USA > Massachusetts > Worcester County > Gardner > History of the town of Gardner, Worcester County, Mass., from the incorporation, June 27, 1785, to the present time > Part 1
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1800
SS
S
HISTORY
OF THE
Town of Gardner,
WORCESTER COUNTY, MASS.
FROM THE INCORPORATION, JUNE 27, 1785. TO THE PRESENT TIME.
BY REV. WM. D. HERRICK.
"That the generations to come might know them, even the children which should be born, who should arise and declare them to their children." -Psalm lxxviii : 6.
.
GARDNER, MASS. : PUBLISHED BY THE COMMITTEE. 1878.
F 14 G2 Hs 1
V
Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1878, by WM. D. HIERRICK, in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.
GARDNER, MASS .: PRINTED BY A. G. BUSHNELL & COMPANY, AT THE OFFICE OF THE GARDNER NEWS.
INTRODUCTION.
IN introducing this work, to the public, some explanation, regarding its origin and authorship, is required. It will be re- membered that, early in the year 1876, Congress recommended to all the towns, in the Union the celebration of the hundredth anniversary of our nation's independence, by appropriate public exercises, among which should be an historical address, a copy of which, should be deposited, in the nation's archives, at Washington.
Stirred by the spirit of '76, so greatly revived, at that time, all over our land, the people of Gardner assembled in the Town Hall, on the evening of June 12th, to consider measures for carrying into effect this recommendation of Congress. A general committee of arrangements was chosen, who furnished an appropriate order of exercises for the day, which consisted, in firing a hundred guns, at sunrise, on Bickford Hill, also a pro- cession, which was formed, at South Gardner, and marching through the principal streets, terminated at Crystal Lake Grove, where an historical address was delivered, by the author of this work. This arrangement was successfully carried out, the day being fine, the procession large, and the closing scenes of fireworks, on Bickford Hill, brilliant and beautiful. For this celebration the town appropriated five hundred dollars.
In preparing the historical address, which was not wholly delivered on that occasion, for want of time, the author became greatly interested in the records of this town, which, in his judgment, ought to be published, in the form of a town history. Acting under this conviction, he caused an article to be inserted
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INTRODUCTION.
in the town warrant, for the following March meeting: " To see if the town will take any measures, in relation to publish- ing a history of the town of Gardner, act or transact anything relating thereto." Acting under this article, the town chose a committee of five, consisting of Messrs. Thos. E. Glazier, W. D. Herrick, Francis Richardson, Asaph Wood and John M. Moore, who should report at the April meeting. This committee made the following report, which the town voted to accept and adopt :-
Fellow Citizens: Your committee, to whom was assigned the duty of considering and recommending some plan upon which the history of this town shall be written, ask permission to present the following, as their report :-
Having consulted those who have had experience, in writing the history of towns and cities, and acting upon the wisdom gained from them, your committee recommend, that the town employ a competent person to write the history of Gard- ner, as soon as practicable ; that this person publish an edition of eight hundred copies, octavo, which can be done at a probable cost of three dollars per volume; that the town, at its own expense, furnish the author of its history, a map of the town and pictures of such public buildings and objects of general interest, as a committee chosen to superintend the publication of such a history, may think proper to insert. And that the town subscribe for two hundred copies of said history, at a sum not exceeding three dollars per volume, to be kept on sale by the town clerk, for the benefit of the town's treasury ; no copy of said history to be sold, by the clerk, to any citizen of Gard- ner, until the author has made a thorough canvass of the town, in his own behalf. That individuals and societies furnish, at their own expense, such pictures of houses, shops, churches, etc., as they may desire to see in such a work, the admission of which, to be at the discretion of the committee of publication.
The town then " Voted, To choose a committee of three, who shall have the charge of procuring a history of Gardner,
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INTRODUCTION.
by a competent author, and that the town become a subscriber for two hundred copies of said history, at a sum not exceeding three dollars per volume, and that said committee shall be authorized to incur such additional expense, as a map of the town and the pictures of such public buildings and places as they think advisable to insert, may require. Chose Thomas E. Gla- zier, Rev. W. D. Herrick, John M. Moore."
