USA > Massachusetts > Suffolk County > Chelsea > Documentary history of Chelsea : including the Boston precincts of Winnisimmet, Rumney Marsh, and Pullen Point, 1624-1824, vol 2 > Part 39
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All which is Humbly Submitted.
THOMAS CUSHING, P. Order.
14 Town Rec., i. 97.
15 Boston Rec. Com. Rep., xvi. 103.
401
THE SMALL-POX
CHAP. XXXVIII
[The above report appears to be the substance of that in the Boston Records. ] 16
| February 21, 1764.] Whereas, the houses at Point Shirley, in Chelsea, are assigned for a Hospital for Inoculation, and to be under the Improvement of the Physicians of the Town of Boston, aud whereas the Inhabitants of the Town of Chelsea may be under apprehensions that the small-pox may by means of the said Hospital be communicated to them, we do therefore hereby oblige ourselves in case it shall happen that any person or family in the said Town (out of the Limits of Point Shirley) do receive the said distemper by means of the said Hospital; that we will pay the charge which shall accrue thereby.
Silvester Gardiner, Thos. Bulfinch, James Pecker, John Sprague, Joseph Gardiner.
A True Copy. Attest : SAMUEL WATTS, Jr., Town Clerk.
[The above-written obligation came to the Selectmen upon the after Datc. ]
Dated at Chelsea, the 21: day of
February, In the Year 1764.17
[March 7, 1764.] We, the Subscribers, having hired Point Shirley of the Proprietors for an Inoculating Hospital, do oblige ourselves to pay to the Town of Chelsea Eighteen pence, Lawfull money, for Every Person that shall be Inoculated on said Point, on condition the said town do at their present March meeting Vote and Grant said Physicians liberty to Inoculate on said Point.
Silv. Gardiner, John Sprague, James Pecker, John Spragne, for Joseph Gardner, Silvester Gardiner, for Doctor Bulfinch.
A True Copy, Attest: Samll. Watts, Jur., Town Clerk.
The Selectmen Received the above-written obligation on the 7th day of March, 1764.18
March 19, 1764. The Town met according to their adjonrn- ment, and Voted, that if the proprietors and Doctors will Sign Such authentiek Instruments as may be Drawn np, to Secure to
16 Boston Rec. Com. Rep., xvi. 103.
17 Selectmen's Rec., i. 43.
18 Ibid., 44.
VOL. II .- 26
402
HISTORY OF CHELSEA [CHAP. XXXVII
the said Town of Chelsea their former offers (or proposals) ; Then consented, that the Doctors Should have Point Shirley as an Hospital to Inoculate at for the Term of one Year; by their Request.
The Town accepted ye : Committee's Report, that was appointed to wait upon the Proprietors of Point Shirley, and Doctors. Who Report, as followeth, viz., -
1st: The Question was asked the Chief Physician, how long he proposed an Hospital for Inoculation at Point Shirley? he an- swered for one year only.
2ly. The Question was asked, how many persons In one Year to be Inoculated ?
and Received for Answer, I can't tell.
But the Town must run the Riske, as well as the Proprietors and Doctors, - And, furthermore, what had been offered, vIz., two shillings pr: head, was a Sum Sufficient. And also the Town might receive the money as proposed at every month's End.
3dly: The Question was, what Security the Town Shall receive for the fulfiling of any Agreement.
And, for Answer said, the Obligations they had already Sent were Sufficient.
But if the Town thinks not, we are willing and ready to Execute any other Instruments ye: Town shall think proper. And also what we received from Thomas Goldthwait, Esq., which we took to be in behalf of the proprietors, respecting the poor at Point Shirley, was that one Abigail Hoole should be mentioned In par- ticular as one of their poor, which Shall be made certain to the Town by any Instrument from under their hands.
Mr. Nathaniel Hasey, Mr. Samuel Sargeant, Mr. Samuel Watts, Jur., )
Committee.
A TRUE COPY. Attest: Samuel Watts, Jur., Town Clerk.19
April 5, 1764. To see if the Town will accept and Vote the Sundry Articles or Regulations, that will be laid before the town at Said Meeting, Drawn up by the Select-men to be by-laws for this Town; In order to prevent the Spreading the Small-pox in said Town from the Hospital at Point Shirley so called, as pr: Warrant.
The Town then Voted ye : following Articles, or Regulations, to be by-laws.
Whereas, their has been Lately an Hospital Established at Point Shirley by the consent of the Governor & Council, and also Some
19 Town Rec., i. 99.
.. .
