USA > Massachusetts > Hampden County > Springfield > Springfield, 1636-1886 : history of town and city, including an account of the quarter-millennial celebration at Springfield, Mass., May 25 and 26, 1886 > Part 1
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M. L.
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01068 4626
REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
Guil. Pynchon, Army Effigies Delin. Anno Dom 1657 Ælat 67
William Pynchon
SPRINGFIELD
1636-1886
HISTORY OF TOWN AND CITY
INCLUDING
An Account of the Quarter-Millennial Celebration At Springfield, Mass., May 25 and 26, 1886
BY MASON A. GREEN
ORGANIZED ATOWN
25.1852
A CITY MAY
MAY
14.1636.O.S
ISSUED BY THE AUTHORITY AND) DIRECTION OF THE CITY OF SPRINGFIELD
C. A. NICHOLS & CO., PUBLISHERS MDCCCLXXXVIII
82 8178 3
Copyright, 1SSS By CHAS. A. NICHOLS & CO.
PRESS OF Rockwell and Churchill BOSTON
1157656
WELCOME
188
PREFACE.
Two years ago to-day all Springfield celebrated the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the first town-meeting. The committee of fifty, charged with the details of the festivi- ties, who had assigned to the writer the task of preparing the formal record of the event, also requested him to " collect facts as to the early history of Springfield, and the genealogy of the families of the first settlers, which shall, with the address, and speeches at the banquet, be published in book form." For some months this plan was pursued, but it was found that one vol- ume would not meet the demands, if the usual plan of a local history were followed. Springfield is not a town. It has been an important and indeed controlling factor in the development of Western Massachusetts. There never has been a continuous narrative of the town and city. Several chapters in its career have never been investigated by any writer. To cover these breaks and give the history of the people of Springfield, and at the same time leave space for genealogies and the anniversary speeches, would be impracticable in one volume, and would require several years' research. The historian has, therefore, taken the liberty, after conferring with the publication com- mittee, to depart from his instructions, and to leave the prep- aration of the genealogies, the drafts of streets, and the complete lists of office-holders, and much tabular data to some future writer. In all probability the three hundredth anniver-
PREFACE.
sary will be observed with patriotic enthusiasm. If the his- torian of that occasion will supply these features and carry the narrative down the extra fifty years, he will have material enough to make a second volume, which, with the corrections that may be needed in this, will furnish our people with a history more elaborate than that of any city or town in the Commonwealth.
There is, indeed, much in these pages of a genealogical and biographical nature, and many old landmarks are identified ; but this material is only used as incidental to the story. It is the history of the people that is here told. A list of the men who have aided the writer during the past two years would be too long to give here. But special acknowledgment should be made to Dr. Thomas R. Pynchon, of Hartford, for his many services in collecting facts. Maj. Edward Ingersoll, James E. Russell, Robert O. Morris, Judge William S. Shurt- leff, James Wells, Dr. William Rice, James Kirkham, Dr. F. E. Oliver, of Boston, and scores of others have given their services in recalling the past and furnishing records ; and Judge Henry Morris, before his illness, gave the use of his historical library and manuscripts at all times. The names of the soldiers of the civil war and the lists of dead, wounded, and missing were furnished by James L. Bowen. The index was prepared by Dr. William Rice.
The publication committee appointed by the committee of fifty were : Edward H. Lathrop, chairman ; Judge William S. Shurtleff, Lewis J. Powers, James D. Gill, and Milton Bradley. This committee placed the whole matter of publishing the history into the hands of C. A. Nichols, of this city, who, it will be seen, has spared neither time nor money in this service.
PREFACE.
It is a fact worthy of note that the local patriotism which the May celebration stimulated has not died down since then. During the past two years more money has been given for public improvements, more attention paid to the appearance of parks and thoroughfares, and more concern taken in the organ- izations that supplement the work of good government here than for many years before the celebration. Thus the quarter- millennial, which was a tribute to the past, was a pledge also for the future in all things that improve and better our City of Homes. This is our Springfield, -first, a stake in the wilder- ness, then a town, then the mother of towns, then a city, and, with the continuing favor of Providence, the mother of cities.