This committee began immediately to attend to the duties assigned them by the town. Correspondence was held, with some who had had large experience, in writing town histories, but no definite arrangements were entered into, with any one, till last October, when the author, who had been laid aside, from his pastoral duties, by sickness, for three months previous to September, 1877, was strongly urged, by some of his friends, to undertake the work. Ill health and distrust of his ability, made him reluctant to assume so great a task, in addition to his regular pastoral labors.
At length, " by fair persuasion, mixed with sugared words," he consented, on certain conditions, to yield his own judgment to the wishes of others. Had he thought such an event as the writing of the town's history by him, possible, not unmindful of the experience of Haman, he would most certainly not have been as active as he was, in inducing the town to have its history written.
The conditions, above alluded to, were these : That Mr. T. E. Glazier, who was greatly interested in the matter, should aid the author, in procuring necessary statistics and facts, and should be responsible for the entire preparation of the chap- ters entitled, " Memorable Events," " Genealogy of the Early Families of Gardner," and the chapter on " Military Affairs."
To this gentleman, always, from early years, greatly inter- ested in the welfare of his native town, and who about twenty years since, aided his venerable father, in preparing a small history of Gardner, we cheerfully and cordially accord the credit and responsibility, attending the authorship of the three chapters, in this work, above named.
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INTRODUCTION.
The author is also most happy to accord to his wife-a help- meet indeed-the credit of invaluable assistance, in the prep- aration of this work. To her belongs the credit of writing the subdivision of Chapter II., entitled " Scenic Attractions," as well as that part in Chapter X., entitled " The Murphy Move- ment."
The author also takes pleasure in acknowledging the valuable assistance rendered him, in copying and proof reading, by Mr. George F. Peabody, 2d, a young gentleman of this town, who has, for the last three years, been engaged in the study of law, and is about to be admitted to the bar.
To all these friends and to all others, to whom the author is indebted for aid in this work, most cordial thanks are publicly extended.
When it is remembered, that this work was begun, about the middle of November last, and has been carried forward, by the author, without any remission of his pulpit, or pastoral duties, till its completion, at the present date-less than eight months- an apology for imperfection and marks of haste, will not be re- garded as out of place. In this regard, the advice of Horace to authors, to keep their writings nine years, before publishing them, is most recklessly disregarded.
It should be stated, that the committee, early inserted in the Gardner News, an invitation, to all individuals and religious societies, to present such pictures as they might wish to accom- pany this work. Several responded, who are here represented by heliotypes, executed by the Heliotype Printing Company of Boston. It is due to the author to state, that his portrait is in- serted, in this work through the desire and at the expense of his friends, to whom for their other acts of kindness, he cherishes sentiments of genuine gratitude.
The maps, accompanying this work, were prepared by Mr. Charles J. Day, of this town, and are models of excellence, in his art.
The negatives, for the heliotypes, are by Mr. William A. Cowee, of Gardner; the printing is by A. G. Bushnell & Co., of the Gardner News.
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INTRODUCTION.
In the production of this work, the author has spared no pains to possess the facts, regarding which, he has written, while at the same time, he has sought to make the work some- thing more than a barren, dry restatement of town records, by connecting with these, events of general history, calculated to throw light upon more recent facts, coming under his notice. His object has been to make this, a book of interest, to the reader, by directing his mind, to events of history not only contemporaneous, with those connected with this town, but antecedent to its existence.
The author is aware that there are several mistakes in this work, which he has no intention of pointing out, since the reader will do that without his assistance.
If any are represented, in this history as dead, who " still live," we only have to say, that, the announcement need have no effect, in hastening an event, which is sure to come as soon as they will be ready for it; if any are said, in this work to be still alive who are dead, we have no fear that the state- ment will have the least impression upon them; if any are recorded as married, who never have been, we hope that noth- ing here said will prevent them from verifying the record, we have made of them ; if any are regarded as having too much, or too little prominence in this work, we have only to say, that it has been our aim to make the facts of history speak for them- selves, whatever their effect upon individuals. Further than this, we have no feeling of personal responsibility. If any have been omitted who should be mentioned we are sorry, for our negleet is wholly undesigned.
We began this work, with no adequate idea of the im- mense amount of labor involved in completing it. We come to the end of our editorial work, with a higher appreciation of the fortitude and faithfulness of the founders of this town, and of those who have succeeded them in promoting its growth, in all good directions.
