagram 4 shows a plat of a Township as it is divided and platted by the govern- ment surveyors. These Townships are called Government Townships or Congres- sional Townships, to distinguish tbem from Civil Towuships or organized Townships, as frequently the lines of organized Town- ships do not conform to the Government Township lines.
SECTIONS OF LAND.
IAGRAM 5 illustrates how a section may be subdivided, although the 130.8 9. Diagram only gives a few of the many subdivisions into which a 145 R. seetion may be divided. All Sections (except fractional Sections) are supposed to be 320 rods, or one mile, square and therefore contain 640 acres-a number easily divisible. Sections are subdivided into fractional parts to suit
A half-section contains 320 acres; a quarter-section contains 160 acres; half of a quarter contains 80 acres, and quarter of a quarter contains 40 Reres, and so on. Each piece of laud is described according to the portion of the section which it embraces-as the Northeast quarter of Section 10; or the Southeast quarter of the Southeast quarter of Section 10. Diagram 5 shows how many of these subdivisions aro platted, aud also shows the plan of designating and describing them by initial letters as each parcel of land on the Diagram is marked with its description.
As has already been stated, all Sections (except Fractional Sections which are explained else- where) are supposed to contain 640 acres, and cveu thongh mistakes have been made in surveying, as is frequently the case, making sections larger or smaller than 640 acres, the Government recog- nizes no variation, but sells or grants cach regular section as containing 640 acres "more or less. "
The Government Surveyors are not required to subdivide sections by running lines within them, but they usually establish Quarter Posts on Scetion Liucs on each side of a sectiou at the points marked A. B. C. aud D. on Diagram 5.
DIAGRAM 5.
N. E. 1/4
100 A.
-C
Quarter Post
N. 1/2 of S. E. 1/4
8D A.
N 15of 5 W. N
S. E. MA
(20 A )
of S. E.14
10 A.
SUBDIVIDING A SECTION.
After establishing Township corners, Section Lines are the next to be run, and section cor- ners are established. When these are carefully located the Quarter Posts are located at pointsus nearly equidistaut between Section Corners as possible. These corners when established by Government Surveyors cannot be changed, cven though it is conclusively shown that mistakes have been made which canse some sections or quarter sections to be either larger or smaller than others. The laws, however, of all the States provide certam rules for local surveyors to follow in dividing Sections into smaller pareels of land than has been outlined in the Governmental surveys. For instance, in divid- ing a quarter scction into two pareels, tho dis- ance between the Government Corners is care- fully measured and the new post is located at a point egnidistant between them. This plan is followed in running out "eighties," "fortics," "twenties," etc. In this way, if tho Oovern- ment division overruns or falls short, each portion gains or loses its proportion. This is not the case, however, with Fractional Sections along the North or West sides of a Township, or adjoining a lako or large stream.
DIAGRAM 3.
A
BARBER EAST OF STHE P IL.
1
ELT JW
G
.
OITO
-
*
STI PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN
TOWRODIPS FORTHE
TASK FINT
DASE LINE
77 R.
e
6
4
3
2
-
BO R.
82 M.
LARE
8
9
10
12
07 R.
04 R.
16
18
15
14
13
108,2 7.
LOO & R.I
19
20
21
20
23
2
1624
115.4 R.
R TIMIBER
nº 2 R.
