USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Lexington > History of the town of Lexington, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, from its first settlement to 1868, Volume I > Part 1
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Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59
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MASSACHUSET
TTS
Bi Centenary edition
HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF LEXINGTON MASSACHUSETTS IN TWO VOLUMES VOLUME I
The Battle of Lexington From the drawing by Hemmatt Billings
HISTORY OF THE
TOWN OF LEXINGTON
MIDDLESEX COUNTY MASSACHUSETTS FROM ITS FIRST SETTLEMENT TO 1868
BY CHARLES HUDSON V
Member of the Massachusetts Historical, the New England Historic Genealogical, and the American Antiquarian Societies
REVISED AND CONTINUED TO 1912 BY THE LEXINGTON HISTORICAL SOCIETY
VOLUME I-HISTORY
TOVT BIEN OV RIEN
BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY The niversite press Cambridge 1913
.467491 Cafe; 2
COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY THE LEXINGTON HISTORICAL SOCIETY
All rights reserved
CCIA347416
R
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
THE history of Lexington, unlike that of many other com- munities, has more than local significance and value, because of the far-reaching event which took place within the bor- ders of the town. Upon other grounds, however, the story of such a typical New England village is of national impor- tance; for in the development of the community life of Lex- ington and in the growth of her town meeting, so graphically set forth by Mr. Hudson, is presented a faithful picture of the forces which not only brought to a successful termination the Revolutionary and the Civil wars, but also contributed in extraordinary measure to the industrial, political, and moral power of the United States.
Lexington was fortunate in having among her citizens, at a time when questions of local history and genealogy were little regarded, a pioneer in the difficult work of preserving the re- cords of the past. So widespread, fifty years later, is the in- terest in every detail of early American history and of family descent that it is almost impossible to appreciate the difficul- ties under which Mr. Hudson labored in preparing his monu- mental History and Genealogy of Lexington. Those difficul- ties he overcame with remarkable skill and patience; and an examination of the result leaves one astonished that, with such meagre resources, he produced a volume so free from major errors.
Since Mr. Hudson wrote, a new school of historians, to whom wealth and accuracy of detail are fundamental, has arisen; and under their stimulus many American cities and towns have begun to rescue their records from neglect, and, in a number of cases, have caused those records to be pre- served in print. Moreover, in the period since the Civil War, there has developed a new spirit of interest in the beginnings of the American States and in those who helped to build them up. Consequently, in the last half-century, not only have there been published many town and family genealogies containing material not available to Mr. Hudson, but the whole science of genealogy has made great advances. There- fore, while much information that he secured would have been
vi
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
lost forever had he failed to record it, much other material, since brought to light, was, in 1868, quite beyond his reach.
Because of this, and because Lexington is in the process of transition from rural to semi-urban conditions, it seemed ap- propriate to mark the two hundredth anniversary of its in- corporation - March 20, 1712, O. S. (March 31, 1713, N. S.) - by a re-publication of Mr. Hudson's history, with such re- vision, extension, and amplification as might prove desirable and possible. The matter was brought to the attention of the Lexington Historical Society; and at a meeting held October 13, 1908, it was voted: "That the Council be instructed and authorized by the Lexington Historical Society to appoint, as soon as possible, a committee to have entire charge of the work as outlined by this report and subject to the direction, by vote, of the Society."
The undersigned committee was appointed to carry out the will of the Society; and, since November 10, 1908, when it organized with Mr. Munroe as chairman, it has held fre- quent meetings and has given much thought and time to the task of revision. Securing the aid of Mr. William R. Cutter, formerly of Lexington but now of Woburn, a genealogist of experience and reputation, the Committee first undertook the revision of the genealogical tables, changing their form from that employed by Mr. Hudson, in order to conform to modern usage, verifying dates and names, adding new data, expunging superfluous matter, and greatly amplifying the tables by information covering the later generations of both the older and the newer Lexington families. For the latter purpose, blanks to be filled out were sent to all families resi- dent in the town as well as to representatives, living else- where, of many that have moved away. Persistent effort was made to secure in this way full information; and those fami- lies whose names do not appear owe such omission to their failure to comply with the Committee's requests.