We are aware that a complete index, to a work, like this, is a good thing, while one incomplete is only a vexation. Not
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INTRODUCTION.
caring to make a full index, we have thought best to substitute a full table of contents instead, having carefully arranged the work in topical chapters.
In conclusion, we are able, with great candor to state, that our ambition, for this kind of authorship, is entirely satisfied. We lay down our pen, upon this, our nation's natal day, with the most intelligent and unalterable conviction, that nothing but grim necessity, can ever again induce us to resume it, for the purpose of writing a town history.
We would say, however, to all clergymen, who are laid aside from pastoral labor, through " nervous prostration" that our experience has taught us, that the speediest and surest way to regain health and forget troubles, is to engage in a work like this, preaching at the same time twice, on the Sabbath. They will find its effects more lethean than a draft of Lethe itself, and the greatest of all " nerve tonics," at their command. Debili- tated brethren, by all means, write a town history. We have only to say with Byron,
" What is writ is writ,
Would it were worthier."
WM. D. HERRICK. Congregational Parsonage, July 4th, 1878.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I. THE TOWN CONSIDERED AS AN INTEGRANT PART OF THE UNITED STATES.
PAGE. Derivation of the word Town-Remark of De Tocqueville Concern- ing Political Sovereignty-Of Aristotle-Of Blackstone-De- Tocqueville Concerning Town Meetings-The Officers of the Town-Selectmen, Their Duties and Powers-Town Clerk, Duties Of-Assessors, Their Duties-Town Treasurer-High- way Surveyors-Constables-Field Drivers-Fence Viewers- School Committee, Their Powers and Duties-First Town Meeting, in Plymouth Colony-Remark of Alexander Ham- ilton. 1
CHAPTER II.
INCORPORATION AND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE TOWN.
The Petition for Incorporation, by Whom and When Presented- Formed from the Four Adjacent Towns-The Name, Whence Derived-Act of Incorporation, When Granted-The First Warrant, to Whom Issued-First Town Meeting, When and Where Held-Topography-Latitude and Longitude of the Town-Causes of Its Irregular Outline-Remonstrance against the Petition of William Whitney and Others-Scenic Attrac- tions-Soil, Climate-Hills, Elevations, Forests, Flora, Fauna, Lakes, Streams-Original Poem. 26
CHAPTER III. CHARACTER OF THE INHABITANTS.
Number of Original Inhabitants-Their Scattered Condition-Hard- ships and Privations-The Domestic Spinning Wheel and Loom-Itinerant Shoemaker-Ancient Fireplace and Oven- West India Goods, How Received-Going to Church-Sources of Information-Scenes at Tavern-Social Habits-Raisings- May Trainings and Musters-Times of General Excitement- Habits of Industry-Spirit of Independence-Growth of Pop-
B
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CONTENTS.
PAGE.
ulation, in Decades-English Descent-Irish and French- Elegant Residences-Neat Irish Homes-Town Hall-Pecu- niary Reverses-Self Developed Wealth-Valuation in 1877.
56
CHAPTER IV.
THE TOWN AS CONNECTED WITHI NATIONAL AND STATE AFFAIRS -SHAYS' REBELLION.
Baneful Effects of the Revolutionary War-Depreciated Currency -Letter of John Adams, Concerning Prices Current-Wag- gish Advertisement-Numerous Suits at Law-Numerous Pe- titions for Abatement of Taxes-Popular Estimation of Gov- ernment Responsibility-Spirit of Discontent Everywhere Rife -County Conventions to Consider Grievances-Spirit of Man- hood-Regulators-Captain Shattuck-Convention at Paxton -Instructions to Capt. Samuel Kelton-Petition to Governor Bowdoin-Shays' Rebellion-History of the Insurrection in Massachusetts, by William L. Smith, Esq .- Embargo of 1807, Causes Of-Inconvenience to the People of Gardner-Petition to the President of the United States, in Consequence of the Embargo.
72
CHAPTER V.
ROADS.