122.0 F.
-30
20
28
27
26
120 R
20 4 A
432.8 R.
A
130.2 . 191
32
33
34
35
36
160 ACRES. Diagram 6 illustrates how the surplus or deficiency of land inside of these Sectious is distributed and which "forties"or "eighties" it affects. From this arrangement it will be seen that in any Section that touches the North or West Township Lines, the Southeast Quarter may be full-160 acres-while another quarter of the same Section may be mmel larger or smaller. Frequently these fractional "forties" or "eighties" are lotted as shown in Diagram 6. They are always described as fractional tracts of land, as the " fractional S. W. + of Scctiou 6," etc. Of course those portions of these Sections which are not affected by these variations are described iu the usual manner-as Southeast + of Section 6. As a rule Townships are narrower at the North than at the South side. The Meridians of Longitude (which ran North and South) converge as they run North and South from the Equator. They begin at the Equator with a definite width between them aud gradually con verge nutil they all meet at the poles. Now. as the Range lines are run North and South, it will at once be seen that the convergence of Meridians will cause every Congressional Township (North of the Equator) to be narrower at its North thau at its South side, as stated. Sce Diagram 4. In addition to this fact, mistakes of measurement are constantly aud almost unavoidably made u running both Townshipand Range lines, and if no uew starting points were established the lines would DIAGRAM 6. become confused and unreliable, and the size and shape of Townships LOT 1. LOT £. LOT 3. LOT 2. materially affected by the time the surveys had extended even a hundred iniles from the Base Line aud Princi- 85 62 AC. ACRES. pal Meridian. In order to correct 80.6 83 9G R 55 IL ACRES. 90 R. the surveys and variations caused ACRES. B R. by the difference of latitude and LOT 5. straighten the lines, "Correction 29 AC. Lines" (or Ghide Meridians and 160 Rods. Standard Paralleis) are established &t 80 ACRES. frequent intervals, usually as follows: ACRES. S 40 605 ,R 80 Rode North of the Base Line a Corrcetion 5S B. 74 R. 32 AC. Line is run East and West parallel with the Base Line, usually every twenty-four miles, LOX 7, South of the Base Line a Correction Linoisusually established every thirty miles. Both East and West of the Principal LOT 6+ Meridian " Correction Lines" are 64 R. 160 Rods, 37 AC. usually established every 48 milcs. 80 ACRES. All Correction Lines are located by 80 Rods 81 R. 160 Rods. PLAT OF A FRACTIONAL SECTION. careful measurement, and tho suc- ceeding surveys are based upon tlem.
FRACTIONAL PIECES OF LAND.
UNGRESSIONAL Townships vary eonsiderably as to size and boundaries. Mistakes made in surveying and the faet that Meridians converge as they run North eause every Township to vary more or less from the 23,040 acres which a perfeet Township would contain. See Diagram 4. In arranging a Towuship into Sections all the surplus or deficiency of land is given to, or taken from, the North aud West tiers of Section8. In other words, all Seetions in the Township are made full- 640 aeres-except those on the North and West, which are given all the laud that is left after forming the other 25 Sections.
Diagram 4 illustrates how the surplus or deficiency is distributed and the Sections it affects. It will be seen that Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 18, 19, 30 and 31, are the " Fractional Sections," or the Sections which are affected if the Township overrans or falls short. Inside of these Fractional Seetions, all of the surplus or deficieney of land (over or under 640 acres) is carried to the " forties" or " eighties" that touch the Township Line. These pieces of land are called "Fractional Forties" or " Fractional Eighties," as the ease may be. Diagrams 4 and 6 show the manner of marking tbo acreage and outlining the boundaries of these " Fractions."
the convenience of the owners of the land.
100 TL
Go n.
001
OR.
CO R.
ENTERED ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS, IN THE YEAR 1995, BY GEO. A. OGLE & CO., IN THE OFFICE OF THE LIGARIAN OF CONDF .55 AT WASHINGTON, O. C.
W. 12 320 ACRES.
10
DIAGRAM 4
HIRSH
23410
.....
-
SUPPLEMENT III.
DIGEST OF THE SYSTEM OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT.
DIGEST OF THE SYSTEM rit
CIVIL GOVERNMENT,
WIIft A REVIEW IN THI
.
DUTIES AND POWERS OF THE PRINCIPAL IH LICIALS CUANECIt D WITH THE VARIOUS BRANCHES OF NATHINAL, STATE, COUNTY AND TOWNSHIP MINI RNMENT.
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
T HE GOVERNMENT of the United States is one of Inunited and specific pon ers, strictly outlined nud defined by a written con- stitutiou. The constitution was adopted in 1787, and, with the amendments that hare silice been made, it forus the basis of the entire fabrie of government umuler which ne hire. The constitution created three distinct branches of government, each of which is entirely separate amil distinct from the others. They are the executive, legislatire nud julicial departments. The constitution spe- cificilly vests the executive poner in the President, but all mentbers of the cabuict are usually classed with the executive department, the legislatire porver is held by Cougress, and the jutlicia: authority is vested in the Supreme Court and various other courts winch Congress has prorided for in pursuance of the jiror isions of the constitution
Ît bas been the niut of these pages to explain each of these different branches of government, and to briefly rerien the duties and powers of the principal officials connected with each department
The President and Vice- President are elected by popular vote, but the vote of each State is separate, so that a candidate in,y have a birge majority of the aggregate popular vote of the country and yet fail to be elected. The Presidential election is held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, when Presidential electors are chosen it and for the varions States, each State having as many electors as it has rep- resentatives in both branches of Congress. The electors are chosen by the ballots of the people of their States, and all the electors of a State constitute an clectoral college The clectors urcet in each State at the capital on the first Wednesday in December following a National elec- tion and vote for President and Vice President, certificates of which are forwarded to the President of the Senate, at Washington, who, on the second Wednesday in February opens the certificates and conuts the votes in the presence of both Houses of Congress and fleelares the result; and the final step is the inanguration, which takes place on the 4th of March. The law provides that if neither of the candidates have a major- ity then the House of Representatives shall elect a President frous the three candidates receiving the Inghest efectoral vote. In elections of this kind each State is entitled to only one rote, and tivo- thirds of the States form a quorum
FRISIDENT OF FILL UNITED STATES.
