USA > Massachusetts > Worcester County > Gardner > History of the town of Gardner, Worcester County, Mass., from the incorporation, June 27, 1785, to the present time > Part 35
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DANIEL D. PARKER was born in Fitzwilliam, N. H., June 29th, 1851. He came to Gardner, March 20, 1871, where he attended the High School, then in charge of Joseph Jackson. He graduated, from the Agricultural department, of Dartmouth College, receiving the degree of B. S.
GEORGE A. PARKER, brother of the above, was born in Fitz- william, N. H., April 28th, 1853. He came to Gardner, in 1871, where for a time he attended the Gardner High School. In September. 1872, he entered the Massachusetts Agricultural College, at Amherst, where he graduated June 21st, 1876. He ranked the sixth, in a class of twenty-four members, and re- ceived the first prize of fifty dollars, in agriculture.
414
HISTORY OF GARDNER.
CALVIN HEYWOOD HILL, son of Henry C. Hill, was born in Gardner, Mass., August 8th, 1857. He entered the High School, in Gardner, in the fall of 1869, and attended regularly until Jannary, 1874. He then entered the Technical Institute, at Worcester, where he graduated, July 11th, 1877, receiving the diploma of a Mechanical Engineer.
MEN OF NOTE.
GEN. MOSES WOOD was born in Gardner, April 2d, 1803, and died in Fitchburg, May 8th, 1869. He commenced business, in Gardner, as a merchant, in 1827, which he successfully prose- ented until 1834, when he removed to Providence, R. I., and was there connected, with the mercantile firm of Child, Vial & Wood, which was engaged extensively, in the sale of wooden ware and chairs. While connected with this firm, he was a lead- ing director and financier, in the Areade Bank. In 1838, the General Assembly of Rhode Island, elected him Brigadier Gen- eral of Militia of Providence County. In 1849, he was elected first president of the Rollstone Bank, Fitchburg, Mass. He was also a director, in the old Fitchburg Bank. He moved to Fitchburg in 1850. He was once chosen delegate to the National Democratic Convention, for the nomination of President and Vice President of the United States. In 1851-2, he represented this Senatorial District, in the Senate of Massachusetts, with marked ability. He was president, of the Worcester North Agricultural Society, for several years. His character was marked by un- flinching honesty and uncommon courtesy. He was a man of great commanding personal presence. He died greatly honored and esteemed, by a large circle of friends and acquaintances.
SUMNER LINCOLN, brother of Nathan S., was born in Gard- ner, in 1841. Although not receiving a liberal education, he has a record, which is very honorable. At the commencement of the late war, he volunteered, in the service of the United States, as a private, remaining until the Rebellion was subdued,
415
HISTORY OF GARDNER.
when he came home, a Colonel. He has been in the United States Army since 1866, still retaining the position of Colonel. He is now stationed in Texas.
The following young men are, at the present time, pursuing a course of education, in different colleges and schools : Charles Noyes, having been connected with Brown University, for three years, is now a student of medicine at Harvard Medical Col- lege ; Edward A. Sawyer, at Amherst College, George A. Black and Eugene C. Upton, at Harvard College, and Solon B. Stone, at a medical college, at Washington, D. C.
416
HISTORY OF GARDNER.
CHAPTER XVII.
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
" Once to every man and nation comes the moment to decide, In the strife of Truth with Falsehood, for the good or evil side."
" Here once the embattled farmers stood,
And fired the shot heard round the world."
-- Loweil.
-R. W. Emerson. " We wait beneath the furnace-blast The pangs of transformation ; Not painlessly doth God recast And mould anew the nation. Hot burns the fire Where wrongs expire ; Nor spares the hand That from the land Uproots the ancient evil."-Whittier.
" Let them not live to taste this land's increase, That would, with treason, wound this fair land's peace ! Now civil wounds are stopped, peace lives again ; That she may long live here, God say-Amen." -Richard III., Act V., Scene II.
T TT has been deemed advisable, before giving a detailed ac- count of the men who went from this town, into the war for the Union, to present a brief statement of the causes of this war, and the public action of the citizens of Gardner, in fur- nishing its required number of men. Before doing this, how- ever, we shall first give the names of those, among the early settlers, who served in the Revolutionary War. The names of those who served in the war of 1812, are given in Chapter X., page 246, of this history.