Early Mode of Travel-Gibbons' Account of Roman Roads-Ma- eaulay's Account of Roads in England, in the 17th Century- Roads in the Early Colonies, in 1634 and Following-Early Roads of this Town-Petition to lay County Road Through the Centre of the Town-Roads Laid Out in 1786-Petition of Seth Heywood-Petition of the Town Concerning Road over Kendall Hill-Opening of Different Roads and Streets-Nam- ing of Different Roads and Streets-Turnpike-Condition of Roads in Switzerland. . . 108
CHAPTER VI.
RAILROADS.
Inconvenience of Travel, at the Beginning of the Present Century, and for Many Years Subsequent-Journey of Elkanah Watson in 1777-Ezra Lunt's Advertisement-Semi-Weekly Stage bc- tween Boston and New York-Imperfect Condition of the Postal System-Letters to the Army, 1778-Gradual Disap- pearance of Postal Inconveniences-First Railroad in the United States-Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad, When Incor- porated-Hon. Alvali Crocker, His Attempts to Prevent this Road's Running through Gardner-How Thwarted-Repeated Legislation-Final Location-Boston, Barre and Gardner Rail-
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CONTENTS.
road-Original Charter, When Granted-Repeatedly Located l'AGE. -When Built to Gardner-Opposition to its Extension to Win- chendon-Excited Town Meetings-Final Triumph in the Leg- islature-When Completed to Winchendon-Running of the First Train to Winchendon. . 135
CHAPTER VII.
INDUSTRIES.
.
Remarks Concerning the Importance of Steady Toil-Proverbs Con- cerning Labor-Remark of Sidney Smith-Agriculture-Prod- ucts Of, in Gardner-Cooperage-Chair Manufacturing-An- cient Furniture among the Egyptians, Assyrians, Greeks and Romans-Furniture used by the Colonists, Imported-Enor- mous Manufacture of Cane Seated Chairs-Commencement of Chair Making in Gardner-Simplicity of Machinery used at First-Origin of the Different Chair Firms-Names of Present Chair Firms-Annual Amount of Business, etc .- Mode of Manufacturing Chairs-Different Machines Used-Automatic Channeling Machine Described-Crimping Press-Spline and Embossing Press-Mode of Inserting the Woven Seat-Cane Department of Heywood Bros. & Co .- Cane, How Prepared -Rattan Chairs-Foundry, Where Located-Amount of Busi- ness Done-Tubs and Pails-Manufacture of Lumber-Doll Toy Carriages, Chamber Sets, etc .- Eave Troughs-Furni- ture Dealers-Spring Beds-Tin Ware -- Hardware-Brick- Grist Mill-Marble Works- Wheelwrights-Blacksmiths- Painters - Harness Makers-Carpenters-Masons-Jewellers -Civil Engineers-Surveyors of Land-Photographers-En- gravers of Wood and Metals-Floriculture-Dealers in Coal and Lumber-Dry Goods and Groceries -Meat Markets- Dry Goods-Millinery-Fancy Goods-Clothing Stores-Mer- chant Tailors-Dealers in Boots and Shoes -- Drugs and Medi- cines-First National Bank-Savings Bank-Post Offices- Printing-The Gardner News . 159
CHIAPTER VIII.
Governors-Representatives -- Town Officers-Justices of the Peace etc. . . 200
CHAPTER IX.
CARE OF THE POOR.
A Dictate of Ilumanity-Instances from the Bible-Mendicants Divided into Two Classes, the Settled Poor and the Vagrants -How Treated in the Reign of Henry VIII. and Previously- Act for the Suppression of Vagrancy in 1531-Severe Punish- ment of "Sturdy Mendicants"-Treatment of the Poor in the
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CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Early Colonies-Legislation of Plymouth and Massachusetts Colonies, Concerning Vagrancy-Instance of Warning Recent Settlers out of Town, by the Selectmen of Gardner-Improved Condition of Workingmen in England-Instances of their Mode of Living-Vagrancy Fostered by Indiscriminate Almsgiving- Remarks of Mr. Lambert, Poor Law Inspector, in England- Early Method of Caring for the Poor, in this Town-Vendu- ing Them to the Lowest Bidder, at the Annual Town Meeting -Purchase of Work House, in 1849-Rules and Regulations for the Government of the Work House-Size of the Town Farm-Cost of Supporting the Poor, Annually, Since 1860- Names of Masters of the Work House. 218
CHAPTER X.
VARIOUS LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS.
