USA > Kansas > Kansas; a cyclopedia of state history, embracing events, institutions, industries, counties, cities, towns, prominent persons, etc. with a supplementary volume devoted to selected personal history and reminiscence, Volume II > Part 99
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Tully, a hamlet in Rawlins county, is located in Clinton township, 18 miles southeast of Atwood, the county seat, and about 10 miles from Gem, the nearest shipping point. It has a money order postoffice with one rural route. The population in 1910 was 15.
Turkville, a country postoffice in Ellis county, is located in West Sa- line township on the Saline river, 20 miles north of Hays, the county seat, and 8 miles south of Codell, Rooks county, the nearest shipping point. The population in 1910 was 40.
Turner, a village of Wyandotte county, is located on the south bank of the Kansas river and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 7 miles southwest of Kansas City. It has several general stores, a school, money order postoffice, telegraph and express facilities and in 1910 had a pop- ulation of 200.
Turner, Erastus J., lawyer, member of Congress and one of the pioneer settlers of western Kansas, was born at Lockport, Erie county, Pa., Dec., 26, 1846. During his youth he moved west and located in Illinois. His college course consisted of a year, 1859 to 1860, at Henry, Ill. When the Civil war broke out he responded to the call for volunteers, enlisting in the Thirteenth Iowa infantry in 1864, and remained in the service until peace was established. Desiring to complete his professional edu- cation he entered Adrian College, Adrian, Mich., in 1866, where he re- ceived his degree in 1868. Two years later he was admitted to the bar and practiced in Michigan until 1879, when he came west and located at Hoxie, Kan. Mr. Turner took great interest in politics, which led to his nomination and election to the state legislature in 1881, and again in 1883. On April 1, 1883, he was elected secretary of the Kansas board of railroad commissioners, but resigned on Aug. 1, 1886, to accept the nomination for Congress, to which he was elected in 1885 and reëlected in 1888.
Turon, one of the prosperous little towns of Reno county, is located at the junction of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Missouri Pacific railroads in Miami township, about 33 miles southwest of Hutch- inson, the county seat. It has 2 banks, a weekly newspaper (the Press), a creamery, an elevator, telegraph and express offices, and an interna- tional money order postoffice with two rural routes. Turon was founded
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in 1886. It was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1905. The population in 1910 according to the U. S. census report was 572.
Tweed, a country postoffice in Gove county, is located on the Smoky Hill river, about 20 miles southwest of Gove, the county seat, and 15 miles north of Healy in Lane county, the nearest shipping point. It has one general store and receives mail daily.
Twin Creek, a country postoffice in Osborne county, is located in Win- field township, II miles south of Osborne, the county seat, which is also the nearest railroad station and shipping point. There is one general store and one rural mail route. The population in 1910 was 95.
Twin Mound, a hamlet of Douglas county, is located in the western portion, 4 miles southeast of Richland, the nearest railroad station, from which it has rural free delivery. In 1910 the population was 33.
Tyner, one of the inland hamlets of Smith county, is located 15 miles northwest of Smith Center, the county seat, and 12 miles north of Athol, the nearest railroad station and the postoffice . from which mail is received.
Tyro, a town of Montgomery county, is located in Caney township on the Missouri Pacific R. R., 26 miles south of Independence, the county seat. It is a thriving little city having more than doubled in population in the last ten years. It was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1906. It is located in the gas fields; a shipping point for grain, live stock and farm produce ; has a bank and a large local trade ; is supplied with express and telegraph offices, and has a money order postoffice with one rural route. The population according to the census of 1910 was 603.
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Udall, an incorporated city of the third class in Cowley county, is located in Ninnescalı township on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 13 miles northwest of Winfield, the county seat, and about 25 miles from Wichita. It has a mill, a bank, a weekly newspaper (the News), a number of retail establishments, telegraph and express offices, and a money order postoffice with three rural routes. The population in 1910 was 330. A school was established here in 1873 and the postoffice in 1879. The town was laid out in 1882 and several stores were built. One of the startling events of the early history of the town was the killing of Sheriff Shenneman of Cowley county, who was shot by Charles Cobb in Jan., 1883.