MASON A. GREEN.
SPRINGFIELD, May 25, 1888.
0 00
THE SPRINGFIELD CHURCH, ENGLAND.
INTRODUCTION.
WHEN King Charles had dissolved his third Parliament with the avowed purpose of ruling without it, and had made the ritualistic Land Bishop of London, thus at once putting his heel upon the statute liberties of England and the bleeding heart of Puritanism, there lived in an Essexshire hamlet a warden of the established church. He was thirty-nine years of age, of gentle birth, acute, res- tive, and singularly self-assertive. He had seen some of the stoutest men of the realm break into tears when the king had cut off free speech in the Commons ; he had seen ritualism, like an iron collar, clasped upon the neck of the Church, while a young jewelled courtier, the Duke of Buckingham, dangled the reputation of sober England at his waistcoat. A colonial enterprise, pushed by some Lincolnshire gentlemen, had been noised abroad, and the warden joined his
INTRODUCTION.
fortunes with them, and so became one of the original incorporators mentioned in the royal charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company in America. This was William Pynchon, of Springfield, Essex, England.
The Pynchons seem to have had a sturdy quality, that grows in the fastnesses of Wales, nor were they strangers to the graces of the gentry and the pride of family. Sir William Dugdale in his "Baronage " says that Endo, " with one Pinco his sworn brother in war," came to England with William at the time of the Norman Conquest, and they received, among other returns, for their services, the hamlet of Thorpet in Kirby, Lincolnshire, - " Endo to hold his proportion im- mediately of the king, and Pinco his of St. Cuthbert of Durham." In 1167 Hugh, the son of "Pinco or Pincheun," was returned by the Bishop of Durham as " holding of him" seven knights' fees in Lincoln- shire. A reference in the records of that day to " Hugh fils Pinch- onis " furnishes us the earliest close approach to the spelling of the name as we have it. Walter de Beke married the daughter of " Hugh Fitz Pincheun," who held the lands in Lincolnshire for some years.
We learn from the History of the town of Horton, in Yorkshire, that a daughter of Thomas Chichele, Northamptonshire, married a William Pynchon, who is spoken of as the ancestor of the Essex Pynchons. This Chichele was a relative of Sir Robert Chichele, Lord Mayor of London in 1411. The Horton historian speaks of the first William Pynchon as an "opulent butcher," from whom "de- scended a line of important personages whose issue gave off Baronets and Squires of high degree." Coming down somewhat later, it is known that Nicholas Pynchon, who became High Sheriff of Lon- don in 1533, went from Wales to Sussex in the early part of the sixteenth century and bought an estate in the ancient cathedral town of Chichester. He removed to Essexshire in 1526, where his son, John, married Jane Empson, the daughter of Sir Richard Empson, one of the ministers of King Henry VII. who lost their heads for unprofessional conduct. John's son, William, died at Writtle in 1592 ;
INTRODUCTION.
and his son, in turn, was the William Pynchon, of Springfield, Essex- shire, England, who became the founder of Springfield, Massachu- setts, United States of America.
The coat of arms of the Pynchon family was : " Per bend argent and sable, three roundles within a bordure engrailed, counter- changed." Although William Pynchon was a man of broad and aggressive thought, he was remarkably complex in character. IIe loved both money and adventure; he also loved the gospel in its purity ; he hated political corruption, and, at the same time, he dis- trusted that phase of Puritanism which drifted away from royalty. What was the real motive that led him to leave the quiet walks of his Essexshire estate and to sail for the New World we will leave others to conjecture after reading his history.
