USA > Louisiana > The province and the states, a history of the province of Louisiana under France and Spain, and of the territories and states of the United States formed therefrom, Vol. III > Part 23
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Tulane University of Louisiana was founded in 1884 upon an agreement between the state and the trustees of the Tulane Edu- cation Fund, under which the old University of Louisiana became the Tulane University of Louisiana and the beneficiary of the splendid bequest of the philanthropist, Paul Tulane. The insti- tution had its origin back in 1834 as the Medical College of Louisiana, which granted the first professional degrees in the Southwest. It had four departments: Medicine, Law, Natural Science and Letters. Its early career was somewhat humble, but it was assisted regularly by the legislature. For sixteen years, beginning with the Civil war, it remained idle, but was finally reopened in 1878. The constitution of 1879 made provision for its maintenance, and the bequest of Mr. Tulane, aggregating about one million fifty thousand dollars, made it probably the strongest institution of learning in the South. It has received other important donations: One of one hundred thousand dol- lars from Mrs. Josephine Louise Newcomb to found a department "for the higher education of white girls and young women," and has since added to her original donation ; one of one hundred forty thousand dollars in 1801 by Miss Ida A. Richardson for a building for the medical department, and one of fifty thousand dollars in 1900 by Mrs. Caroline Tilton for a library building. The state has exempted the institution from taxation, which enables it to use all its endowment for purposes of instruction. The institution is a credit to the whole country, already so well filled with enlight -. enment and its means of acquirement. Advanced education in any branch of learning may be obtained at this model educational institution.
The Louisiana State Normal School was established by the legislature in 1884, and the first session was opened at Natchi- toches the following year under the direction of Dr. Edward E. Sheib. It is supported mainly by annual appropriations from the legislature. A portion of its income is derived from the Peabody Education Fund. The sole object of its establishment is to train teachers for the common schools of the state. Through its instrumentality normal institutes are held annually throughout the state, the parishes thus seeing the direct benefits. Its build- ings were once the property of the Convent of the Sacred Heart. It is doubtful if even the big colleges accomplish so much good among the masses as this small institution. Its teachers are found in every parish, and the poor receive the direct benefits.
The Louisiana Industrial Institute at Ruston is another insti- tution to prepare youth for the manual labor of life. It was
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established by the legislature in 1894 "for the education of the white children of Louisiana in the arts and sciences." The first session opened in September, 1895. Annual appropriations sus- tain somewhat inadequately this worthy educational institution. From 202 students in 1895, the school has grown to 524 students in 1902. It merits a much larger appropriation.
The Southwestern Louisiana Industrial Institute was founded by the legislature in 1898 and was located at Lafayette. The people of that city and vicinity offered a tax of two mills for ten years on the assessed valuation of the parish, a suitable site, and several cash donations to secure the institution. The school has substantial buildings, and is fitted to give the youth of the state instruction in all industrial branches and pursuits. The first ses- sion opened in 1901 with about 150 students in attendance. The institution reaches a class that is not touched by the more preten- tions educational organizations of the state.
The Gulf Biologic Station is an important adjunct of the educa- tional organizations of the state. It was founded in 1898 by the government upon the request of the legislature, and was at first somewhat too closely confined to pisciculture, but was soon extended to oysters, crabs, shrimps, and all other sea food prod. ucts. The building was completed in 1902. The station is now prepared to carry out the useful objects of its origin.
The Southern University for persons of color receives annually from the state ten thousand dollars. It was established under the constitution of 1879 and was located in New Orleans. The build . ing was begun in 1885 and finished two years later. An agri- cultural and mechanical department has been added in recent years. Full courses of study are given to the colored students.
Straight University is another institution for the education of colored students. It was founded through the instrumentality of the American Missionary Society. The government gave the ground and buildings in 1869-70, the institution taking its name from one of its benefactors, Seymour Straight. The building was burned in 1877, but another structure was erected the following year. The institution furnishes full courses to colored students.