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The Hilllazien
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417
HISTORY OF GARDNER.
GARDNER IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
NAMES OF SOLDIERS.
#Bickford, William
Eaton, John
Kneeland, Timothy
Bolton, Ebenezer
Foster, David
Kelton, Samuel
Baldwin, Josiah
Greenwood, Aaron
Matthews, John
Bancroft, Jonathan
Heywood, Seth
Symonds, Joseph
Comee, David
Haynes, Reuben
*Wheeler, Josiah
Clark, Joseph
Whitney, Joshua
GARDNER IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION.
CAUSES OF OUR CIVIL WAR.
Previous to the Revolutionary War, slavery existed, to some extent, in all the British Colonies, in North America. After the Declaration of Independence, on the 4th of July, 1776, and before the adoption of the federal constitution in 1788, Massa- chusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey and Connecticut had either abolished slavery or taken measures to effect the emancipation of all their slaves. Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia still retained the system, in their respective states. The question of slavery was generally understood to be settled in the states by the Constitution. But as the territory after- wards acquired was admitted into the union as states, the ques- tion of slavery was a troublesome one, until what was called the Missouri Compromise, was made by congress, in 1820, to the effect that slavery, or involuntary servitude, shall forever be prohibited, in all the territory north of latitude 36° 30'.
Although the territory south of the line above named, was as well adapted to slave labor as any in the world, yet it seemed to be a fact, that in order to have the system self-supporting, its area must be constantly extending. Consequently, after all the territory south of the line above named, including Texas, was formed into slave-holding states, and admitted into the union, the slave-holders were not satisfied, and persistent efforts
*Also served during the old French War.
53
418
HISTORY OF GARDNER.
were made to extend the system north of 36° 30'. The terri- tories of Kansas and Nebraska were opened for settlement, and desperate efforts were made for the introduction of slavery therein. Notwithstanding it would be a direct violation of the compromise of 1820, there were northern men, in Congress, who, for the sake of peace, were willing to submit to the demands of the South ; while others were in favor of leaving the question of slavery or no slavery to the people of the territories, after having been admitted, as states into the union ; while others still were for forever prohibiting slavery north of the line men- tioned, in the compromise of 1820. Hence in the presidential campaign of 1860, we find three distinct political parties with their respective candidates, in the field, having deliberately planted themselves, respectively, on the following positions :-
FIRST, THAT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN :
Slavery can only exist, by virtue of municipal law ; and there is no law for it in the territories and no power to enact one. Congress can establish or legalize slavery nowhere, but is bound to prohibit it in, or exclude it from, any and every Federal Territory, whenever and wherever there shall be necessity for such exclusion or prohibition.
SECOND, THAT OF STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS :
Slavery or no slavery, in any territory, is entirely the affair of the white inhabitants of such territory. If they choose to have it, it is their right; if they choose not to have it, they have a right to exclude or prohibit it. Neither congress nor the people of the union, or of any part of it, outside of said territory, have any right to meddle with or trouble themselves about the matter.
THIRD, THAT OF JOHN C. BRECKENRIDGE :
The citizen of any state has a right to migrate to any terri- tory, taking with him anything which is property, by the law of his own state, and hold, enjoy, and be protected in, the use
419
HISTORY OF GARDNER.
of such property, in said territory. And Congress is bound to render such protection, whenever necessary, whether with or without the co-operation of the territorial legislature.
The election of 1860, resulted in the choice of Abraham Lin- coln as president, and this fact seemed to be a decision, by the people, that the compromise of 1820, should be strictly adhered to. The South, finding they were defeated, immediately seceded and formed a Confederate government, for the permanent estab- lishment and independence of which, they inaugurated the war of the Rebellion, by firing upon Fort Sumpter, April 12th, 1861. This event caused great excitement all over the country, and resulted in an immediate proclamation, by Mr. Lincoln, declaring the South in rebellion, and calling for seventy-five thousand volunteers, for ninety days, to engage in the suppres- sion of the insurgents.
Gardner, like all other towns, shared in this excitement, and began at once to take measures to respond to the call of the president.