403
THE SMALL-POX
CHAP. XXXVII]
Propositions made to the Town of Chelsea by the Doctors, viz: Silvester Gardiner, John Sprague, Thomas Bulfinch, James Pecker, Joseph Gardner, Attending Physicians at said place, the said Town have thought proper, as one means to prevent Persons Spreading the Small-pox in said Town, and a Committee, viz: The Select-men having been appointed by said Town to consider of and Draw up proper Articles or Regulations to be by-Laws for the Safety of said Town, and they have made Report accord- ingly. And the following Regulations or Laws and Penalties hereunto annexed were accepted by said Town at their Meeting, on the fifth day of April, 1764, and accordingly Voted them to be by-Laws of this Town.
Viz: 1. - The line fenee between the Honble: James Bow- doin's farm & Point Shirley be made Sufficient to prevent any horse or Carriage passing or Repassing without going thro' the Gate, and that said Gate be under Lock and kee, Said line fenee to be made according to Law by the Respective owners or Tenants.
2. That no person shall have any Communication with said Hos- pital by land but by one of the Guard at said Gate, & shall not be allowed to go towards said Hospital beyond said Gate, unless said person Shall Satisfy said Guard his business to said Hospital is absolutely necessary. In that case he shall not return by land.
3. Discreet persons be appointed to Serve as a Guard and Sta- tioned as aforesaid.
4. The said Guard be Inhabitants of Chelsea, if proper persons shall offer themselves, and shall be appointed by his Excelleney, the Governor, with advice of the Council.
5. That no person go from said Hospital but by Water, nor untill he shall first obtain leave of the attending Physician, given in writing under his hand; this Law to Respect persons visiting said Hospital, as well as those that have Resided there any time.
6. The Boatman Employed to attend said Hospital not to leave the Boat or go on Shoar without leave by the Attending Physician.
7. The said Boatman, or any under him, not to Carry any per- son or anything whatsoever from said Point, without Permis- sion, given in writing by the attending Physician.
8. That no vessel, Boat, Canoe, floate, or anything whatsoever, Shall land or take off from said Point any person or any thing, without leave first obtained of the attending Physician.
9. That every person visiting said Hospital shall Shift his Cloaths in going to, and in returning from, said Hospital.
10. Those who may have ocation either by horse or Carriage to transport any persons to said Hospital by land to be Inocu-
4
404
HISTORY OF CHELSEA
[CHAP. XXXVII
lated, nay with the care of one or more of said Guard, go beyond said Gate, and return by land, having a Certificate from one or more of said Guard, that they have not been in Danger of the Infection from said Hospital.
11. That no person who may have had the Small-pox at said Hospital Shall Return home from said Hospital by Winisimitt or any other way, without a Certificate in writing under the hand of one or more of the attending Physicians, that they have been well cleansed from the Infection.
12. That whosoever offends against these Laws or any of thiem Shall upon Conviction thereof Pay a fine of Twenty Shillings for Each offence, to be Recovered before a Justice of the Peace of this County, which fine so recovered shall be the one half to the Informer, the other Half to be for the use of the poor of said Town.
13. That the Seleetmen, the Guard, and all others Concerned, are hereby Desired and Directed to see that the forementioned By-Laws be Duly observed.
14. That the above Laws be in foree for the Space of one year from the fifth day of April aforesaid.
The forewritten Articles or Regulations were Voted to be by- Laws by the Town of Chelsea, by an adjournment of the Meeting, in the Evening, at the house of Mrs. Abigail Hawks.20
1764, May 24th. To the Inhabitants of the Town of Boston, at their Town-meeting, the 24th day of May, A.D. 1764, Humbly Shewes that the Governor & Council, upon the spreading of the Small-Pox in the Town of Boston this present year was pleased to order & appoint a place Called Point Shirley, in the Town of Chelsea, to be made an Ospitale for Inoculating persons with the Small Pox that eame from the Town of Boston and Else where, which has put the Town of Chelsea in Great feer & Expense, all wich they bore with Patience (?) Expecting in a few months that the Town of Boston would be Clear'd of that Distemper, when they should have Recourse to Boston again, but Should an Ospitall be continued at Noddle's Island we shall be prevented from going over Winnisimet Ferry, for when the Wind is at N. E. & S. W., we must go very near the fore part of it, and in a ealm Time with the Flood Tide very near the baek part of it, and this will not only affeet the town of Chelsea, but the Town of Lynn, Marble head, & Salem, &c., & Deprive us of the Liberty of a Ferry which lias been so convenient for us. We, therefore, pray that the Town will not allow of an Ospitall on the Island, and not Suffer the
20 Town Rec., i. 101.
405
THE SMALL-POX
CHAP. XXXVIII
Town of Chelsea to be Surrounded with that Infectious Distemper. We are, Gentlemen, in behalf of the Town of Chelsea, Your very Humble Servants.
THOS. PRATT, BENJA. BRINTNALL, SAMLL. SPRAGUE,
SAMUEL SARGEANT, SAMUEL WATTS, JUNR.
Selectmen of the
Town of Chelsea.