The New Orleans University, founded in 1873, is open to the youth of all races, but is principally attended by colored students. It is sustained by the Freedmen's Aid and Southern Educational Society of the Methodist Episcopal church. It has branches in other parts of the state and gives full courses and a liberal edu- cation.
The Charity Hospital was founded in 1727 and is thus one of
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the oldest, if not the oldest, institutions of the kind in the United States. It was founded by the Ursuline Nuns, and is often spoken of in the old records of the province. Its first important buildings were erected in 1784, at which time it received a donation of one hundred fourteen thousand dollars from Don Andres AAlmonos - ter y Roxas, under whose family management it remained until 1811, when it became public property. In 1815 a substantial building was erected in New Orleans, but in 1832 it was sold to Louisiana to be used as a state house, and from the proceeds, one hundred twenty-five thousand dollars, and several donations the present site was purchased and buildings were erected. The state of Pennsylvania assisted the institution in early years upon con- sideration that it would care for the Pennsylvania boatmen taken sick or otherwise left helpless in Louisiana. It covers two squares of ground, and at the present time has sixteen or eighteen build- ings. It has received many valuable donations-one of one hun- dred thousand dollars from Mrs. D. A. Milliken, one of seventy- three thousand dollars from W. T. Richards, and one of fifty thousand dollars from an unknown philanthropist. The state almost from the start has granted it substantial appropriations annually. It is a famons institution, around which cling the imperishable vines of tender memory and Christian usefulness.
The Louisiana Institution for the Blind was established in 1852 when a bill was introduced in the legislature providing for the care of the deaf, dumb and blind. The same year the work of educating these unfortunates was begun in New Orleans. Sub- stantial buildings were not completed until 1858, and in the mean- time, as before, the helpless persons were provided for in other benevolent institutions. Little was done during the war, but in 1871 the institution was revived and provided with buildings at Baton Rouge, having been driven from its home by the Seminary of Learning. In 1882 the new buildings were occupied and addi- tions were made in 1888, since which time the establishment has been much more efficient.
The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was founded in 1852 with an appropriation of twenty-five thousand dollars and located at Baton Rouge. It opened in 1853 and prospered until the Civil war and was then occupied by soldiers. In 1869, in common with the Institution for the Blind, it lost its buildings to the Seminary of Learning, whereupon the trustees leased other buildings and continued the good work. It is distinctively an educational insti- tntion and not an asylum, having full lines of instruction and suitable equipment. In 1886, when the State University moved
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to the old United States barracks, the Deaf and Dumb Institution returned to its old buildings.
The care of the insane was first provided for in 1847, when the sum of ten thousand dollars was appropriated to found an institution, which was located at Jackson. It was first opened in 1848 with eighty-five patients taken from the Charity Hospital where they had been previously taken care of. By 1902 the nuni- ber of patients had increased to 1,284. New Orleans took care of her own insane during the war and afterward until 1882, con- fining them in the old Marine Hospital, but after the latter date all were sent to Jackson, There is a ward in the asyhun for colored patients, there being confined therein in 1902 465 of that race.
In 1822 the legislature made provision for the incarceration and maintenance of the criminals of the state by providing for the erection of a penitentiary at New Orleans. The building was built and occupied, but the institution was removed to Baton Rouge in about 1832, the first buildings there being completed in 1834. The first gang of convicts, numbering twenty-one, was taken there in the same year. In 1838 the state provided the necessary machinery for the manufacture of cotton and woolen goods by the convicts. Improvements were added to the build- ings from time to time. In 1844 the state leased the institution to private persons, but in 18449 such changes were made that the state received from the lessee four thousand dollars for the con- victs annually. Early in the fifties the buildings as they are today were finished. In 1855 the institution reverted to the state, but two years later was again leased. The war threw open the doors of the penitentiary, but they were again closed in 1865. The lease system was soon adopted and has continued down to the present with small exceptions. The convicts have been largely employed in building levees and in agriculture. In 1902 they raised about 5,300 acres of cotton, sugar and corn. The institution is now under the management of a Board of Control. It is more than self-sustaining.