As is commonly the case, the labor and expense involved in the undertaking have proved greater than was anticipated. The revision of the Genealogy resulted in a growth from two hundred and eighty-two to nearly nine hundred pages. The revision of the history itself required not only the preparation of material covering the period from 1868 to 1912, but also a verification of all extracts from old records, and a study of new sources, in order to supplement Mr. Hudson's facts
vii
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
by additional discoveries gleaned through later researches. Special care has been taken to examine the many volumes dealing with the Battle of Lexington, with the result, however, of proving that, while some new light has been thrown upon that event by modern historians, few, if any, narrations of the Battle are so comprehensive, so well balanced, and so accu- rate as is Mr. Hudson's. In revising his History, therefore, the Lexington Historical Society not only pays deserved tribute to a man who, at much personal sacrifice of time and money, performed with exceptional skill a service of great value to his adopted town; but it gives new life and value, through revision, to what is a real and lasting contribution to the history of the United States.
Because of the great improvement in the art of illustrating since 1868, none of the pictures in Mr. Hudson's History has been retained. Great care has been taken, however, to use everything available in the way of important illustrative material, with the result that not only the interest, but the historic value, of the volumes is greatly enhanced by the illustrations. These have been chosen by the Committee and paid for by the Society, quite apart from any personal or property considerations; and the rule of excluding all por- traits of living persons has been rigidly observed. The other members of the Committee are under great obligation to Dr. Piper, upon whom solely has rested the difficult duty of find- ing the originals for the illustrations, and of having them prepared for the press. Attention is called to much valu- able data contained in the "List of Illustrations" pub- lished in each volume.
The paper used is that specially made for the New England Historic-Genealogical Society, and is so free from chemicals and adulterations as to insure it against deterioration.
It should be observed that the unsigned footnotes are those of Mr. Hudson; while those signed "Ed." have been added by the Committee on Revision. Since in a work of such magni- tude it is impossible to avoid mistakes, readers are earnestly requested to make a note of all such mistakes observed and to report them at once to the Lexington Historical Society.
The Society, and the special committee placed in charge of this work of revision, could hardly have undertaken to pro- duce these volumes had it not been for the money available through the generous bequest to the Society of its former
viii
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
president, Mr. George O. Smith, and the benefaction from the estate of Mr. Robert C. Billings. While the cost of the under- taking will be eventually defrayed, it is hoped, by the sale of volumes, the temporary use of these funds, together with the advance subscriptions secured from citizens of Lexington and others, has enabled the Society to meet the considerable cost of revision and of printing. There should first be recorded, therefore, the great obligation of the town to its late citizen, Mr. Smith, and to Mr. Thomas Minns, one of the executors of the estate of Mr. Billings, through whom a share of the distributed surplus came to the Lexington Historical Society. The thanks of the Committee are due to those who have so generously contributed material (such contributions being recognized in appropriate footnotes); to Miss Mina K. God- dard, for much conscientious labor and research, especially upon the Genealogical volume; to the New England Historic- Genealogical Society, for valuable advice and use of its archives; to the Massachusetts Historical Society, for refer- ence to its collections; to the Department of the Secretary of the Commonwealth and to the War Record Office of the Adjutant-General for access to and assistance in consulting the State Archives; and to Mrs. Lillian A. Hall, expert in genealogical research, for much valuable help, freely given.
JAMES P. MUNROE.
MARY E. HUDSON.
SARAH E. ROBINSON.
CHARLES F. CARTER.
JOHN N. MORSE.
FRED S. PIPER.
ALBERT S. PARSONS. Committee.
January 1, 1913.
PREFACE
IN preparing the following History, I have labored under the embarrassments felt by every one who undertakes to compile the annals of a town, arising from the meagre and imperfect character of municipal records. This is particu- larly true of the records of births, deaths, and marriages. There is scarcely a family whose genealogy can be accurately traced, in our public archives, through two generations. There will be omissions of births and deaths, or a minute so brief that it is next to impossible to determine whether the child born belongs to this family or that; or whether the person who died is the father or the son in the particular family, or whether he belongs to this family or another of the same sur- name. So of the entry of many marriages, - there is nothing to determine whether the parties belong to the town where the marriage is recorded or not.