Accordingly the first town meeting, held after the war of the Rebellion broke out, was on the 30th day of April, 1861. It was called for the special purpose of taking measures for raising volunteers and for providing relief for their families. The following votes were passed, at the meeting :-
" Voted, unanimously, That the selectmen be and are hereby authorized to purchase, at the expense of the town, clothing or uniforms, (suitable for wear in actual service), sufficient for the members of a volunteer militia company, which may be raised, by enlistment of the citizens or inhabitants of the town, and be organized, agreeable to the laws of the commonwealth, as a volunteer company of militia, on or before the first day of June next. Provided, that said company shall pledge themselves to enter the service of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, or of the government of the United States, to defend and sustain said government against the traitors and rebels which now, or may threaten its destruction, if called for, by the proper author-
420
HISTORY OF GARDNER.
ity, or authorities for that purpose, at any time within one year from the date of the organization of said company. Also pro- vided, that if an entire company cannot be raised in the town of Gardner, the selectmen are hereby authorized to furnish uni- forms or clothing as aforesaid, to such citizens or inhabitants of said town, as shall enter the service of their country, for the purpose aforesaid."
" Voted, That the selectmen pay, to the order of the several members of a militia company, which may be raised from the citizens of the town, or to the order of their families, in their absence, the sum of one dollar per day, payable monthly, for three months, from the commencement of actual service."
At a meeting of the town held on the 29th day of June, 1861, it was " Voted, That the town appropriate the sum of one dol- lar per week, for each of the members of the families of per- sons, (inhabitants of the town), who are, or may be, mustered into the service of the United States, in accordance with the statutes of this commonwealth."
These were the only legal meetings held, in the town dur- ing the year 1861, for the purpose of raising volunteers ; yet, meetings of the citizens were often held, for consultation, and to aid in the efforts being put forth by the town.
But all these efforts proved unavailing, so far as raising a company was concerned ; nevertheless, fifty-seven young men volunteered and went into different regiments, then being raised in the state, in 1861.
At a town meeting, April 16th, 1862, it was " Voted, That aid be paid to the families of soldiers the same as last year."
At a meeting of the town on the 23d day of July, 1862, it was " Voted, That the selectmen be and are hereby authorized to offer a bounty of one hundred dollars, (in addition to the bounty now offered by government), for each and every volun- teer, who may enlist into the service of the United States, on or before the 15th day of August next, as a part of the quota of forty men to be furnished, by the town of Gardner, under the late requisition of the governor of Massachusetts,
421
HISTORY OF GARDNER.
and that the sum of $4,200 be and hereby is appropriated by said town, for the purpose of carrying the same into effect. Also that the seleetmen be, and are hereby authorized to draw their order on the treasurer of said town, in the sum of $100, for each and every volunteer, (not exceeding the number of forty), when they shall produce to them satisfactory evidence that they are mustered into United States service, as a part of said quota of volunteers, to be furnished by said town; and that said selectmen constitute a committee to procure necessary enlist- ment papers, and immediately open a recruiting office under their own superintendence."
At a meeting of the town on the 23d of August, 1862, it was " Voted, That the town pay one hundred dollars to each and every volunteer, who has enlisted or may enlist under the last call of the president of the United States, to fill our quota of nine months men, before the third day of September next, the bounty to be paid when mustered into service."
" Voted, That John F. Ashley, S. K. Pierce, John M. Moore, L. W. Brown and James H. Greenwood, be a committee to raise the volunteers for nine months service, to fill the quota of this town under the last call of the president of the United States."
" Voted, To appropriate $6000 for the purpose of carrying into effect the votes passed under this article."
" Voted, That the selectmen be authorized and instructed to draw their orders on the treasurer of the town, to pay the vol- unteers, in accordance with the votes passed at this meeting."
" Voted, To instruct the selectmen to call a town meeting, as soon as may be, and insert an article in the warrant, to see if the town will borrow money to defray the appropriations made at this meeting."
At a meeting held September 1st, 1862, it was " Voted, That the treasurer be authorized to borrow such sums of money, under the direction of the selectmen, as shall be necessary to defray town expenses, not exceeding $8,000."
422
HISTORY OF GARDNER.