Underground Railroad .- One measure of the "Compromise of 1850" -the fugitive slave law-was thought by many to violate the principles of justice, as it provided no safeguard for the claimed fugitive against perjury and fraud. "Every case that occurred under it-every sur- render of a claimed fugitive-did more than the abolitionists had ever done to convert Northern people, to some part at least, to abolitionist beliefs. Senator Seward, in a senate debate on the compromise meas- ures, had made a casual allusion to 'a higher law than the constitution,'
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and the phrase was caught up. To obstruct, resist, frustrate, the execu- tion of the statute came to be looked upon by many people as a duty dictated by the 'higher law' of moral right. Legislatures were moved to enact obstructive 'personal liberty laws,' and quiet citizens were moved to riotous acts. Active undertakings to encourage and assist the escape of slaves from the Southern states were set afoot, and a remark- able organization of helping hands was formed, in what took the name of the 'underground railroad,' to secrete them and pass them on to the safe shelter of Canadian law. The slaveholders lost thousands of their servants for every one that the law restored to their hands."
The underground system extended from Kentucky and Virginia across Ohio, and from Maryland through Pennsylvania, New York and New England to Canada. The field extended westward, and the territory embraced by the Middle states and all the Western states east of the Mississippi was dotted over with "stations," and "covered with a net- work of imaginary routes, not found in the railway guides or on the railway maps." Lines were formed through Iowa and Illinois, and pas- sengers were carried from station to station till they reached the Canada line. Kansas was associated with the two states just named as a channel for the escape of runaways from the southwestern slave section. The Ohio-Kentucky routes probably aided more fugitives than any other routes. The valley of the Mississippi was the most westerly channel until Kansas opened a bolder way of escape from the southwest. The route through Kansas entered the state from Missouri near Bain's fort, and important stations on the line were at Trading Post, Osawatomie, Lawrence, Topeka, Holton, Horton and Albany, near which last named place an entrance was made into Nebraska.
From the first settlement of Kansas Lawrence was known as an abo- lition town, and as a chief station on the underground railroad gained considerable notoriety. The reputation of the place reached the ears of the slaves in Missouri, and whenever one of them was able to make his escape he came direct to Lawrence, whence he was sent on his way rejoicing to Canada. In the four years-from 1855 to 1859-it is esti- mated by F. B. Sanborn, an active agent on the line at that place, that nearly 300 fugitives passed through and received assistance from the abolitionists at Lawrence.
One of the leading incidents connected with the history of the under- ground railroad through Kansas was the famous raid of John Brown into Missouri in 1858. After his return from the Eastern states to Kan- sas in 1858, he and his men encamped for a few days at Bain's fort. While there Brown was appealed to by a slave, Jim Daniels, the chattel of one James Lawrence of Missouri. His prayer was for help to get away, because he was soon to be sold, together with his wife, two chil- dren and a negro man. On the following night (Dec. 20) Brown's raid into Missouri was made, and the following is his account of it: "Two small companies were made up to go to Missouri and forcibly liberate five slaves, together with other slaves. One of these companies I
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assumed to direct. We proceeded to the place, surrounded the build- ings, liberated the slaves, and also took certain property supposed to belong to the estate. . .
. We then went to another plantation, where we found five more slaves; took some property and two white men. We all moved slowly away into the territory for some distance and then sent the white men back, telling them to follow us as soon as they chose to do so. The other company freed one female slave, killed one white man (the master) who fought against liberation.
The company responsible for the shooting of the slave-owner, David Cruse, was in charge of Kagi and Charles Stephens, also known as Whipple. Jean Harper, the slave-woman that was taken from this house, said that her master would certainly have fired upon the intru- ders had not Whipple used his revolver first, with deadly effect. When the two squads came together the march back to Bain's fort was begun. On the way thither Brown asked the slaves if they wanted to be free, and then promised to take them to a free country. With his company lie tarried only one day at Bain's fort ; then proceeded northward by way of Osawatomie to the house of Maj. J. B. Abbott, near Lawrence, then by way of Topeka, Holton, Horton and Albany into Nebraska. At Hol- ton a party of pursuers, two or three times as large as Brown's company, was dispersed in instant and ridiculous flight, and four prisoners and five horses were taken. The trip, after leaving Holton, was made amidst great perils, but under an escort of seventeen "Topeka boys" Brown pressed rapidly on to Nebraska City, where the passage of the Mis- souri was made on the ice, and the liberators with their charges arrived at Tabor, Iowa, in the first week of February. At Springdale, Iowa, the negroes were stowed away in a freight car bound for Chicago, and on March 10 they were in Detroit, practically at their journey's end. On the 12th they were ferried across the Detroit river to Windsor. Canada, under Brown's direction. The trip from Southern Kansas to the Canadian destination had consumed three weeks.
