USA > Massachusetts > Essex County > Newburyport > City Officers and the Annual Reports to the City Council of Newburyport 1907 > Part 1
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CITY OF NEWBURYPORT
CITY OFFICERS
MAYOR'S ADDRESS
AND THE
ANNUAL REPORTS
CITY OF NEWBURYPORT
MD ECLI
TO THE CITY COUNCIL
FOR THE YEAR
1907
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF CITY COUNCIL
NEWBURYPORT PRESS OF GEORGE J. SWAN 1907
CITY GOVERNMENT AND OFFICERS-1907
-
MAYOR ALBERT F. HUNT Residence, 15 Washington street ; office, city hall
BOARD OF ALDERMEN President of the board, GEORGE H. WELCH
Ward One
GEORGE H. WELCH. . 20 Oak street
Ward Two
LAURENS C. EMERY
56 Federal street
Ward Three
ROBERT E. HART 22 Liberty street
Ward Four
WILLIAM H. WALLACE
18 Market street
Ward Five
ALBERT H. BECKFORD
17 Summit place
Ward Six
OBED W. GREATON .26 Tyng street
At Large
EDGAR ROSS
. II Tyng street
Clerk of the board, HENRY W. LITTLE
4
ANNUAL, REPORTS
COMMON COUNCIL President of the council, EDWARD G. MOODY
Ward One
HENRY H. HARRIS . 150 Water street
FREDERICK W. KNAPP .27 High street
CORNELIUS F. SULLIVAN 30 Franklin street
Ward Two
WILLIAM H. CONNELL. 30 Charles street
CHESTER G. MENUT 26 Lime street
FRANK H. PLUMER. 69 Federal street
Ward Three
J. EUGENE FOWLE 100 State street
EDWARD M. PLUMER .6 Fruit street
NICHOLAS J. WATERS II Orange street
Ward Four
JOHN W. AKERMAN . 16 Market street
WILLIAM J. CUSACK .38 Washington street
HERBERT C. HEWITT . 2412 Summer street
Ward Five
EDWARD BASS 7 Congress street
HENRY O. MARTIN. 53 Washington street
EDWARD G. MOODY. .218 High street
Ward Six
CHARLES E. COFFIN · 324 Merrimac street GEORGE E. COOPER. ·3 North Atkinson street GEORGE P. RAND 14 Oakland street
Clerk of the council, J. HERMANN CARVER
5
CITY GOVERNMENT
JOINT STANDING COMMITTEES
MUNICIPAL DEPARTMENTS - Mayor, president board of aldermen, president common council.
ACCOUNTS-Aldermen Greaton, Wallace, Councilmen Menut, Waters, Hewitt.
BRIDGES AND CULVERTS- Aldermen Wallace, Beckford, Council- men Knapp, Akerman, Rand.
CLAIMS - Aldermen Hart, Welch, Councilmen F. H. Plumer, Akerman and Rand.
COMMERCIAL INTERESTS- Aldermen Beckford, Emery, Council- men Menut, Fowle, Martin.
FIRE DEPARTMENT - Aldermen Hart, Ross, Beckford, Greaton, Councilmen Knapp, Connell, Waters, Hewitt, Rand.
FUEL - Aldermen Hart, Greaton, Councilmen Connell, Cusack, Bass.
FINANCE- Alderman Beckford, Councilmen Sullivan, F. H. Plumer, Fowle, Moody, Cooper.
HIGHWAYS- Aldermen Welch, Emery, Hart, Wallace, Beckford, Greaton, Ross, Councilmen Sullivan, Menut, E. M. Plumer, Cusack, Martin, Coffin.
LIGHTING - Aldermen Greaton, Emery, Councilmen Harris, Bass, Cooper.
PRINTING - Alderman Emery, Councilmen Martin, Cusack.
PUBLIC PROPERTY - Aldermen Wallace, Greaton, Emery, Coun- cilmen Harris, F. H. Plumer, Fowle, Akerman, Bass, Cooper.
SEWERS - Aldermen Emery, Ross, Greaton, Councilmen Connell, E. M. Plumer, Coffin.
WATER SUPPLY AND WATERING STREETS-Aldermen Wallace, Ross, Councilmen Harris, Fowle, Coffin.
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ANNUAL REPORTS
STANDING COMMITTEES-BOARD OF ALDERMEN
RULES - Alderman Hart.