Military-Gardner Light Infantry-Gardner Grays-G. D. Far- ragut Post No. 116, G. A. R .- Hope Lodge-Odd Fellows- Hibernians-Fire Department-Cataract No. 1-Constitution and By-Laws-Prizes -Torrent No. 2-Constitution and By- Laws-Prizes-Special Rules and Regulations of the Fire De- partment-Rules for Fire Alarms-Firemen's Muster. in Gard- ner, September 5th, 1877-Driving Park-Rifle Club-Steam- boat Company-Sovereigns of Industry-Musical Associations -Bands-Worcester North Musical Association-Constitution -Young Men's Christian Association-Temperance Organiza- tions-Temperance Legislation in the Plymouth and Massachu- setts Colonies-Formation of the First Temperance Organiza- tion, in 1808-Gardner Temperance Society, When Formed, Constitution-Washington Total Abstinence Society, Constitu- tion, By-Laws-Gardner Temperance Society, When Reformed -Seizure of Liquors, Account of, in Boston Times-Sons of Temperance - Philokalia Lodge-Reform Club - Women's Christian Temperance Unions - Temperance League - The Murphy Movement - Repeated Efforts to Expel the Liquor Traffic-Present Licenses. 244
CIIAPTER XI. CEMETERIES.
Derivation of the Word Cemetery-Custom of Burying the Dead Among Ancients-Town Burying Yard-Vote to Purchase Land of Seth Heywood in 1785-Additional Purchase in 1806 -Deed for the Same-Hearses-South Gardner Green Bow- er Cemetery-By-Laws-Crystal Lake Cemetery-Rules and Regulations. . 288
CHAPTER XII. INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS.
Pearson Cowee-Levi Heywood-Gardner A. Watkins-Description
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CONTENTS.
PAGE.
of the Splicing Machine-Power Loom, for Weaving Chair Seats, etc .- Samuel L. Fitts-Frank F. Parker -- George W. Parker-Quotation from Lord Bacon, Concerning Inventions and Inventors. 299
.
CHAPTER XIII. PUBLIC LIBRARIES.
Quotation from Prof. Read of Philadelphia -- Once a Small Public Library at the Centre-The Absence of a Public Library a Serious Defect -- South Gardner Social Library Association -- Legacy of Abijah M. Severy -- The Severy Will-Contents of this Library -- Number of Shares. . 315
CHAPTER XIV. MEMORABLE EVENTS.
Fires and Injuries by Lightning, etc .- Casualties-Small Pox -- Suicide-Murders-List of Persons who have Died in this Town Over Eighty Years of Age. . 320
CHAPTER XV. GENEALOGY OF THE EARLY FAMILIES OF GARDNER.
The names of the families, in this chapter, are arranged alphabeti- cally, for the convenience of the reader, so that they need not be repeated, nnder this heading. . 329
CHAPTER XVI. BIOGRAPHIC.
Resident Physicians -- Physicians Formerly Resident Here-Den- tists -- Attorneys and Counsellors at Law -- Graduates-Men of Note-Names of Young Men now Pursuing a Course of Ed- ucation, in Different Colleges and Schools. 394
CHAPTER XVII. MILITARY AFFAIRS.
Names of Revolutionary Soldiers-Gardner in the War for the Union -- Causes of Our Civil War -- General Excitement in Gardner, on Receiving news from Fort Sumpter-Seventy-five Thousand Volunteers Called For -- Gardner's First Town Meet- ing, to Provide Volunteers-Subsequent Votes -- Number of Enlistments -- Tables Showing the Name, Age at the Time of Enlistment, etc., of Every Man who Entered the Service -- Cost of the War, to the Town in Money-Names of those who were Killed or Died in the Service. . 416
CHAPTER XVIII. SCHOOLS.