After Charles Stuart had risen from his bed, where he had fallen in unkingly tears on hearing of the assassination of Buckingham, he resolved to continue the fight for the divine right of kings by adopting two equally memorable policies. The very month in which the king dissolved the Parliament which had bolted its door against the royal messenger, he signed the famous Massachusetts Bay charter. No one can tell who was more relieved at the signing of the charter, - King or Puritan. The eagerness of his Majesty to be well rid of his Puritan subjects explains the liberal terms upon which the Massa- chusetts wilderness was set over to Endicott, Cradock, Pynchon, and their associates. They and their heirs and assigns forever received from the king in the territory of Massachusetts Bay "all landes and groundes, place and places, soyles, woodes and wood groundes, havens, portes, rivers, waters, mynes, mineralls, jurisdiceones, rights, royalties, liberties, freedomes, immunities, priviledges, fran- chises, preheminences, hereditament, and commodities whatsoever," to be held " in free and comon Socage and not in Capite nor by knight service." The main consideration was a payment of one-fifth part of the gold and silver ore " which from tyme to tyme and at all tymes hereafter, shalbe there gotten, had or obteyned for all ser-
INTRODUCTION.
vices, exaecors, aad demandes whatsoever." It was granted that the officers should be chosen out of the freemen of the company ; that it should be " one bodie politique and corporate," with right forever to appoint its own officers, including a General Court having judicial and legislative functions granted for all time. The only check upon the action of the court was the provision that no law should be con- trary to the statute laws of England ; but the governor not being a royal appointee (after the provisional one named in the charter), and the laws not being submitted for royal sanction, the act of incorpo- ration served as a practical warrant of local autonomy.
Every person joining the corporation was required to take the freeman's oath, swearing "by the greate & dreadful name of the everlyving God" to "mainetaine & preserve all the libertyes & privileges " of the colony ; nor did the colony in turn doubt its right to exclude freemen who developed heretical opinions. John and Samuel Brown, who had got into trouble by using the " Book of Comon Prayer," were summarily sent back to England from Salem, and it was arranged that the dispute should be put out to arbitration. The Browns nominated Mr. Pynchon, among others, to this board, and in the end, it is believed, they were paid a small sum for their financial losses in America.
It little concerns us here to follow the transfer of the charter from England to Massachusetts Bay in the early spring of 1630, except to note that Mr. Pynchon's importance in this enterprise is evident from the first. He was not only an incorporator, but was named by the king a provisional assistant pending the regular or- ganization under the charter. He was present at the meeting in England in May, 1629, when he paid his " adventure money" to Harwood, the treasurer, and in October of that year he was placed on the committee to carry out the vote of the company to transfer the historic charter to America. The fleet of four vessels which sailed in April, 1630, bearing the charter with the seal of England attached thereto by strings of braided silk, also bore Mr. Pynchon
INTRODUCTION.
and his feeble wife with four children, Ann, Mary (afterward Mrs. Holyoke), John, and Margaret (afterward Mrs. Davis). The new- comers generally took their families with them. If the king gave all, the departing Puritans accepted all, and risked all. Pynchon seems to have left a son in England, who subsequently went to the Barbadoes. Mr. Pynchon and his family were aboard the " Jewell," owned by Mr. Newell, one of the patentees. They reached Salem in the New World on the 15th of June, 1630, having been thirty- seven days on the voyage from the Isle of Wight. Mr. Pynchon first
settled at Dorchester. His wife died at Charlestown soon after her arrival. Not being satisfied with the outlook, Mr. Pynchon started a new plantation upon the rocks of Boston Neck. It was " Rocks- bury " indeed. He aided in establishing a church there, and was also active in public affairs. He attended the first General Court at Charlestown, and was made treasurer of the colony. Curiously enough the court fined Pynchon and two other assistants " a noble apiece " for being tardy. He was compelled to cross the river, and probably had an excuse for being late.
It is quite likely that Mr. Pynchon made plans at once for an ex- tensive beaver trade, and some little commerce by sea. The General Court authorized him at one time to receive from England certain goods sent by Dr. Wilson as a gift to the plantation, which naturally implies wharfage facilities. Certainly the Pynchons, in later years, owned a wharf at Boston. Mr. Pynchon secured a license to trade in beaver skins with the Indians, and in 1635 f5 of the £25 fee was remitted. The trade was disappointing ; nor was the outlook en- couraging for the town of Roxbury. One John Pratt probably ex- pressed the feelings of many when he wrote back to England lamenting the barrenness of the soil. When the Bay authorities heard of it, Pratt was forced to make a public retraction, giving the climate and soil a certificate of good character. Mr. Pynchon had been one of the court chosen to examine and accept Pratt's retrac- tion, and one ean fancy the shrewd face of this "gentleman of
INTRODUCTION.
learning and religion " relax as he signed his name to the acceptance of the retraction in which Pratt said, under the counter pressures of truth and necessity : " As for the barrenes of the sandy grounds I spake of them then as I conceaved; but nowe, by experience of myne owne, I finde that such ground as before I accounted barren, yet, being manured & husbanded, doeth bring forth more fruit than I did expect."