On the 11th day of October, 1862, at a legal meeting of the town, it was " Voted, That the town pay to each of the volun- teers, who have enlisted, or who may enlist, into the service of the United States, from this town, for nine months, over and above the town quota, not exceeding twenty-three, $100, to be paid when mustered into service."
It seems that, after the vote passed, on the 23d of August, giving a sufficient number of volunteers to fill the quota of the town, $100 each, there was a surplus of twenty-three ; hence the necessity of the above vote.
There were, from this town, fifty volunteers, in the year 1862, who, with about the same number from Templeton, formed Company G., 53d Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers. These were enlisted for nine months. Aside from these, there were forty-five men, who volunteered for the service, thirty-five of whom, were in the 36th Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers ; three in the naval service, the remainder being in different regi- ments, making ninety-five men, who voluntarily entered the United States service in 1862.
At a meeting of the town, June 27th, 1863, it was " Voted, That the selectmen of the town are hereby authorized to draw, from time to time, upon the treasurer, at their discretion, in ac- cordance with the laws of the commonwealth, for the purpose of rendering the necessary aid, to the families of those, who have been or may be engaged in the military service of the United States."
After the year 1862, business having revived to such an ex- tent, that young men were unwilling to enlist, in sufficient num- bers to fill the quotas, which were required of the town, it be- came necessary to hire recruits, wherever they might be obtained ; consequently, recruiting was mostly done through brokers, in Boston and elsewhere, the expense of which was paid, by the town. The sum of $2,375 was raised by individual subscrip- tion, which was afterwards refunded by the town.
On the 4th day of April, 1864, it was, " Voted, That the sum of $125 be paid to each recruit, for the purpose of filling the
HISTORY OF GARDNER. 423
quota of this town, under the last call of the president of the United States, in accordance with the act of the legislature, in relation thereto. Provided, that no money be paid to any re- cruit until he shall have been credited to the town, as a part of its quota."
April 20th, 1864, it was " Voted, That the town refund to the subscribers the amount of $125, for each recruit furnished, under the call of the president of October 17th, 1863."
It was voted at the same meeting " That the town appropri- ate the sum of one dollar per week, for each of the members of the families of persons who are, or who may be mustered into the service of the United States, as a part of the quota of this town, to be applied under the direction of the selectmen, in ac- cordance with the statutes of this commonwealth."
It was also " Voted, That the sum of $2,375 be raised and applied, under the direction of the selectmen, for the purpose of refunding the money paid by individuals, in procuring men to fill the quota of this town, under the call of the president, of October 17th, 1863.
On the 1st day of June, 1864, it was " Voted, That the selectmen be and are hereby authorized, to pay $125 for each and every recruit who has enlisted, since May 1st, 1864, and been duly mustered into the United States service, to the credit of the town of Gardner, and for whom no town bounty has been paid." It was also voted at the same time "That the selectmen be authorized to pay $125 for each and every recruit who may enlist under their sanetion, or under the sanction of any responsible committee of the citizens of Gardner, and be duly mustered into the service of the United States, to the credit of the town of Gardner, under any or all calls or orders of the president of the United States, issued between March 1st, 1864 and March 1st, 1865." It was also " Voted, That the town treasurer be authorized to borrow such sum or sums of money, from time to time, as may be necessary to meet the orders of the selectmen, in accordance with previous votes passed at this meeting."
424
HISTORY OF GARDNER.
During the years 1863-4, there were twenty-seven enlist- ments, from this town.
The following tables show the name, age at the time of en- listment, date of mustering in, regiment and company, date and reason of discharge, of every man who entered any depart- ment of the United States service, during the war. Those marked with a * were non-residents ; all others were from Gardner.
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1
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GARDNER IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION.
54
NAME.
AGE.
DATE OF MUSTERING IN.
REG'T.
Co.
DATE OF DIS- CHARGE.
REASON OF DISCHARGE.
* Albers. John
29
Jan. 10, 1864
4th Art.
Regular Army.
Ashley. John F , Capt.
34
Oct. 17, 1862
53
G
Sept. 2, 1863
Expiration of service.
Allen, Courtland A., Corp.
27
July 27, 1862
36
June 8. 1865
Expiration of service.
Adams, Horatio
18
Oct.
17,1862
53
G
Sept. 2, 1863
Expiration of service.