It is the fortune of those who compile our local histories, and especially if they deal with the genealogy of families, to rest under the imputation of being inaccurate; when the fault is in the record, or in the absence of all record, rather than in the compiler. In fact any person who undertakes to write a local history from the records of the town alone would confer no favor upon the public, unless it be to show how de- fective those records are. It is well understood by all those who have had experience that the labor of gleaning from the town or city books constitutes but a small portion of the ac- tual labor to be performed. While gleaning from the records, the compiler's work is before him; but when he goes elsewhere to supply defects or explain what is recorded, he enters an unexplored field, and many fruitless days must be spent in search of the needed information. And it is not till he has had experience that he learns where and how to direct his inquiries and to separate facts from fiction.
In some of our towns, a portion of the records are lost. Lexington town records are continuous from the first. There is, however, one serious defect in the list of marriages. In past times the records of deaths and marriages were generally kept by the clergymen. Rev. Mr. Hancock, who was a clergy-
x
PREFACE
man in Lexington more than half a century, was very full and accurate in his entries. And while we have his lists of deaths and baptisms from 1698 to the time of his death, we have no account of his marriages till 1750. He must have kept a full record from the first, which is destroyed or lost. This has proved a great embarrassment in preparing the genealogy, though many of these defects have been supplied from other sources.
There is also a general defect in records, arising from the brevity of the entries. When an event is recent, and the de- tails are fresh in the memory of the people, a concise memo- randum may apparently answer the purpose. But when the event is forgotten, such a brief entry becomes almost useless. All records should be self-explaining; so that they can be un- derstood at any future day. Another defect arises from the fact that reports of committees, appointed to obtain the facts in a given case, are not recorded. The record may say that the report is accepted and "placed on file." But in the country towns, where they have no permanent place to deposit their papers, such reports are soon lost or destroyed.
I do not apply these remarks to Lexington in particular, for I find her records better than those of some other towns. But in examining town records in various places, I have found the defects which I have stated; and fidelity to the cause of history has prompted me to make these statements, in the hope that the evil, which every historian has experienced, may be avoided. Records are not made for the day or year in which they are written, but for posterity. An important historic fact may turn on a single line in the record of an ob- scure town. A name or a date may enable a writer of bio- graphy, or a genealogist, to give a connected narrative, which would be broken or disjointed if the name or date were omitted in the record. It is an easy thing, in entering the birth or baptism of a child, to give the name of the parent; or in recording the death of a person, to give the age; or in recording a marriage, to state the residence of the parties, or the parents of the bride. A little care in adding these particular items would materially increase the value of our records. And in regard to the reports of committees, they should be entered in a book kept for that purpose, and be pre- served.
An embarrassment peculiar to the preparation of this his-
xi
PREFACE
tory has arisen from the fact that for half a century after the first settlement of what is now Lexington, no records were kept within the place. This territory being a part of Cam- bridge, when an event worthy of notice occurred therein, it passed unrecorded, or if it were recorded at Cambridge, there is nothing to show whether it occurred at Old Cambridge, or at "Cambridge Farms." If Lexington had been a separate, independent settlement, she would have had a common centre and records of her own from the first. The fact that Cam- bridge Farms were thus isolated, and that there was no com- mon centre around which the settlers could cluster, induced those who were coming into the territory to locate near some permanent settlement, that they might enjoy the advan- tages of intercourse and association with the surrounding towns. And hence the first settlements were generally near the borders of Cambridge, Watertown, Woburn, or Concord. This circumstance would naturally tend to postpone a cen- tral organization; and even after such an organization was ef- fected, their old associations would partially continue, and their marriages and baptisms would to some extent be entered in the border towns. These things have tended to make the early history of the town more meagre than it otherwise would have been.
But these embarrassments I have labored to overcome by consulting the records of the neighboring towns, and having recourse to the published. town Histories, and the Genealo- gies of other families. The files of the Probate Office, the State Archives, and the County Records have enabled me to supply many defects. In the Revolutionary history I have been materially aided by the American Archives and Froth- ingham's Siege of Boston. I have endeavored to give a full and impartial history of the town, and an ample Genealogy of the families. How far I have succeeded, I leave the public to judge.