The manner in which this result had been accomplished was highly dramatic, and created great excitement throughout the country, espe- cially in Missouri. Brown's biographer, James Redpath, writing in 1860, speaks thus of the consternation in the invaded state: "When the news of the invasion of Missouri spread, a wild panic went with it, which in a few days resulted in clearing Bates and Vernon counties of their slaves. Large numbers were sold South; many ran into the territory and escaped ; others were removed farther inland. When John Brown made his invasion there were 500 slaves in that district where there are not 50 negroes now."
The story of the adventure was not unlikely to penetrate the remote regions of the South, find lodgment in the retentive memories of many . slaves and increase the traffic on the Kansas branch of the "Under- ground Railroad." The success of the expedition was well calculated to increase John Brown's determination to carry into operation the plans which met with a dismal failure a short time afterward at Harper's Ferry.
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The underground railroad movement was one that grew from small beginnings into a great system, and it should be reckoned with as a dis- tinct factor in tracing the growth of anti-slavery opinion. It was largely serviceable in developing, if not in originating, the convictions of such powerful agents in the cause as Harriet Beecher Stowe and John Brown, and it furnished the ground for the charge brought again and again by the South against the North of injury wrought by the failure to execute the law, a charge that must be placed among the chief grievances of the slave states at the beginning of the Civil war. The period some -. times designated the "era of slave-hunting," contributed to increase the traffic along the numerous and tortuous lines of the underground rail- road, which, according to the testimony of participants, did its most thriving business in all parts of the North during the decade from 1850 to 1860. When John Brown led his company of slaves from Missouri to Canada despite the attempts to prevent him, and when soon there- after he attempted to execute his plan for the general liberation of slaves, he showed the extreme to which the aid to fugitives might lead. The influence of his training in underground railroad work is plain in the methods and plans he followed. While Kansas was but sparsely populated, and in the midst of the throes of a border warfare, her citi- zens who opposed slavery conducted an important branch of the rail- road.
Uniontown, one of the early settlements of Bourbon county, is situ- ated in the valley of the Marmaton river on the Missouri Pacific R. R., 15 miles west of Fort Scott. A postoffice was established near there in 1856. A few years later it was moved to a point about 2 miles east of Uniontown and in 1862 to its present location. A school was taught at Uniontown in 1860 but no building was erected until 1864. The follow- ing year a town company was formed and the first buildings of the vil- lage erected. These were followed by other business buildings and the Methodist church. In 1871 a mill was built and after the coming of the railroad the town began to flourish. At the present time it is a banking point for a considerable district, has several general stores, a hardware and implement house, wagon shop, lumber yard, livery stable and in 1910 had a population of 300.
Unitarian Church .- Unitarianism today is believed to have resulted from the general movement of thought that gave rise to the Protestant reformation, being a later development of the changing religious ideas of that period. One of the first definite affirmations of the doctrines now known as Unitarian was made in 1546 at Vicenza, Italy, when a society or club, of some 40 members, among them the leading scholars of northern Italy, was formed to discuss the anti-trinatarian views. It was soon dispersed by the civil authorities, but a few of the members escaped to Switzerland and Poland, where they at once began to teach the new doctrine.
The name Unitarian was first applied in 1568, as the title of a religious body, arising from the fact that certain bodies formed a union and pledged themselves not to persecute each other on religious grounds.