The poor condition of the so-called soil at Roxbury, from which even proper husbandry could not, under the circumstances, bring encouragement to the tiller, led to a dispute about taxes levied upon the several towns by the General Court, and indeed, in 1635, Mr. Pynchon actually refused to pay his part of the assessment, as he " alleaged that towne was not equally rated with others." For this resistance he was fined £5. The most curious instance of discipline connected with Mr. Pynchon's name at the Bay rose out of the beaver trade. The laws as to giving fire-arms to the Indians were naturally strict ; but the Indians being good hunters, the temptation to lend them arms for a day or week, with perhaps an Englishman to accompany them, was great indeed. Mr. Pynchon and Mr. Mayhew, in the spring of 1634, applied to the Court of Assistants for a special permit to employ Indian hunters, which was granted ; but on May 14 the General Court expressed its disapproval in this stiff manner : " It is agreed that there shal be Xf fine sett upon ye Court of Assistants & Mr. Mayhew, for breach of an order of Court against employeing Indeans to shoote with peeces, the one halfe to be payde by Mr. Pynchon & Mr. Mayhew, offending therein, the other halfe by the Court of Assistants then in being, whoe gave leave thereunto."
A theological cloud was gathering over the Boston and Salem churches. The Ann Hutchinson and Roger Williams schism was destined soon to distract the colony, and Mr. Pynchon could not but have seen the advantage of a still deeper taste of the wilderness. His resolve to settle in the Connecticut Valley marks the beginning of the history of Springfield.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I. - (1635-1637.)
The Roxbury Settlers. - Causes of their Migration to the Connectieut Valley. - The Probable Route from Roxbury to Springfield. - The " Old Connecticut Path," and the " Old Bay Path." - The First House. - The Dress of the Springfield Pioneers. - Buying Indian Lands. - The First Owners of House Lots. - The Pequot War. - William Pynchon a Trader. - Rev. George Moxon. - The Town Meeting and the English Vestry Meeting. - Owner- ship of Lands in Common.
CHAPTER II. - (1638-1639.)
William Pynchon and the Indian. - Capt. Mason, of Connecticut. - Pynchon and Mason contrasted. - Origin of the Charges against Mr. Pynchon. - Corn Contracts with the Indians and the Connecticut. - Capt. Mason visits Agawam (Springfield). - Heated Dispute between Mason and Pynchon. - Mason's Hasty Return to Connecticut. - Mr. Pynchon summoned to HIart- ford, and charged with speculating in Corn. - IIis Trial and Conviction. - Starving Condition of the Agawam Inhabitants. - Capt. Mason author- ized to trade with the Massachusetts Indians. - Mr. William Pynchon's " Apology."
CHAPTER III. - (1638-1639.)
The Connecticut Jurisdiction over Agawam. - The Massachusetts Boundary Line. - Rev. Thomas Hooker's Spirited Letter. - House built for Mr. Moxon. - Allotments of Land. - Agawam's Act of Secession. - Sundry Town Laws. - Strangers excluded. - Wages of Laborers regulated. - The Town Brook. - Woodcock vs. Cable. - Ancient Lawsuits. - A Jury of Six. - Mr. Moxon in Court.
CHAPTER IV. - (1640-1643.)
Revival of the Charges against William Pynchon. - His Trial before the Windsor Church. - Connecticut claims Woronoco (Westfield). - Massachusetts
CONTENTS.
protests. - The Arrival of Elizur Holyoke, Samuel Chapin, and Others. - Goody Gregory fined for Profanity. - Fire Ladders. - John Hobell and Miss Burt ordered to be flogged. - Second Division of Planting-Grounds. - Marriage of Mary Pynchon.