POLICE - Board of aldermen.
ELECTIONS- Aldermen Wallace, Ross, Hart.
ENROLLED BILLS - Aldermen Beckford, Hart.
LICENSES - Aldermen Beckford, Welch, Greaton. STATE AID AND MILITARY RELIEF-Aldermen Greaton, Welch, Wallace.
STANDING COMMITTEES-COMMON COUNCIL
BILLS OF SECOND READING -Councilmen Harris, Fowle, Akerman. BROWN FUND-Councilmen E. M. Plumer, Cusack, Cooper. ELECTIONS AND RETURNS- Councilmen Knapp, Connell, Waters. ORDINANCE - Councilmen Waters, Hewitt.
RULES - Councilmen Knapp, Cusack, Martin.
SAWYER FUND- Councilmen F. H. Plumer, Hewitt. TODD FUND -Councilmen Sullivan, Menut.
JOINT SPECIAL COMMITTEES
SALARIES- Aldermen Hart, Emery, Councilmen Harris, Akerman, Bass, Coffin.
PRESERVATION OF SHADE TREES - Aldermen Welch, Beckford, Ross, Councilmen Bass, Cooper.
REGULAR MEETINGS OF THE CITY COUNCIL
First Monday evening of each month, excepting July and August
7
CITY GOVERNMENT
CITY OFFICERS City Clerk
Henry W. Little 481/2 Purchase street Office, city hall Treasurer and Collector
H. F. Whiton 53 High street Office, city hall
Clerk to Collector
Mary K. Pettingell
.9 Fruit street
Clerk of Committees
J. Hermann Carver
19 Otis place
City Auditor
William Balch. 4 Washington street
Office, Institution for Savings Deputy Collectors
George E. Shute. .34 Liberty street
William H. T. Dodge. .153 High street
City Messenger
Frank H. Rundlett II Spring street Office, city hall
Superintendent of Streets and Sewers
James H. Johnston.
17 Boardman street
City Solicitor
George H. O'Connell 45 State street
City Physician
Frank W. Snow, M. D 24 Essex street
Assistant City Marshal
John L. McLean 35 Broad street Office, police station Captain of the Watch
Charles W. Wells. 13 Federal street
8
ANNUAL REPORTS
Superintendent of Wires and Fire Alarm
Orrin J. Welch. 25 Olive street
Chief of Fire Department
John F. Cutter. ,18 Broad street
Fish Warden
Charles L. Perkins
12 Bromfield street
Permanent Fireman
Eben P. Allen . II South Pond street
Sealer of Weights and Measures
146 State street William C. Cuseck.
Inspector of Animals and Provisions Timothy D. Donahue 34 Carter street
Harbor Master
Benjamin W. Stevens.
.4 Madison street
Superintendent of Highland Cemetery and Old Hill Alfred Gurney 7 Butler street
Drawtender Newburyport Bridge
William I. Hunt ·37 Purchase street
Tree Warden
Thomas T. Upton 26 Market street
ASSESSORS OF TAXES (Office, city hall)
TERM, THREE YEARS
George P. Sargent (chairman), term expires 1908 Eben C. Knight (clerk), term expires 1909 Charles L. Perkins, term expires 1907 Meetings Wednesdays of each week, 10 to 12.30 a. 111.