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From Poland and Switzerland the movement spread to Transylvania and also found a ready reception in England. During the 17th century persecution of the Unitarians began on the continent and in England, but Unitarianism was maintained throughout the years of struggle and lived to become one of the churches of today. It was first established on American soil in the Plymouth colony in 1620, at Salem in 1629, and in Boston in 1630. In Bradford's History the covenant of the Salem church is given, which reads, "We covenant with the Lord and one another." It is now believed that Unitarianism in America was a devel- opment from the Congregational order and not a secession as in Eng- land. Unitarianism was brought to Kansas by the first free-state set- tlers in the early territorial period. The first church of this denomina- tion was established at Lawrence in 1855, but one year after the town was settled. E. Nute, a missionary sent out by the American Unitarian association, was influential in perfecting the organization of this pioneer congregation. At first, meetings were held in the open air until a build- ing could be procured. Mr. Nute was assisted by E. B. Whitman of Massachusetts, and through the missionary association $5,400 was raised in the Eastern states for church and school buildings, which were com- pleted in 1857. In Aug., 1871, a Unitarian society was established at Topeka. Articles of association were adopted in November and the first minister there was George Patton. A hall was used as a meeting place for some time but a church was built later on Topeka avenue. An attempt was made to establish a church at Ottawa, but it failed and the third church in the state was established at Wichita in 1887. The growth of the church has been somewhat slow in Kansas, as there were but 4 church organizations in the state in 1906 with a total membership of 345.
United Brethren Church .- The church of the United Brethren in Christ resulted from a religious revival which took place among the Germans of Pennsylvania in the latter part of the 18th and opening years of the 19th centuries. Philip Otterbein and Martin Boehm, pastors of the German Reformed and Mennonite churches, respectively, were the leaders of this movement. Many converts were made, the first were called brothers, and it is believed this gave rise to the name of the church when it assumed an organized form.
At first no steps were taken for separate organization, but as the movement spread meetings were arranged and in 1789 a general council of the leading ministers, 15 in number, was called at Baltimore. A sim- ilar conference was held near York, Pa., in 1791. In 1800 the first reg- ular annual conference was held at Frederick, Md., when the name United Brethren in Christ was adopted and Otterbein and Boehm were elected the first superintendents or bishops. Fifteen years later the first general conference met at Mount Pleasant, Pa., when a confession of faith and a discipline were adopted. The United Brethren have a quarterly and annual conference, with a quadrennial general conference, which is the only legislative body, composed of an equal number of clergy and laymen. The supervision of the church is in the hands of the bishops, who are elected every four years.
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The first steps taken by the church to establish congregations in Kan- sas began late in the territorial period, when a church was organized at Lecompton with 5 members by W. A. Cardwell, a missionary and the first preacher of this denomination in the town. A church was estab- lished in Osage county early in the '6os but did not prosper and was disbanded. Subsequently it was reorganized and became a strong church. In July, 1869, a church was organized at Topeka with 8 mem- bers, and within a short time a church building was erected. Great progress was made by the United Brethren in Kansas during the next twenty years, as the census of 1890 gave the number of congregations as 155; the church buildings as 47 and the membership as 5.745. In 1906 the United Brethren ranked seventh in the state with a member- ship of 15,998.
United States Courts .- (See Judiciary, Territorial.) The act of Con- gress which admitted Kansas into the Union provided, "That all the laws of the United States, which are not locally inapplicable, shall have the same force and effect within that state as in other states of the Union ; and the said state is hereby constituted a judicial district of the U'nited States, within which a district court, with like powers and juris- diction as the district court of the United States for the District of Min- nesota, shall be established; the judge, attorney and marshal of the United States, for the said District of Kansas, shall reside within the same, and shall be entitled to the same compensation as the judge, attor- ney and marshal of the District of Minnesota."
The district judge was required to hold two regular terms annually at the seat of government, and given the jurisdiction and powers defined under the usual legislation for the Western states. The first judge of the Federal court was Archibald Williams of Illinois, but since then there has never been an exception to the appointment of citizens of the the state. Williams was commissioned on March 8, 1861, and served until his death, in Sept., 1863. Mark W. Delahay, a citizen of Leaven- worth county, formerly from Alabama, was commissioned on Oct. 7, 1863. Cassius G. Foster accepted a commission dated March 10, 1874. to succeed Delahay, who resigned. Foster was succeeded by William C. Hook, commissioned Jan. 31, 1899, by President Mckinley, and upon his elevation to the circuit bench on Dec. 1, 1903, he was succeeded by John C. Pollock.