CHAPTER V. - (1644-1645.)
The First Board of Selectmen. - Centralization. - Mr. Moxon's Ministry. - The First Meeting-Honse. - A Long Sermon. - A Tax-List. - Fencing House- Lots. - The " Longe Meddowe."- Refusal to make Fences. - Planting- Grounds on the West Side. - Social Caste. - Marriages of Hugh Parsons and of John Pynchon.
CHAPTER VI. - (1645-1650.)
Connectient imposes a River Tariff. - Purchase of Saybrook Fort. - William Pynchon refuses to pay the Duty. - The Commissioners of the United Col- onies sustain Connecticut. - Springfield's Case in Detail. - Massachusetts imposes Retaliatory Duties. - Connectieut removes the River Duties on Springfield Goods. - Floods and Local Incidents. - Taxes. - Miles Morgan. - The Freeman's Oath. - Trouble as to Swine. - Town Orders. - Pyn- chon's Court.
CHAPTER VII. - (1648-1652.)
Witchcraft. - Mysterious Lights seen at Night. - Mrs. Bedortha. - Hngh Par- sons's Threat. - Mrs. Parsons condemned for Slander. - Mary Parsons bewitched. - Parsons arrested. - Mrs. Parsons acenses herself of Child- Murder. - Taken to Boston. - Mrs. Parsons sentenced to be hanged. - Death before the Day of Execution. - Pecowsie. - John Pynchon's Growing Importance. - Church Expenses. - William Pynchon's Heretical Book con- demned by the General Court. - Mr. Norton's Reply. - The Doctrine of the Atonement. - The Protest of Sir Henry Vane and the Reply of the General Court. - Pynchon, Moxon, and Smith return to England.
CHAPTER VIII. - (1653-1675.)
Springfield in the Hands of Young Men. - The Discipline more rigid. - Appor- tionments of Land. - Power of the Selectmen. - Quabang. - The Vacant Pulpit. - Various Candidates. - Rev. Mr. Glover settled. - How the Meet- ing-House was " dignified."- Hampshire County. - Business of the County Courts. - Numerons Offences against Private Morals. - The Cause. - Tything-Men. - Death of Mary Holyoke. - Death of William Pynchon in England. - The Pynchon Fort on Main Street.
CHAPTER IX. - (1674-1676. )
The Indian Situation. - Puritan View of the Savage. - The Agawams. - Eng- lish Laws for the Natives. - Indian Mortgage Deeds. - An Appeal to
CONTENTS.
Boston. - The Origin of Slavery in New England. - Perfecting Title to the Land. - King Philip's War. - The Attack upon Brookfield. - Lieuten- ant Cooper sent forward from Springfield. - Beers, Lathrop, Mosely, and Treat march to the Rescue of the Connecticut Valley Towns. - The Swamp Fight. - Death of Beers. - Bloody Brook. - Pynchon's Protest to the Commissioners. - The Indian Fort at Springfield. - The Town burned by King Philip. - Pynchon's Hasty Ride from Hadley. - Death of Cooper and Miller. - Captain Appleton in Command. - Trouble abont Military Author- ity. - Winter. - Death of Elizur Holyoke and Selectman Keep. - The Fight at Turner's Falls. - Heroism of Samuel Holyoke. - King Philip's Death.
CHAPTER X. - (1677-1703.)
Waste Places rebuilt. - Deacon Chapin. - Chicopee. - Fishing Privileges. - The Second Meeting-House. - Trouble about Mr. Glover's House and Lot. - Schools. - Taxes. - Law Breakers. - The Freemen of 1678. -- The " Accord Tree." - King William's War. - Pynchon's Attempts to protect the Towns. - Sir Edmund Andros in Springfield. - Massacre at Brookfield. - Captain Colton's Heroism. - Pynchon's Letter to Stoughton. - Death of Mr. Glover. - Suffield. - Enfield. - The Boundary Question. - Brimfield. - West Springfield. - Its Struggle for a Separate Minister. - Pynchon's Place in the Commonwealth. - His Business Connections. - Beaver Trade with England .- Pynchon's Death.