The Confederate Memorial Hall in New Orleans is designed to collect and preserve the relies of the Civil war, particularly those of Louisiana. It was established in 1880 from several sep- arate and smaller associations. Mr. Frank T. Howard offered to 'erect a building which was completed and occupied in 1801. It receives a small appropriation annually from the state, but is mainly sustained by collections from the Confederate veterans and
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their friends. There have been gathered together over 15,000 articles, many of them of almost priceless value.
In 1866 the legislature established a Soldiers' Ilome and appro- priated twenty thousand dollars to commence operations. The institution was located at Mandeville, and was continued until 1868, when it was discontinued. In 1882 it was revived and located near Esplanade avenue and named Camp Nicholls. It has since fulfilled the expectations of its founders.
The Touro Infirmary, a Hebrew institution, was founded in 1854 by Judah Tonro, at which time the Touro Infirmary Society was incorporated. But it was not until 1869 that the proper buildings were ready for occupancy and the infirmary was opened to the public. It united interests with the Hebrew Benevolent Association, but still the objects were not wholly attained. In 1881 larger grounds were purchased, and the following year good buildings were erected, since which the institution has realized the objects of its benevolent founder.
The State Library was founded by the legislature in 1838, but for many years had a sorry growth and existence. To Charles Gayarre is due its first important revival. In the forties he put the institution on its feet, added largely to its collections, and made it of importance to the legislature. Others assisted him and gradually the library came to be regarded as one of the most valuable of the state establishments. So well was this work done, that in 1860 about 30,000 volumes graced the shelves, many of them both rare and valuable. The war destroyed almost the whole of this valuable collection, which was then in the state house at Baton Rouge. Since the war the system of exchanges has made the library one of the most valuable in the Southwest.
The Howard Library was founded in 1889, when Miss Annie T. Howard, in the name of her father, Charles T. Howard, donated for that purpose a tract of ground with buildings valued at one hundred thousand dollars, about 8,000 books valued at twelve thousand dollars, and one hundred fifteen thousand dolars in cash for a permanent revenue fund. The library was opened in March, 1889. The same year Frank T. Howard provided for the erec- tion of an annex for the preservation of Confederate relics, and finally of all interesting Louisiana objects. As soon as built the structure was transferred to the Louisiana Ilistorical Society, which was reorganized for that purpose at the time. This institu- tion is the pride of New Orleans, indeed of all Louisiana.
Governors of Louisiana under French rule: Marquis de Sauvolle, 1609 1700; Bienville, 1701-12; Lamothe Cadillac, 1713
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-15; De L'Epinay, 1716-17; Bienville, 1718-23; Boisbriant (ad interim), 1724; Perrier, 1725-31; Bienville, 1732-41; Marquis de Vaudreuil, 1742-52; Baron de Kerlerec, 1753-62; D'Abadie, 1763-66.
Under Spanish rule: Antoine de Ulloa, 1767-68; Alexander O'Reilly, 1768-69; Luis de Unzaga, 1770-76; Bernardo de Gal- vez, 1777-84; Estevan Miro, 1785-87; Francisco Luis Horter, Baron de Carondelet, 1789-92; Gayoso de I,emos, 1793-97; Sebastian y Caso Calvo y O'Farrill, 1798-1799; Juan Manuel de Salcedo, 1801-1803.
Territory of Louisiana: W. C. C. Claiborne, 1804-12.