The list of district attorneys, with dates of commission, is as follows: John T. Burris, May 6, 1861; Robert Crozier, 1861; James S. Emery, 1864; Samuel A. Riggs, April 8, 1867; Albert H. Horton, May 25, 1869 ; C. J. Scofield, June, 1873; George R. Peck, January, 1874; J. R. Hal- lowell, March 23, 1879: W. C. Perry, July 31, 1885; J. W. Ady, 1889; W. C. Perry, Sept. 8, 1893; I. E. Lambert, 1897; J. S. Dean, 1001 ; Harry J. Bone, Dec. 18, 1905.
The United States marshals have been Thomas A. Osborn, Charles C. Whiting, D. W. Houston, William S. Tough, Charles H. Miller, Ben- jamin F. Simpson, W. C. Jones, R. L. Walker, S. F. Neely, W. E. Sterne, L. S. Crum, and W. HI. Mackey, Jr.
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United States Penitentiary .- In 1891 Congress provided for the estab . lishment of three penitentiaries, one of which was to be located west of the Rocky mountains and two east. The act made no appropriation for the purchase of sites, and in consequence no prison was established under that act until 1895, when the 53d Congress converted the old mil- itary prison at Fort Leavenworth into a civil penitentiary. On July I of that year the old prison, which had been built for military purposes more than forty years before, ceased to be an institution under military · supervision and passed under control of the department of justice. The suggestion for buildings was brought forward about this time, with the result that Congress passed a bill, which was approved on June 10, 1898, setting aside 700 acres of land on the south end of the Fort Leaven- worth reservation for the site. An appropriation of $150,000 was made for a new building, sufficiently large to accommodate 1,200 convicts. .An outside wall 2,600 feet long and 30 feet high has also been provided for. Prior to 1910 the sum of $643,000 had been appropriated for prison construction, about one-half of which had been expended. The labor of prisoners has been utilized in the construction work, which gave them an opportunity to learn useful occupations that would prove remunera- tive upon their discharge from prison. A school is also maintained for the improvement of the convicts in the prison, which in 1910 had an attendance of over 200, all illiterates being required to attend. R. W. McClaughry, connected with the penal and reformatory institutions of Illinois for years, has been warden since 1895. Other penitentiaries pro- vided by Congress were located at McNeil's Island, Wash., and Atlanta, Ga. The U. S. military prison at Fort Leavenworth was again reestab- lished early in 1896.
Universalist Church .- Universalism, according to its present theo- logical meaning, is the name applied to those who believe in universal salvation, or the belief that it is the purpose of God, through the grace revealed in Jesus Christ, to save all of the human race from sin. Univer- salists claim this interpretation of the Bible dates back to the Sibylline Oracles, the teachings of Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Marcellus and others, and that four of the early theological schools taught this idea. From the 7th century to the Reformation there was no great progress in the growth of Universalism, though it was manifest in the teachings of some, such as Almarac, John of Goch and Albertus Magnus. With the Reformation, Universalism received fresh impetus, and from it dates the modern history of the church. Some of the Protestant bodies advocated universal salvation, but it was not until 1750 that any organization bore the name, believers in universal salvation prior to that time being affil- iated with various sects and religious organizations.
As early as 1636, the doctrine of Universalism was preached in Massa- chusetts colony and Rhode Island by Samuel Gorton. Some of the early Moravians who came to America in 1735 and settled in Pennsylvania were believers in universal salvation, and it was also advocated in Episco- pal pulpits. Early in the 18th century Universalism gained a foothold
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among Congregationalists, but organized Universalism and the estab- lishment of the Universalist church in America was the work of John Murray, who came to this country in 1770. The movement spread during the years of his teaching and associations were formed in Philadelphia and Massachusetts, where on Sept. 14, 1785, the "Independent Christian Society, commonly called Universalists," was formed at Gloucester by people who had left the First Parish church. The "Charter of Compact," drawn up by the Gloucester Universalists was generally accepted and in 1803, the annual session of the general convention, three articles of be- lief were agreed upon.
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