Bancroft, Charles
25
May
25, 1861
1
Band
July 27, 1862
Order of War Department.
Britton, JJames S.
18
July
20, 1864
8
HI
.Nov. 10, 1864
Expiration of service.
Bickford, Walter
32
May 25, 1861
2
D)
Killed Ang. 9, 1862, at Cedar Mountain, Va.
Brown, Samuel
19
Jan.
6, 1864
5th Cav.
Oct. 31, 1865
Expiration of service.
Brooks, Joel J .. Sergt.
24
May
Oct.
17, 1862
53
B
Sept. 2, 1863
Expiration of service.
Bickford, William O.
40
Oct.
2, 1861
25
I
July 10, 1862
Disability.
Bickford, William O.
42
Oct.
17, 1862
53
B
Sept. 2, 1863
Expiration of service.
Bolton, Bellarmin, Sergt.
36
July
19, 1861
21
Feb. 12, 1864
To re-enlist.
Bolton, Bellarmin, Sergt.
38
Feb.
13, 1864
21
G
Sept. 24, 1864
Expiration of service.
Brown, Lucien W., 1st Sergt.
29
Oct.
17, 1862
53
G
Sept. 2, 1863
Expiration of service.
Baker, Calvin H., Corp.
30
Oct.
17, 1862
53
G
Sept. 2, 1863
Expiration of service.
Baker, Richard B.
32
Oct.
17, 1862
53
Sept. 2. 1863
Expiration of service.
Bridge, Mitchel M.
21
Oct.
17, 1862
53
G
Deserted Dec. 2, 1862, New York City.
Brooks, Newton
21
Oct.
17,1862
G
Sept. 2, 1863
Expiration of service.
Brooks, Sylvanus
34
Oct.
17, 1862
53
Sept. 2, 1863
Expiration of service.
Byron, John A.
18
Oct.
17, 1862
53
G
Sept. 2, 1863
Expiration of service.
Benson, George E.
27
Dec.
8, 1863
1 st H. A.
May 29, 1865
Disability:
425
HISTORY OF GARDNER.
Taken prisoner.
Brooks, George, Corp.
26
May 25, 1861
2
May 28, 1864
Expiration of service.
Bickford, Charles
20
25, 1861
2
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426
GARDNER IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION-Continued.
NAME.
AGE.
DATE OF MUSTERING IN.
REG'T.
Co.
DATE OF DIS- CHARGE.
REASON OF DISCHARGE.
*Brown, John
21
Ang. 10, 1863
28
A
Absent.
Sick.
Bailey, Clarence S., Sergt.
30
Sept. 30, 1861
3d Cav.
Oct. 8, 1863
Ballon, Ebenezer
42
Ang. 9, 1862
36
H
Feb. 5, 1863
Bishop, David N.
45
Aug. 2, 1862
36
II
Mar. 2, 1863
Disability.
Barnes, Charles II.
27
Feb. 18, 1864
57
F
July 7, 1865
Order of War Department.
*Bohaman, Michael *Blakesley, Charles H.
20
Jan. 18. 1863
4th Art.
Regular Army.
*Borley. John
27
May
3, 1863
4th Art.
Bolton, Sidney
23
Oct. 9,1861
26
I
Dee. 7, 1863
Disability.
*Bonghner, Daniel
21
Oct. 28, 1862
4th Art.
#Burger, Henry
22
Ang. 1, 1864
4th Art.
19
Jan. 29, 1864
5
C
Oct, 31, 1865
Expiration of service. 14, 1861, Alexandria, Va.
Cronin, Lawrence
44
Oct. 18, 1862
48
I
Sept. 3, 1863
Expiration of service.
Clapp, Joseph W.
21
July 19, 1861
21
A
Oct. 17, 1862
Disability.
Clapp, Joseph W., Corp.
23
Oct. 17, 1862
53
G Sept. 2, 1863
Expiration of service.
Carroll, Patrick
31
Oct. 17, 1862
53
G
Sept. 2, 1863
Expiration of service.
Clark, Franklin J.
27
Oct. 17, 1862
53
G
Sept. 2, 1863
Expiration of service.
Clark, George
18
Oct. 17, 1862
53
G
Died Apr. 13, 1863, Baton Rouge, La.