9
CITY GOVERNMENT
OVERSEERS OF THE POOR
ALBERT F. HUNT (mayor), chairman, ex-officio
Edmund M. Dow, term expires 1907
Herbert Patten, term expires 1909
John W. Sargent, term expires 1908 William H. Bayley, clerk
John F. Burnham, superintendent almshouse Mrs. J. F. Burnham, matron almshouse
Meetings last Monday evening of each month
BOARD OF HEALTH
TERM, THREE YEARS
Orrin J. Gurney (chairman ), term expires 1909 William Thurston, agent and clerk of board C. H. Sargent, William J. Wilkinson, inspectors of plumbing
REGISTRARS OF VOTERS
Benjamin G. Davis (chairman), term expires 1908 B. William Barrett, term expires 1907 Albert W. Hopkinson, term expires 1909
Henry W. Little, clerk, ex-officio
ATKINSON COMMON COMMISSION
ALBERT F. HUNT (mayor), ex-officio
George H. Welch (president ), ex-officio
Edward G. Moody (president), ex-officio Alvah Hoyt, term expires 1910 Leonard W. Sargent, term expires 1909 Orlando F. Hatch, term expires 1908
IO
ANNUAL REPORTS
LICENSE COMMISSION Arthur Withington, term expires 1910 Charles W. Cooke, term expires 1908
SINKING FUND COMMISSIONERS ALBERT F. HUNT (mayor), ex-officio
Edward G. Moody ( president), ex-officio
William Balch (auditor), ex-officio
Heury B. Little, term expires 1908
Lawrence B. Cushing, term expires 1907
BOARD OF PARK COMMISSIONERS TERM, THREE YEARS ALBERT F. HUNT (mayor), ex-officio
George H. Welch (president), ex-officio
Edward G. Moody (president), ex-officio
John W. Sargent, term expires 1908
Orrin J. Gurney, term expired 1907
Charles C. Stockman, term expires 1909
BOARD OF WATER COMMISSIONERS (Office, 38 Inn street ) TERM, FIVE YEARS
Louis F. Barton, term expires 1907 Charles A. Bliss, term expires 1908 Timothy Harrington, term expires 1909 John W. Winder, term expires 1910 James H. Higgins, term expires 1911 Harold S. Noyes, secretary
Meetings second Tuesday of each month
II
CITY GOVERNMENT
CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION
Oliver B. Merrill Henry B. Little Dr. John F. Young
TRUSTEES OF THE SIMPSON FUND ALBERT F. HUNT ( mayor ), ex-officio
Edward G. Moody (president), ex-officio
Thomas C. Simpson, term expires 1909
Nathan N. Withington, term expires 1908
Henry B. Little, term expires 1907
TRUSTEES ATKINSON SCHOOL FUND
Joshua Hale, president Leonard W. Sargent, treasurer and clerk
William C. Coffin
PUBLIC LIBRARY
PERMANENT TRUSTEES BUILDING FUND
Lawrence B. Cushing Frederick S. Moseley Charles W. Moseley
DIRECTORS ALBERT F. HUNT (mayor), ex-officio
George H. Welch (president), ex-officio
Edward G. Moody ( president), ex-officio
William C. Coffin, term expires 1913 George W. Brown, term expires 1912 Moses Brown, term expires 1911
William R. Johnson, term expires 1910
Frank F. Morrill, term expires 1909
Josiah L. Hale, term expires 1908
I2
ANNUAL REPORTS
TRUSTEES
Mayor Albert F. Hunt, Aldermen George H. Welch, Laurens C. Em- ery, Robert E. Hart, William H. Wallace, Albert H. Beckford, Obed W. Greaton, Edgar Ross
Henry W. Little, secretary
H. F. Whiton, treasurer
John D. Parsons, librarian
Effie A. Tenney, Elizabeth S. Thurston, Helen E. Tilton, assistant librarians. Dexter W. Nutting, janitor
SCHOOL COMMITTEE
ALBERT F. HUNT (mayor), chairman, ex-officio
Ernest W. Bliss, vice chairman E. L. Willard, superintendent .of schools Joshua L. Chase, truant officer
Ward One
George P. Merrill, term expires 1907
Ernest W. Bliss, term expires 1908 Ward Two
Charles W. Bailey, term expires 1907
Prentiss H. Reed, term expires 1908 Ward Three
John F. Young, term expires 1907
Arthur P. Brown, term expires 1908 · Ward Four
Clarence C. Day, term expires 1907 Charles F. Johnson, term expires 1908 Ward Five
Grosvenor T. Blood, term expires 1907
William F. Lunt, term expires 1908
I3
CITY GOVERNMENT
Ward Six
Paul A. Merrill, term expires 1907 William R. Usher, term expires 1908
TRUSTEES OF PUTNAM FREE SCHOOL
Hon. John J. Currier, Joseph E. Moody, Nathaniel Dole, Henry B. Little, Nathaniel N. Jones (secretary and treasurer), George H. Plumer, Dr. Jacob F. Spalding, Charles A. Bliss
TRUSTEES OF WHEELWRIGHT SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL ALBERT F. HUNT (mayor), ex-officio
Lawrence B. Cushing, president James E. Whitney, treasurer John W. Winder, secretary Edmund Dwight Codman Hon. Thomas C. Simpson
MAYORS OF NEWBURYPORT
The original charter of the city was adopted by the in- habitants June 3, 1851.