It only remains for me to make my acknowledgments to those who have kindly favored me with facilities for informa- tion. My thanks are due to many individuals within the town, who have furnished me old family papers from which much intelligence has been derived. Among those, I will men- tion Colonel Philip Russell, William Chandler, Esq., Messrs. Charles Tidd, Elias Smith, David Harrington, Bowen Har- rington, Jonas Gammell, and the late Deacon Mulliken. Nor
xii
PREFACE
should I omit the kindness of Miss Mary Merriam, who has ever manifested a strong desire to render all possible aid; and who has furnished valuable books and papers bearing upon the subject of the history. Many other persons have readily supplied facts relative to the genealogy of their respective families. I must also make my acknowledgments to Mr. Charles Brown for the loan of a list of deaths, covering a period of nearly forty years, kept by his father, from which many defects in our record of deaths have been supplied. A similar acknowledgment is due to Mrs. H. Pierce, for a list of deaths kept by the venerable Jonathan Harrington, nearly up to the time of his decease.
My thanks are due to Albert W. Bryant, Esq., the accom- modating Town Clerk, for a free use of the books and papers in his custody, to the Librarians of Harvard College, of the State Library, and of the Boston Athenæum, for facilities rendered in consulting authorities. Nor should I neglect to mention the kindness of Francis Brown, Esq., of Boston, in lending me a large quantity of valuable papers left by his uncle, Edmund Munroe of Boston, which have been of great service; or the readiness with which Henry Clarke, Esq., of Boston, granted me the use of several volumes of the Diary of his honored father, Rev. Jonas Clarke, kept in an inter- leaved Almanac, which have proved of great value.
LEXINGTON, June. 1. 1868.
CHARLES HUDSON.
CONTENTS
I. FROM THE FIRST SETTLEMENT TO THE INCORPORATION AS A TOWN 1
II. FROM THE INCORPORATION OF THE TOWN TO THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH WARS 45
III. CIVIL HISTORY FROM 1763 TO 1775 .
66
IV. CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 88
V. GOVERNOR GAGE'S ADMINISTRATION
107
VI. THE BATTLE OF LEXINGTON
123
VII. THE BATTLE OF LEXINGTON, continued
177
VIII. THE EFFECTS OF THE BATTLE OF LEXINGTON 206
IX. FROM THE COMMENCEMENT TO THE CLOSE OF THE REVO-
LUTION
225
X. FROM THE PEACE OF 1783 TO THE YEAR 1830
248
XI. FROM THE YEAR 1830 TO 1867
262
XII. FROM THE YEAR 1867 TO 1912
. 280
XIII. ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, FROM 1692' TO THE DEATH OF
REV. MR. HANCOCK
. 304
XIV. ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, FROM THE SETTLEMENT TO THE
DEATH OF REV. MR. CLARKE
318
XV. ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS, FROM THE
DEATH OF MR.
CLARKE TO 1867
333
XVI. ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS, FROM 1868 TO 1912.
. 351
XVII. EDUCATION, FROM THE SETTLEMENT TO 1867
.
378
XVIII. EDUCATION, FROM 1868 TO 1912 .
396
XIX. MILITARY AFFAIRS, FROM 1700 TO THE CLOSE OF THE
CIVIL WAR
412
XX. MILITARY AFFAIRS, FROM 1868 TO 1912.
444
XXI. MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS .
457
XXII. TOPOGRAPHY
466
XXIII. STATISTICS
483
475
XXIV. CIVIC ORGANIZATIONS 497
XXV. OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
XXVI. BENEFACTIONS
516
.
526
APPENDIX
INDEX OF NAMES
. 569
-
ILLUSTRATIONS
SEAL OF THE TOWN OF LEXINGTON Cover Decoration Designed by Rev. Edward G. Porter, drawn by Harry M. Stephenson; adopted by the town, 1875.
SEAL OF THE LEXINGTON HISTORICAL SOCIETY . . . Half title-page Drawn by Miss Bertha E. Saltmarsh; adopted February 13, 1912.
THE BATTLE OF LEXINGTON Frontispiece Drawn by Hammatt Billings, engraved by Smith and Knight, Boston, 1861.
MAP OF CAMBRIDGE IN 1644-55
22
Showing townships into which it was afterwards divided.
MAJOR PITCAIRN'S PISTOLS, USED APRIL 19, 1775
32
In the possession of the Lexington Historical Society.
MUNROE TAVERN 38 . . . .
Built in 1695; Earl Percy's headquarters in Lexington; owned by the Lex- ington Historical Society.
BUCKMAN TAVERN
38
.
.
.
.
Built in 1690 by Benjamin Muzzey; the rendezvous of the Minute-Men,
April 19, 1775.