Commons, William
28
Oct. 17, 1862
53
G Sept. 2, 1863 Expiration of service.
Coyle, Michael
18
Oct. 17, 1862
53
G
Sept. 2, 1863
Expiration of service.
Coyle, Martin
39
Oct. 12, 1861
25
F
May 6, 1863
Disability
Conant, George F.
40
Oct. 8, 1861
25
I
Died Sept. 7, 1863, Washington, N. C.
Caswell, Adin W., Capt.
32
Oct. 16, 1861
27
B
Nov. 19, 1864
Expiration of service.
HISTORY OF GARDNER.
*Bates, Peter J., 1st Sergi. Clapp, Samuel B.
19
May 25, 1861
2
D
Died Dec.
To accept com 2d La. Cav. Disability.
26
May 10, 1864
Vet. R. C.
.
*Carpenter, Elijah *Cood, William Il. *Chester, William *Colby, Prentis A. Clapp, Asahel Colburn, Augustus F. *Connor, Josephi
25 22 22
Dec. 15, 1863 Aug. 10, 1863 July 21, 1864 Feb. 10, 1865
17th Bat L. A. B 87. 2nd II. A.
1 st Bat H. A.
44
Aug. 9. 1862
36 36
H
21
Aug. 9, 1862
33 Jan. 12, 1864
56
57
G
Coval, Augustus T. Coval, John B.
18 Mar. 10, 1864
57
G
"Caswell. Timothy
38
Feb 10, 1865
Vet. R. C.
*Conventz, Fred
26
Aug. 6, 1864
Vet. R. C.
*Converse, George
38 May 9, 1864
Vet. R. C.
*Carey. Daniel Cramm, N. W., Corp. Cramm, N. W.
29
Oct. 5, 1861
4th Cav.
To re-enlist.
*Carter, William, 1st Sergt.
28
Jan. 29, 1864
5
C
Oet. 31, 1865
Expiration of service.
*Clark, Joseph
29
Jan. 29, 1864
C
Oct. 31, 1865
Expiration of service.
*Card, Jerome W.
23
Sept 1, 1864
Died Aug. 14, 1865, U. S. Gen. Hosp'l.
*Chadwick, John
31
Jan. 29, 1864
5th Cav.
* Dorcey, James
32
Jan. 29, 1864
Ist II. A.
* Davis, Henry
21
May 10, 1864
Vet. R. C.
* Davis, Charles
39
Dec. 12, 1862
48
D
Deserted Dec. 13, 1862, at Readville.
* Duff. James F.
21
Aug. 13, 1861
11
Deserted Aug. 27, 1863.
Downes, Peter S.
33
Oct. 17, 1862
53
G
Sept. 2, 1863 Time expired.
*Dupont, John B.
38
Oct. 17, 1862
53
G
Deserted Nov. 5, 1862, Groton, Mass
Dyer, Ai O.
26
July 19, 1861
21
G
Died of wounds Dec. 6, 1863, Knoxville, Tenn.
Edgell, John D., 2d Lient.
20
Oct. 17, 1862
53
G
Sept. 2, 1863
Expiration of service.
Eaton, James M.
28
Oct. 31, 1861
32
A
April 7, 1862
Disability.
Emery, Moses W.
30
Sept. 30, 1861
3d Cav.
July 1, 1862
Disability.
*Eddy, D. Daniel
23
Sept. 20, 1863
4th Art.
Regular Army.
427
Rejected Jan. 3, 1864. Deserted Nov. 1863. Died Oct. 21, 1864, Newbern, N. C. Expiration of service. Died July 20, 1863, Clinton, Miss.
Transferred V. R. C. Time out, absent, sick. Died of wounds Sept. 7, 1864, Annapolis, Md. July 30, 1865
Expiration of service.
HISTORY OF GARDNER.
Regular Army.
Apr. 20, 1864 Nov. 14, 1865
31 Apr. 21, 1864
4th Cav.
Expiration of service.
5 5th Cav.
Oct. 31, 1865 May 3, 1865
Expiration of service.
Time out.
22
Oct. 19. 1862
I th Art.
II Feb. F 6,1865 July 12, 1865
20 Mar. 10, 1864
21
Oct. 20. 1865
428
GARDNER IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION-Continued.
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