The President is the highest executive officer of the United Sintes. He is elected for the terms of four years, and receives a salary ot $50,000 per annuus. He must be thirty- fire years old or more, and a natire- born citizen of the United States The President is charged with a general supervision over the faithful execution of lais passed by Congress, and has supervision over all executive departments of the government. He appoints a Cabinet of eight officials who become the beads of the various departments, and thesc departments are intended to be maunged and conducted as the President directs. The President is Commander-in- Chief of the Ariny and Navy. He has power to grant pardons and re- prieves for all offenses against the United States, except in cases of iui- peachment; hans power, with the advice and consent of the Senate, to take treaties He nominates, and with the advise and consent of the Senate, appoints Ambassadors and other public Ministers and Consuls, ull Judges of the United States courts, and all other executive officers of the United States, except in such cases where the appointments may be vested in the various"'departments." When the Senate is not in session be cau appoint, subject to its action when it reassembles. He has porver, in certain extmorilinary occasions, to call together both Honses of Congress, or either of them, in extra session ; anil is required from time to time to communicate with Congress, as to the state of the Union, and offer sich suggestions or recommendations as he may deem proper He is empowered to approve or veto alf treasures adopted by Congress, but it is provided that any measure may be passed over bis veto by a two-thirds vote of Congress.
The President consults frequently with hus Cabinet, and nearly all important official matters are disenssed by that boily In case the office of President becomes vacant through the death, removal or resignation of the incumbent, the law provides that the office shall in turn be filled hy the Vice-President, Secretary of State, and other Cabinet Ministers in regular order.
VICE-PRESIDENT
The Vice-President of the United States is elected for the term of four years, and receires a salary of $10,000. In case of the death, re- moval or resignation of the Presulent, the Vice-President succeeds him The chief duty of the Vice- President is to get as the presiding officer of the Senate He has no vote in the Senate, except in cases of a tie, or an equal ilivision of the members of that boily The Vice- President ad- ministers the oath of office to the Senators.
STATE DEPARTMENT
The bead of this department is the Secretary of State, wvbo is ap- pointed by the President as a member of the Cabinet, antl receives a salary of $8,000 per year. The law provides that in case the office of President becomes vacant, through the death, removal or resignation of both the President and Vice- President, the Secretary of State assumes the duties of the Presidency. The Secretary of State may be said to be the official Secretary of the President, and countersigus all conmissions Issned hy the President.
The Secretary of State is the head of the Departinent of State and is the chief diplomatic officer of the United States " In Ins department anfl umuler his supervision is conducted the public husiness relating to foreign .ITairs; to correspondence, conrunssions or instructions to or with publie Ministers from the United States ; or to negotiations with Ministers from foreign States; or to memorials or other applications from foreigners, or foreign publie Ministers, or citizens of this country in foreign lands, or complications arising therefrom. The Secretary of State also lins charge of ell other business connected with foreign affairs, extradition matters amil fliplom,uc officers; furnishing passports to vessels going to foreign countries, etc , and has charge of the Great Seal of the United States Connecteil with the Department of State .ind forming a part of it in the great work of performing and caring for the duties outlined are the following bureaus.
The Diplomatic Bureau, which looks after the affairs pertaining to foreign governments The Consular Bureau, correspondence with consufates.
'The Bureau of Indexes and Archives, the duties of which are to open the ufficial mails, prepare an abstract of the daily correspondence and an inflex of it, and'superintend nuscellancous work of department.
The Bureau of Accounts, in which afl of the finances of the deparl. ment are looked after, such as the custody and disbursement of appro- priations; also indemnity funds and bonds; also care of the building and property of the ilepartinent, etc.
The Bureau of Rolfs and Library, which is charged with the cus- tody of treattes, rolls, public documents, etc .; hias care of revolutionary archives, of international commissions, superintentlencc of library, cte. The Bureau of Statistics, for the preparation of reports on connier- cial relations.