The mayor is elected annually.
Hon. Caleb Cushing* .1851-1852
Hon. Henry Johnson. 1852-1853
Hon. Moses Davenportt 1854-1855-1861
Hon. William Cushing 1856-1857-1858
Hon. Albert Currier. 1859-1860
Hon. George W. Jackman Jr 1861-1862-1864-1865-1877
Hon. Isaac H. Boardman
1863
Hon. William Graves.
1866
Hon. Eben F. Stone.
1867
Hon. Nathaniel Pierce
1868-1869
Hon. Robert Couch.
1870-1881
Hon. Elbridge G. Kelley.
Hon. Warren Currier. 1871-1872
1873-1874
Hon. Benjamin F. Atkinson
1875-1876
Hon. Jonathan Smith
1878
Hon. John James Currier
1879-1880
Hon. Benjamin Hale. 1882
Hon. William A. Johnson 1883-1884
Hon. Thomas C. Simpson 1885
Hon. Charles C. Dame .. 1886
Hon. J. Otis Winkley. 1887
Hon. William H. Huset 1888
Hon. Albert C. Titcomb 1888-1889
Hon. Elisha P. Dodge 1890-1891
15
I6
ANNUAL REPORTS
Hon. Orrin J. Gurney 1892-1893-1894-1895
Hon. Andrew R. Curtis. 1896-1897
Hon. George H. Plumer
.1898
Hon. Thomas Huse
1899 -- 1900
Hon. Moses Brown.
. 1901-1902
Hon. James F. Carens
Hon. William F. Houston 1903 -- 1904
. 1905-1906
Hon. Albert F. Hunt.
1907
*Resigned. +Died in office
INAUGURAL ADDRESS
- OF -
HON. ALBERT F. HUNT
DELIVERED JANUARY 2, 1907
Gentlemen of the City Council:
Having taken the oath of office, we now meet to perfect the organization of the city government for the ensuing year. It is a time honored and gracefúl custom to give ex- pression to the sentiments of gratitude and loyalty which occasions of this kind inspire, and I therefore take this op- portunity to extend to the voters of Newburyport my heartfelt thanks for the great honor they have conferred upon me, and to assure them that to the utmost of my ability I will exercise the authority of my office in the in- terests of all the people of this city, without fear and with- out favor.
I am aware that there is nothing novel in this pledge, no new conception of the responsibilities of my office, no de- parture from the pledge usually given public officers throughout the United States. But there is, nevertheless, a vast difference between the situation in which I find my-
17
18
ANNUAL REPORTS
self, and that which confronts the large majority of men who accept public office; a difference not due to any supe- rior honesty or capacity on my part, for I have never claimed either, but due to the political conditions which gave rise to my election. I owe my election to no man; I represent no special interests; I am free; free from party obligations and political debts of every kind and nature; free to respond to the only pledge I have ever made, my oath of office, and that freedom I shall preserve and use in the interest of the people and in fostering the growth of the political sentiment which has made such freedom pos- sible.
I believe that the abuses that have crept into politics, not only in this city but elsewhere, are largely due to the lack of a similar freedom on the part of officeholders, and my criticism of public officials in the past has been di- rected against them not as individuals, but as the repre- sentatives of a political thraldom, of which I am ready to believe they were, in many instances, the unwilling vic- tims. I have faith in and have never questioned the in- herent decency and honesty of purpose of the great major- ity of men, both in and out of public office, nor have I ever sought to array one class of lawabiding citizens against another, but I have said and I now affirm what everybody knows to be the truth, that there is in this as in every com- munity, a small number of forceful, unscrupulous men who, through the wrongful use of party loyalty, fraternal feel- ings and good fellowship, all worthy sentiments in them- selves, too often secure the election of public officials for the purpose of using them in the accomplishment of pri- vate ends not only unconnected with the public welfare, but usually diametrically opposed to it.
An awakened public conscience and a higher sense of
19
MAYOR'S ADDRESS
civic responsibility on the part of both voters and office- holders have combined to make irresponsible boss domina- tion increasingly difficult and dangerous, and I am firmly convinced that the recent city election was a local expres- sion of the prevalent demand for law enforcement and "A Square Deal." In this spirit, gentlemen, let us take up the duties and responsibilities of office, each showing a due regard and respect for the rights and obligations of the other, and all uniting to carry into effect the will of the people whose lawful representatives we are.