HANCOCK-CLARKE HOUSE . . 38 . Built by Rev. John Hancock in 1698, enlarged in 1734 by his son Thomas. This old parsonage was the home of Rev. Jonas Clarke with whom Samuel Adams and John Hancock were visiting April 17 to 19, 1775. The house is now owned by the Lexington Historical Society.
THE HOUSE OF JONATHAN HARRINGTON
. 38 · Who was mortally wounded by a British bullet on the morning of April 19, 1775, and died on his doorstone.
DANIEL HARRINGTON HOUSE, FORMERLY STANDING ON ELM AVENUE 60 Erected in 1750; taken down in 1875.
HOME OF MARRETT AND NATHAN MUNROE
60
Built in 1729.
TIDD HOUSE, FORMERLY ON NORTH HANCOCK STREET
60 Built about 1670; taken down in 1891.
BOWMAN HOUSE, FORMERLY NEAR THE ARLINGTON LINE . . . . 60 Built about 1649 by Nathaniel Bowman; destroyed by fire in 1905.
TONGUE OF THE BELL WHICH SOUNDED THE ALARM IN LEXINGTON, APRIL 19, 1775 · .
106
In the possession of the Lexington Historical Society.
FAC-SIMILE OF TITLE-PAGE OF DE BERNICRE'S NARRATIVE 126 Original publication in the possession of the Lexington Historical Society.
xvi
ILLUSTRATIONS
SAMUEL ADAMS . 134 From an oil portrait by Copley in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
GOVERNOR JOHN HANCOCK . 134 From an oil portrait by Copley, in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
DOROTHY QUINCY
. 134
From an oil portrait by Copley, in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
PAUL REVERE
134
From an oil portrait in the Cary Memorial Library; copied from the paint- ing by Gilbert Stuart, 1813.
WILLIAM DAWES 134 From an oil portrait in the Cary Memorial Library; artist unknown.
MAP OF THE CENTRE OF LEXINGTON
145
THE BATTLE OF LEXINGTON
148
"M. Swett, invt. et del. - Pendleton's Lithography, Boston," about 1834.
THE BATTLE OF LEXINGTON . 148 Drawn by Earl and engraved by A. Doolittle, 1775.
"THE DAWN OF LIBERTY "
. 148
An oil painting by Henry Sandham, 1886; canvas 6 x10 feet; owned by the Lexington Historical Society.
COLONEL WILLIAM MUNROE, SERGEANT IN CAPTAIN PARKER'S
COMPANY
. 152
From an oil portrait by Greenwood; owned by the Lexington Historical Society.
AMOS MUZZEY, MEMBER OF CAPTAIN PARKER'S COMPANY . . 152 From a pastel by Doyle, 1813; owned by the Lexington Historical Society.
JONATHAN HARRINGTON, THE LAST SURVIVOR OF THE BATTLE OF LEXINGTON 152
From a daguerreotype.
SAMUEL BOWMAN . 152
From a miniature by Williams.
BOULDER ON LEXINGTON COMMON, MARKING THE POSITION OF THE MINUTE-MEN, APRIL 19, 1775 152
EARL PERCY . . 176
From an oil portrait by Pompeo Bartoni; copy by Pope, 1879. Pre- sented to the Town by the Duke of Northumberland. In the Cary Memo- rial Library.
MAJOR JOHN PITCAIRN . 176 From a miniature in the possession of the Lexington Historical Society.
THE OLD BELFRY . 190
Built in 1761. It stood on the Common and held the alarm bell, April 19, 1775.
ILLUSTRATIONS
xvii
REVOLUTIONARY MONUMENT, ERECTED ON LEXINGTON COMMON, 1799
. 190 "Executed by Thos. Park." The first revolutionary monument erected.
DRUM USED AT THE BATTLE OF LEXINGTON BY WILLIAM DIAMOND 190 In the possession of the Lexington Historical Society. The long roll beaten on this drum was the first overt act in the Revolution.
CAPTAIN JOHN PARKER'S DEPOSITION
. 218
Made April 23, 1775. The original is in the possession of the Lexington Historical Society.
DR. JOSEPH FISKE'S BILL AGAINST THE PROVINCE OF MASSACHU- SETTS BAY FOR MEDICAL ATTENDANCE UPON THE BRITISH SOL- DIERS WOUNDED APRIL 19, 1775 224
The original bill is in the possession of the Lexington Historical Society.
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