CHAPTER XI. - (1703-1735.)
Queen Anne's War. - The West Side Meeting-House. - Longmeadow. - Rev. Stephen Williams. - The Commons. - Visit of Judge Sewall. - Mr. Brewer's Salary. - Parish Matters. - Mr. Brewer's Death. - The State of Society. - The Half-Way Covenant. - A Decline in Morals. - Full List of Tax-payers. - The Church Membership. - Freemanship. - Condition of the Churches. - Call of Rev. Robert Breck. - Charges of Heresy .- Breck's Reply. - The First Parish divided into Breck and Anti-Breck Factions. - Meeting of the Hampshire County Association of Ministers at Springfield. - An Exciting Session.
CHAPTER XII. - (1735-1761.)
The Breck Controversy continued. - Jonathan Edwards's Position. - The Ordi- nation Council meets at Springfield. - Breck's Confession of Faith. - His Arrest and Acquittal. - An Appeal to the General Court. - Breck finally settled over the First Church. - Whitefield. - Great Revivals. - Changes in Church Rules. - Increased Church-Membership. - Springfield Mountains. - Chicopee. - The Third Meeting-House. - Schools. - Loss of Life at Lonisburg. - The Hobbs Fight. - Crown Point. - Agawam. - Death of Col. William Pynchon and of Dea. Henry Burt.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XIII. - (1761-1783.)
Col. John Worthington. - Josiah Dwight. - Benjamin Day. - Prominent Doc- tors. - The Small-pox. - Hanging of Shaw. - The Wait Monument. - Parish Matters. - Jedediah Bliss. - Springfield Mountains. - Stony Hill. - West Springfield attempts to rule the Town. - Is set off as a Separate Town. - John Worthington's Tory Sentiment. - Other Springfield Tories. - Town Officers for 1775. - Lexington .- Springfield Minute-Men .- Letter from a Springfield Soldier. - Revolutionary Soldiers from Springfield. - Moses Bliss. - The Pynchon Family again. - Town Acts and Resolves. - The Mareli to Ticonderoga. - More Revolutionary Soldiers. - The State Constitution. - John Worthington in Growing Favor. - Financial Distress. - Depreciation of Currency. - An Inter-State Convention at Springfield .- Fluctuations in Valnes. - Warrants of Distress.
CHAPTER XIV. - (1783-1787.)
The Debtor Class in Massachusetts. - Rev. Samnel Ely. - Springfield Jail broken open. - A Mob at Northampton. - Hatfield Convention. - Commo- tion in other States. - Views of Washington and other Americans on the Situation. - Unsuccessful Attempt to prevent the holding of the Courts in Springfield. - Town Officers. - Warrants of Distress. - Prominent Money- Lenders. - The Town-Meeting on the Situation. - Daniel Shays. - The Court Calendar loaded with Suits against Debtors. - Courts interfered with at Northampton. - The Elections of 1786. - Trouble at Worcester. - Mobs at Northampton. - Extra Session of the Legislature. - Shays makes a Demonstration at Springfield. - The Town-Meeting again. - General Lin- coln. - Lincoln's March to the Connecticut Valley. - General Shepard's Defence of the Springfield Armory. - Shays defeated. - The Towns send in Petitions praying for Peace and Pardon. - The Triumph of Law.
CHAPTER XV. - (1783-1800.)
Death of Rev. Robert Breck. - Pompey. - The Change in Dress. - Carriages. - Postmaster Moses Church. - Death of Charles Brewer. - Zebina Steb- bins. - Capt. Inke Bliss. - The Dwights. - Merchant Jonathan Dwight. - The Old Red Store. - Other Merchants. - A Glimpse at Main Street. - Zenas Parsons. - Taverns. - Maj. Joseph Stebbins. - Early Newspapers. - Post Riders. - Samuel Lyman. - Springfield's College Presidents. - The Hitchcocks .- Col. Thomas Dwight. - Daniel Lombard. - Town Offi- cers. - Fourth of July Celebration. - Timber Trade. - More Warrants of Distress. - Town Treasurer's Report. - Canals. - Deserting Soldiers and Lawlessness.
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