State of Louisiana: W. C. C. Claiborne, 1812-16; Jacques Villere, 1816-20; Thomas Bolling Robertson (resigned), 1820- 22; Henry S. Thibodeau, president of the senate (acting gover- nor), 1822-24; Henry Jolinson, 1824-28; Pierre Derbigny (died in office), 1828-29; A. Beauvais, president of the senate (acting governor ), 1829-30; Jacques Dupre, 1830-31 ; Andre Bienvenu Roman, 1831-35; Edward White, 1835-39; Andre Bienvenu Roman, 1839-43; Alexander Mouton, 1843-46; Isaac Johnson, 1846-50; Joseph Walker, 1850-53: Paul O. Hebert, 1853-56; Robert Charles Wickliffe, 1856-60; Thomas Overton Moore, 1860-64; Gen. G. F. Shepley, military governor, 1862-63; Henry Watkins Allen, under Confederate government, 1864-65; Michael Halın, under Federal government, 1864; James Madison Wells, president of senate (acting governor), 1864-66; James Madison Wells, 1866-67; Benjamin Flanders, under military authority, 1867-68; Joshua Baker, under military authority, 1868; Henry Clay Warmoth, 1868-73; John MeEnery (counted out by the Returning Board), 1873; P. B. S. Pinchback, lieutenant governor, acting governor. 1873; William Pitt Kellogg, governor de jure, 1873-77; Francis T. Nicholls, 1877-79; Louis Alfred Wiltz (died in office), 1880-81; Samuel Douglas McEnery, lieutenant governor, succeeded him as governor, 1881-84; Samuel Douglas McEnery, 1884-88; Francis T. Nicholls, 1888-92; Murphy James Foster, 1892-96; Murphy James Foster, 1896-00; William Wright Heard, 1900-04.
Louisiana congressmen: Ninth congress-March 4, 1805, to March 4, 1807. Delegate: Daniel Clarke. Tenth congress -- March 4, 1807, to March 4, 1809. Delegate: Daniel Clarke. Eleventh congress-March 4, 1809, to March 4, 1811. Delegate : Julian Poydras. Twelfth congress-March 4, 1811, to March 4, 1813. Delegate: Julian Poydras, until April 8, 1812, when Louisiana was admitted into the Union.
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Senators: Allen B. Magruder, to serve from September 3, IS12, to March 4, 1813. Jean Noel Destrehan, elected in Decen- ber, 1811, to serve until March 4, 1817, but resigned before the state was admitted, and was succeeded by Thos. Lloyd Posey, the Governor's appointee, who served until December, 1812, when James Brown, the elect of the Legislature, took his seat. Repre- sentative: Thomas Bolling Robertson.
Thirteenth congress -- March 4, 1813, to March 4, 1815. Sena- tors: James Brown, Eligius Fromentin, successor to Allen B. Magruder. Representative: Thomas B. Robertson.
Fourteenth congress-March 4, 1815, to March 4, 1817. Sena- lors : James Brown, Eligius Fromentin. Representative : Thomas B. Robertson.
Fifteenth congress-March 4, 1817, to March 4, 1819. Sena- tors: Elgius Fromentin, Wm. C. C. Claiborne, successor to James Brown.
Sixteenth congress-March 4, 1819, to March 4, 1821. Sena- tors: Ilenry Johnson ; James Brown, successor to Eligius Fro- mentin to serve until March 4, 1825. Representative: Thomas Butler.
Seventeenth congress-March 4, 1821, to March 4, 1823. Sen- ators: Henry Johnson, James Brown. Representative: Josiah Stoddart Johnson.
Eighteenth congress-March 4, 1823, to March 4, 1825. Sen- ators : James Brown, until December 23, 1823, when he resigned to accept the position of minister to France, and was succeeded (January 15, 1824) by Josiah S. Johnson. Henry Jolinson, re- elected; to serve until March 4, 1829; but in 1824 resigned to become governor of the state, and was succeeded ( November 19, 1824,) by Dominique Bouligny. Representatives : Wm. L. Brent, Henry H. Gurley, Edward Livingston.
Nineteenth congress-March 4, 1825, to March 4, 1827. Sen- ators: Josiah S. Johnston; his own successor; to serve until March 4, 1831 ; Dominique Bouligny. Representatives: William L. Brent, Henry H. Gurley, Edward Livingston.
Twentieth congress-March 4, 1827, to March 4, 1829. Sen- ators: Josiah S. Johnston, Dominique Bouligny. Representa- tives : William 1 .. Brent, Henry 11. Gurley, Edward Livingston.