As is customary, I will now discuss the various subject matters usually considered in an inaugural address. We have many serious and difficult problems ahead of us, the satisfactory solution of which will require a deeper acquaint- ance with municipal affairs than it is possible to have at this time. I will therefore make such general recommenda- tions as I can in the light of present information, and leave for the future such special and detailed communications as the circumstances shall warrant and the needs of the city may require.
FINANCE
We are confronted at the outset of our administration by financial problems of the most serious nature. The amount permitted by law to be raised by taxation during the current year for strictly municipal expenditures ($12 per thousand on the net valuation of taxable property of 1906) is $132,105.44, the valuation being $11,008,787 ac- cording to figures furnished by the board of assessors. This is, however, exclusive of the amount allowed to be taxed for state and county taxes, interest on the city's bonded indebtedness and sinking fund requirements, which for purposes of taxation do not come within the $12 per thousand that can be levied for municipal purposes.
20
ANNUAL REPORTS
If we have in 1907 the same tax rate as in 1906, $18.20 per thousand, this simply means that $6.20 per thousand is supposed to be applied to interest and sinking fund re- quirements and to payment of the state and county taxes. No part of the excess over $12 per thousand can legally be raised for ordinary municipal purposes. Assuming the valuation stated above, and a tax rate as high as last year's, the total amount raised by taxation will be $190,- 362, and adding the income of the city. for 1907 from all other sources, approximately $30,000, to the amount raised by taxation and we have $220,362 as the gross amount of money that can be raised by the city for 1907 with even so high a tax rate as $18.20 per thousand.
In 1906 the appropriation for municipal purposes, in- cluding interest and sinking fund requirements, was $212,- 402.82, and the amount expended for such purposes, ac- cording to the statement of the city treasurer, dated December 15, 1906, was $229,128.97, making an overdraft of $16,726.15. The amount expended for state and county taxes was around $29,000 more. In addition to the amounts expended during the year there are still out- standing bills presented for payment after the close of the fiscal year on December 15, 1906, which I am informed will aggregate $6000 more, thereby bringing the total of the overdraft for 1906 up to about $23,000, which will have to be provided for by the present administration.
From the above it will be seen that the gross amount of money required for all purposes during 1906 was in round figures $264,000. $229,000 plus $29,000 plus $6000. The cost of carrying on the city government, as appears from the annual reports, is increasing every year and was up- wards of $15,000 more in 1906 than in 1905. But assuming that the expenses for 1907 shall be no larger than for 1906,
2I
MAYOR'S ADDRESS
it is apparent that with a gross income of $220,000 or thereabouts with which to meet all bills and take care of the 1906 overdraft the city will find itself face to face with an overdraft of $44,000 at the end of 1907.
This large deficit will be due to two things, the loss of about $19,000 in the city's income from liquor licenses and the overdraft which it turned over to us by the outgoing administration. Two ways of meeting this situation sug- gest themselves :
First-By effecting economies in the municipal expen- ditures that are provided for in the tax of $12 per thousand, heretofore mentioned, and applying the amount saved in liquidation of the floating debt.
Second-By funding the overdraft and issuing short term bonds to an amount sufficient to cover the same and put the city on a proper financial basis, thus bringing the current expenses within the tax-levying powers of the city and making the payment of the overdraft gradual and less burdensome upon the taxpayers.
While I shall in every way possible insist upon economy in the administration of the city government, I am satisfied that this floating indebtedness cannot be taken care of out of money appropriated for strictly municipal purposes with- out seriously crippling every branch of the service, and I am opposed to the loose method of simply raising taxes whenever a situation like the present one arises, and con- sider this method of doubtful legality.