Origin of the Common School System-Public Schools in the
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CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Plymouth and Massachusetts Colonies -- Schools the Outgrowth of the College -- Remark of Pres. J. H. Seelye of Amherst College -- First Division of the Town into Districts -- Vote to Squadron ont the Town-When School Honses were First Built in Town --- How they were Located -- Brief Terms of Schooling-Small Pay of School Teachers-Choosing a Com- mittee of Four to Inspect Schools, at the Opening and Close of Each Term, in 1807 -- Second Districting of the Town, in 1818 -- First Money Received from the State, for the Benefit of Schools, in 1808-Abolishment of the Distriet System and In- auguration of Graded Schools, in 1869-Appraisal of School Property-High School -- Failure to Establish One, in 1856 but Established in 1866 --- Where Located --- Voted to Build a New High School House, in 1872-Report of the Committee Chosen to Procure a Site and to Estimate the Cost-Architeet -- When the High School Building was Completed-When First Occupied-Description of the Building and Grounds -- Names of Teachers -- Course of Study-Names of School Com- mittee, and Annual Appropriation, from the Incorporation of the Town, to the Present Date. . 440
CHAPTER XIX.
CHURCHES AND THEIR PASTORS.
Events Preceding Establishment of Church and Ministry of this Town-Remarks of D'Aubigne Concerning the Study of Great Things in Small --- His Remarks Concerning Calvin as the Father of American Liberty, Civil and Religious-Martyrs of the Sixteenth Century-Formation of a Church of Separatists at Scrooby-Sailing of the Mayflower from South Hampton- Plantation Religious-Worldly Gain not the End of the Peo- ple of New England, but Religion -- Language of Increase Mather Concerning the Pilgrims-Of Hubbard-Judgment of Bancroft-Humanity's Rights Recovered in the Cabin of the Mayflower-Reasons for Union of Church and State in the Colonies-Strong Colonial Government Necessary --- The Con- gregational the Established Church-Every Man Obliged to Contribute to Its Support-Subsequently Modified-Voluntary System Adopted in 1833-Gospel Preaching Required by Law -Character of New England Ministry-Rev. Jonathan May- hew, Author of ". Committee of Correspondence" -- First Parish and Church Till 1867-Early Action of the Town in Building Their First Meeting-house-Voted to Build-Condition of Sale of Timber and Stuff-Schedule-Digging the Trench and Pro- viding Underpinning-Nails Bought with Butter-The Raising --- The Sale of Pews-Finishing the Inside of the Meeting- house -- Color of the Meeting-house -- Repairs of the Meeting-
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CONTENTS.
PAGE.
house in 1845-Conditions of Repair -- Occupied till May 1st, 1867-Vote Concerning the Bass Viol in the Old Church -- First Congregational Church When Formed-Covenant --- Ilir- ing of Preaching in 1785-Call of a Pastor-Proposed Salary -Call to Jonathan Osgood, July 21st, 1781-Conditions of Settlement and Salary-Installation-Character of Mr. Os- good-Call to Mr. Lincoln-Sketch of Mr. Lincoln-IIis Dis- mission from the First Church-Mr. Farr-Mr. Cutler-At- tempt at Union in 1846-Mr. Fish-Mr. Bannister-Call Ex- tended to Mr. Paine in 1817-When Dismissed -- Call to Mr. Herrick-When Dismissed-Evangelical Congregational So- ciety and Church-From 1830 to 1867-Constitution of the Society-Building of the New Church-Abandonment of the Old Church, and Occupation of the New One Erected in 1856 -Movement for Uniting the Two Societies in 1867-Terms of Union-United April 18th, 1867-Evangelical Congregational Church Formed in 1830-Its Pastors -- Votes of the Church Re- garding Slavery-First Congregational Church and Society Since 1867-Conditions Upon Which the Two Churches Unit- ed-Pastors of the United Church -- Erection of a Parsonage -Vote to Build a New Church-Description of the New Church-The Baptist Society and Church-Formation of the Society in 1828-Building of the Church in 1833-Repaired in 1872-Funds of the Society-Baptist Church When Formed -- Names of Pastors and Terms of Service-Catholic Church -When Organized-Extent of the Parish-Building of the New Church -- Names of the Pastors-Universalist Church- When Founded-Preamble-Church Organization-Covenant -Building of the New Church -- When Dedicated-Sketch of Pastors -- Methodist Episcopal Church-Outcome From First Congregational Church-Letter of Mr. Osgood to Mr. Stone -Lorenzo Dow-Society Existed in 1800-Revival in 1827- Society Formed in 1869-Chapel Built on West Street-New Edifice Dedicated August, 1877-Its Cost, Its Dimensions- Sketch of Its Pastors-Final Remarks.
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