The chiefs of all of these bureaus receive 82,100 per year. fn addi- tion to these there are connected with the State Department the offices of translator, at 82,100 per year; assistant secretary, 84,500, second assistant secretary, 83,500; tlurd assistant secretary, 84,500; solicitor, 83,500; chicf clerk, 82,750; clerk to Secretary of State. 83,000; passport clerk, $1,400. Besides these there are the various comptrollers, audit- nrs, clerks and assistants, which number well up into the thousands.
TREASURY DEPARIMENT.
flits deparinient was organized in 1789. The heart of this tlepart- incht, known as the Secretary of the 1 reasury, is a] juanted by the Pres- Ilent, Is a member of the Cabinet, and receives i > iliry of $8,000 per "The Treasury Department is one of the most important branches of the national government, as it has charge of the financial alfairs of the government, custody of public funds, collection of revenue and maintenance of public credit. Among the many iniportaut duties devolving upon this department are thefollowing: ft attenils to the col- lection of all internal revenues and duties on wuports, and the preren- tion of frauds in these departments, Alfclaims and dlemanils, either by the United States or against thent, and all the accounts in which the Uniteif States are interested, either as debtors or creditors, must be set- tled amt adjusterl in the Treasury Department. This tlepartment also includes the Bureau of the Mint, in which the government com and moneys are manufactured. The Treasury Department authorizes the organization of national banks and luis supervision over them; has charge of the const surveys, the lighthonses, marine hospitals, ctc. ft lins charge of all inoneys belonging to the Ututeil States; ilesignates depositories of public moneys, keeps a complete and accurate system of accounting, showing the receipts andl disbursements of the Treasury. nuit makes reports at stated intervals showing the condition of public finances, public expenditures and the public debt.
There are a great many very important officials connecterl with the Treasury Department, chief among which are the following, viz .: Pri- vate secretary of the head of the department, at $2,400 per year; three assistant secretaries, at $1,500 each; chicf clerk, 83,000, clnei of appoint- ment division, 82,750; chief of warrants division, $2,750; clnef of public moneys dirision, 82,300, chief of customs division, $2,700, acting chief of revenne marine division, $2,500, chief of stationery flirision, 84,300; chief of loans and currency flivision, 82,500; chief of miscellaneous dirt- sion, 82,500; supervising special agent, 88 per day, government actuary, 81,800; supervising architect, 84,500, steamboat inspector, 83,500; chief Bureau of Statistics, 83,000; life saving service superintentlent, 84,000; assistant, 82,500, commissioner Bureau of Navigation, 83,600; superin- temilent United States coast tinil geodetic survey, $6,000, superrising surgeon-general marine hospital service, 84,000; Bureau of Engraving antl Printing, chief, $1,500; assistant chief, $2 250; superintendent engrav- ing dirision, 83,600.
l'he foregoing wifl serre to show many of the lines of work attended to in the Treasury Department, as the names of these offices explain the branch of work they are charged with attending to. There are a num- ber of other important offices in the department that should be men- hioned, among them heing the following.
The Solicitor of the Treasury, or chief attorney, who receives $4,500 per year for attending to the legal matters connected with the department.
The Commissioner of Customs, who receives 84,000 per year and his deputy $4,250, has charge of all accounts of the revenue from cus- toms and disbursements, and for the building and repairing of custom bouses.
The Treasurer of the United States receives 86,000 per year, assist- ant treasurer 83,000, and superintendent of national banks (Red. Dir.) 83,500, The Treasurer receives and keeps the government funds, either at headquarters or in the Sub- Treasuries or government depos- itories, paying it out upon warrants drawn in accordance with the law. and pays all interest on the national debt.
The Register of the Treasury is paid a salary of $4,000 per year, and his assistant 82,250. The Register keeps the accounts of public expenditures and receipts; receives the retrimis and makes out the official statements of United States commerce and navigation; receives from first comptroller and Commissioner of Customs all Accounts anil vouchers acted on by them and files the same.
The Comptroller of the C rrency recen es 85,000 per year and his depay $2,800. Thus bureau is charged with a general supervision of the national banks and matters connected with the issming of paper money.
The Director of the Mint receives 81,500 per annum, and is charged with a general supervision over all the conage of the govern- ment.
Comptrollers. The first and second comptrollers are paid n salary of 8 ,000 per year, and each of their deputies receive $2,700. The first comptroller revises and certifies the accounts of the civil and diplomatic serriee and public Inuds. The secou comptroller revises nud certihes the accounts of the army and uary nud of the Pension and ludiun Bureaus.
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