Twenty-first congress-March 4, 1829, to March 4, 1831. Senators: Josiah S. Johnston, Edward Livingston, successor to Dominique Bouligny, to serve until March 4, 1835. Representa- tives: Walter II. Overton, Henry H. Gurley, Edward D. White.
Twenty-second congress-March 4, 1831, to March 4, 1833. Senators: Josiah S. Johnston, re-elected for six years; Edward
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Livingston, resigned and succeeded, (November 19, 1831,) by George A. Waggaman. Representatives: Henry Adams Bullard, Philemon Thomas, Edward D. White.
Twenty-third congress-March 4, 1833, to March 4, 1835. Senators: Josiah S. Johnston, killed May 19, 1833, by steamboat explosion on Red river, and succeeded, (December 19, 1833,) by Alexander Porter, George A. Waggan an. Representatives : Henry A. Bullard, resigned in 1834 to become a member of the Louisiana supreme court, and was succeeded by Rice Garland; Philemon Thomas; Edward D. White (resigned in 1834 to become governor, and was succeeded by Henry Johnson).
Twenty-fourth congress-March 4, 1835, to March 4, 1837. Senators: Alexander Porter, resigned January 10, 1837, and suc- ceeded January 12, 1837, by Alexander Mouton ; Charles Gayarre, successor to George A. Waggaman, resigned in December, 1835, and was succeeded by Robert Carter Nicholas. Representatives: Rice Garland, Eleazar W. Ripley, Henry Johnson.
Twenty-fifth congress-March 4, 1837, to March 4, 1839. Sen- " ators: Robert C. Nicholas, Alexander Mouton, elected for six years to succeed himself. Representatives: Rice Garland, Eleazar W. Ripley, (died March 2, 1839), Henry Johnson.
Twenty-sixth congress-March 4, 1839, to March 4, 1841. Sen- ators: Robert C. Nicholas, Alexander Mouton. Representatives : Rice Garland, resigned in 1840 to become one of the judges of the Louisiana supreme court, and was succeeded by John Moore; Thomas Withers Chinn, Edward D. White.
Twenty-seventh congress-March 4, 1841, to March 4, 1843. Senators: Alexander Mouton, resigned April 1, 1842, to become governor, and on April 14, 1842, was succeeded by Charles M. Conrad; Alexander Barron, successor to Robert C. Nicholas for term ending March 4. 1847. Representatives: John Moore, John B. Dawson, Edward D. White.
Twenty-cighth congress-March 4, 1843, to March 4, 1845. Senators: Alexander Barrow, Alexander Porter (successor to Chas. M. Conrad for term ending March 4, 1849), died January 13, 1844, and was succeeded by Henry Johnson. Representatives : John Slidell, Aleee Labranche, John B. Dawson, Placide E. Bos- sier, died April 24, 1844, and Isaac E. Morse elected to fill unex- pired term.
Twenty-ninth congress-March 4, 1845, to March 4, 1847. Senators: Alexander Barrow, died December 29, 1846, and Pierre Soule elected to vacancy February 3. 1847; Henry Johnson. Representatives: John Slidell, in 1846 resigned, hav- ing been appointed minister to Mexico, and Emile La Sere elected
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to the vacancy ; Bannon G. Thibodeau; John B. Dawson, died June 26, 1845, and Jolin H. Harmanson elected to the vacancy; Isaac E. Morse.
Thirtieth congress-March 4, 1847, to March 4, 1849. Sena- tors: Henry Johnson, Solomon W. Downs, successor to Pierre Soulé for term ending March 4, 1853. Representatives: Emile Ja Sere; Bannon G. Thibodeau, John H. Harmanson, Isaac E. Morse.