As we have long since reached the limit of taxation for strictly municipal expenditures, an increase in taxes (ex- cept of course for state and county taxes) can only be jus- tified to meet the city's interest and sinking fund require- ments. It therefore seems that the only way open to us is to issue the city's bonds to such amount as shall be
22
ANNUAL REPORTS
necessary to remedy existing evils. I know there are those who believe that a floating indebtedness constantly hanging over the city council's head is a greater incentive to economy than a bonaea indebtedness would be, but while this sounds well it doesn't seem to have worked out in practice, and the phantom of debt, bonded or otherwise, hasn't been productive so far of any economies in adminis- tration worth mentioning. The logic might even go to the length of advocating overdrafts because of their correc- tive tendency. However that may be, all will agree that when there arises a possibility of an overdraft that shall be equal to 25 per cent. of the amount authorized to be appro- priated for municipal purposes, it is time to call a halt, and readjust our finances on a basis that will be consistent with out tax-levying power.
The fact that the increase in taxable city property does not keep pace with the increased city expenditures is serious enough in itself, but this, with the recent defalca- tion of the city treasurer, and the loss of revenue to the city involved in changing from license to no-license at this critical time, has created a situation that has no parallel in the city's history.
For your enlightenment as to the public debt of the city I give you the following figures: I learn that at the close of the fiscal year, on December 15, 1906, the total was $953,225. Besides, the overdraft and bills payable, amount- ing in round numbers to at least $23,000 additional, bring- ing our public debt near the million dollar mark. Provis- ions for payment : Sinking funds, $202,873.81. The water commissioners have authority to issue additional bonds to the amount of $50,000 this year in payment for improve- ments at the source of supply and the laying of new and larger water mains.
23
MAYOR'S ADDRESS
To the city's credit, December 15, 1906: Taxes outstand- ing, $88,509.98; deposit in banks, $26,873.81.
The vital importance of this subject to the city's welfare is a sufficient excuse for the lengthy discussion I have given it and for the recommendation I am about to make. I request the aldermen and common council as soon as possible after organization to pass a resolution designating the mayor, the president of the board of aldermen, the president of the common council, and three citizens to be named by the mayor to act as a committee for the purpose of considering and reporting to the city council as soon as possible such plan as shall seem best calculated to put the finances of the city on a more satisfactory basis.
POLICE
This department, always important, becomes doubly so this year by reason of the passage of a no-license law. Whatever may be said as to the advisability of passing such a law, especially in a year when the city can ill afford to be deprived of the revenue received for licenses, there can be no differences of opinion as to our duty to enforce this law against all who may seek to infringe it. The policy of this administration, so far as I am able to shape it through the authority vested in me, shall be one of law enforcement, not merely of the liquor laws, but of all laws. And by this I do not mean a strict enforcement of the law against some and a liberal one against others. I mean an impartial enforcement of the spirit of the law in order to accomplish the objects for which it was passed. I am con- scious that all law enforcement is impossible without the support of public opinion, and I ask the same public opin-
24
ANNUAL REPORTS
ion that dictated the no-license law to stand at my back in its enforcement.
There are two matters closely allied to law enforcement that I desire to call to your attention at this point :
First-Chapter 421 of the laws of 1906 provides that the mayor and aldermen shall annually grant one or more per- mits for transporting intoxicating liquors into a city in which licenses for the sale thereof are not granted. With- out going into details, it is sufficient to say that we are compelled under this law to grant at least one permit to bring liquor into this city, but it is quite certain that pub- lic opinion will not sanction the creation of such a monop- oly as would result from the granting of so valuable a per- mit to one person or corporation to the exclusion of all others, and I therefore recommend that permits be granted to all such express companies as shall apply therefor, who are regularly engaged in the express business in New- buryport at the time of making such application, and have been so engaged for at least twelve months preceding.
Second-Chapter 281 of the laws of 1906 is an act regu- lating the sale of intoxicating liquors by registered phar- macists. This act places the granting of licenses to drug- gists in the hands of the state board of registration in phar- macy, and takes away from the mayor and aldermen the authority which they have hitherto exercised in this re- spect.
I regret that this is so, as I feel that the present admin- istration would have refused to grant any druggists' licenses whatever, or at least would have safeguarded such licenses and made the abuse thereof more difficult than un- der existing law. These two statutes constitute weak points in the enforcement of the no-license law, but they
25
MAYOR'S ADDRESS
are law, nevertheless, in the same sense as the liquor law itself, and cannot be overridden or ignored.
In making appointments to positions in the police de- partment I shall select only those men who I believe will act in harmony with the policy above outlined and who will through their character and fidelity to duty command - the respect of their subordinates, as well as that of the public at large.
HIGHWAYS
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