Thirty-first congress-March 4, 1849, to March 4, 1851. Sen- ators: Solomon W. Downs, Pierre Soule, successor to Henry Johnson, for term ending March 4, 1855. Representatives : Emile La Sere, Charles M. Conrad, in July, 1850, resigned to become secretary of war, and in November, 1850, Henry A. Bullard was elected to the vacancy ; John Il. Harmanson, died October 25, 1850, and in November, 1850, Alex. G. Penn was elected to the vacancy ; Isaac E. Morse.
Thirty-second congress-March 4, 1851, to March 4, 1853. Senators: Solomon W. Downs, Pierre Soulé. Representatives : Louis St. Martin, J. Aristide Landry, Alexander G. Penn, John Moore.
Thirty-third congress-March 4, 1853, to March 4, 1855. Sen- ators: Pierre Soule, resigned in March, 1853, to become minis- ter to Spain, and April 12, 1853, John Slidell was elected to the vacancy. Judah P. Benjamin, successor to Solomon W. Downs, for term ending March 4, 1859. Representatives: William Dun- bar, Theodore G. Hunt, John Perkins, Jr., Roland Jones.
Thirty-fourth congress-March 4, 1855, to March 4, 1857. Sen- ators: Judah P. Benjamin, John Slidell, to succeed himself for six years. Representatives: George Eustis, Jr., Miles Taylor, Thomas Green Davidson, John M. Sandidge.
Thirty-fifth congress-March 4, 1857, to March 4, 1859. Sen- ators: Judah P. Benjamin, John Slidell. Representatives: George Eustis, Jr., Miles Taylor, Thomas G. Davidson, John M. Sandidge.
Thirty-sixth congress-March 4, 1859, to March 4, 1861. Sen- ators: Judah P. Benjamin, to succeed himself for terin ending March 4, 1865 ; but on Feb. 4, 1861, retired, because of the seces- sion of Louisiana from the Union. John Slidell ; retired Feb. 4, 1861, because of the secession of Louisiana. Representatives: John E. Bouligny, Miles Taylor, Thomas G. Davidson, John M. Landrin. (Taylor, Davidson and Landrum retired on Feb. 4, 1861, because of the secession of the state).
Thirty-seventh congress-March 4, 1861, to March 4, 1863. Louisiana unrepresented in the senate. In the house Benjamin F.
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Flanders represented the First district from January 10, 1863, to March 4, 1863; and Michael Hahn, the Second district, for the same brief period.
Thirty-eighth congress-March 4, 1863, to March 4, 1865. Louisiana unrepresented in either house.
Thirty-ninth congress-March 4, 1865, to March 4, 1867. Louisiana unrepresented in either house.
Fortieth congress-March 4, 1867, to March 4, 1869. Sena- tors: Wm. Pitt Kellogg, from July 17, 1868, for term expiring March 4, 1873. John S. Harris, from July 17, 1868, for term expiring March 4, 1871. Representatives: J. Hale Sypher, J. H. Menard (colored), Michel Vidal, John P. Newsham, W. Jasper Blackburn ; all five served only from July 17, 1868.
Forty-first congress -- March 4, 1869, to March 4, 1871. Sen- tors: William Pitt Kellogg, John S. Harris. Representatives : First district : Louis St. Martin, elected by 653 majority over J. Hale Sypher, but the latter contested and was seated. Second district : Lionel A. Sheldon. Third district: Adolph Bailey, . elected by 7,497 majority over Chester B. Darrall, but the latter contested and was seated. Fourth district : Michael Ryan, clected by 4,779 majority over John P. Newsham, but the latter contested and was seated. Fifth district: Geo. W. McCranie, elected by 7,684 majority over Frank Morey, but the latter con- tested and was seated.
Forty-second congress-March 4, 1871, to March 4, 1873. Sen- ators: William Pitt Kellogg, resigned in December, 1872, to be- come governor ; and P. B. S. Pinchback (colored), was elected to succeed him, but was never admitted. J. Rodman West, suc- cessor to John S. Harris. Representatives: J. Hale Sypher, Lionel A. Sheldon, Chester B. Darrall, James McCleary, died in 1872, and Aleck Boarman elected to the vacancy; Frank Morey.
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