June 15, 1764, the General Court, while regulating inoculating for small-pox, permitted it at Point Shirley, "during the time already allowed by Chelsea for that purpose," but the hospital there to be under the regulations of the act.21
June 25, 1764. Warrant, To see if the Town will alter the Last Clause in the Second article in the by-Law Wherein it Respects Persons not to return by Land :
That they may have Liberty to return by Land, being thor- oughly Cleansed, and have a Certificate from the attending Phy- sician, and be safely guarded through the Town by one or more of the Guards. It being Requested by the Doctors, or any other method the Town shall see cause.
After some Debate, whether to grant persons liberty to return by land or not. Voted, to Choose a Committee to treat with the Doctors, Desireing them to Desist from Inoculating persons of the Small-pox for any longer time by reason of there being so few passing to Point Shirley for that purpose; Whereby the Inhabitants of said Town are kept in fear and Dread, and they Can't go about their Business as usual. Voted, as a Commit- tec, VIZ. : Lieut. Samuel Pratt, Mr: Nathaniel Hascy, Lieut. Nathan Cheever.22
July 2, 1764. Voted to accept the Committee's Report, which was to Treat with the Doctors, Desireing them to Desist from In- oculating persons of the Small-pox at Point Shirley for any longer time. Report as follows, VIZ :
We, the Subscribers, being a Committee to treat with the Doc- tors, Desiring them to Desist Inoculating Persons of the Small- pox at the Hospital at Point Shirley so called, Report, viz : first: The Question was asked one of the Physicians, viz : Joseph Gardner, whether they could not Desist Inoculating persons of the Small-pox, by reason [of] so few people going Down there for that purpose.
And his answer was, they could not, by reason they had
21 Acts and Resolves, iv. 729.
22 Town Rec., i. 107.
406
HISTORY OF CHELSEA [CHAP. XXXVII
Ingaged the houses at Point Shirley for some time to come, and that they had been at great Charge for that purpose.
LIEUT: SAMUEL PRATT, MR: NATHANIEL HASEY, Committee.
A True Copy.
Dated at Chelsea,
July the 2 : 1764. Attest : SAMUEL WATTS, JUR., Town Clerk.
And also to See if the Town will reconsider and alter the Last Clause in the Second Article in the By-Laws, wherein it Respects persons, not to return by land. That they may have liberty to return by land, being thoroughly Cleansed and have a Certificate from the attending Physician, and be safely Guarded through the Town by one or more of the Guards. It being requested by the Doctors.
After some Debate, first, the Town Voted to make an alteration. And, Secondly, Voted, that Persons that go by land to be Inoc- ulated at the Hospital at Point Shirley so called, may have liberty to Return by Land and no other way through the Town; Provided, they Return on Tuesdays and Frydays between the Hours of Eight O'Clock in the Morning, and Three in the After- noon, the attending Physician giving the Guard two days Notice of their Coming off beforehand.
And, also, said Persons who Return shall have a Certificate from the attending Physician of their being thoroughly shifted, and Cleansed from the Infection of the Small-pox, they being Escorted through the Town by one or more of the Guard at their own Charge; And that they shall not be allowed to go into any house in said Town. Then, this meeting was adjourned, Sine Die.23
October 20, 1764. The Select-men gave an order in favour of Mr. Nathaniel Hasey for the Sum of £4, lawful money, in part for Guarding & attendance at the house Mr. Ebenezer Hough lives in near Winnisimett ferry, belonging to Deacon Benja'n: Brint- nall, the Sick of the Small-pox against the spreading of said Distemper.24
1765, and 1766. The Town of Chelsea to Abigail Hawkes, Dr. To Three Gallons of Rum for Richard Stowers In his Last Sick- ness of the Small-Pox, 9/7d., Lawfull money.
August 14, 1766. Voted, Mr. Thomas Pratt prosecute the town of Worcester for the charge this town was at in caring for Richard Stowers in his last sickness of the Small-Pox.25
23 Town Rec., i. 108.
24 Selectmen's Rec., i. 56.
25 Town Rec., i. 123.
1
407
IN THE FRENCH WARS
CHAP. XXXVIII]
CHAPTER XXXVIII
IN THE FRENCH WARS
C CHELSEA probably had her share in the troubles occa- sioned by the French Wars; but the particulars I have noticed are neither numerons nor important, Each town was requested to keep on hand a stock of arms and ammunition for any emergency. Hence the following:
May 26, 1755. Lieut. Cheever was desired to examine, re- specting the powder left with Mr. Saml. Pratt, deceased, to inquire of his son Samnel what was left, and how inch he made nse of. Mr. Benj. Brintnall was desired to provide 100 weight of Balletts and 150 good flints,1
In 1757, two expeditions were contemplated, one against Louisburg, and the other against the French forts in New York. The Chelsea quota was six men to be impressed unless otherwise raised. Hence the following vote, March 17, 1757:
Voted. "I' is the minds of the Town that the selectmen call a Town's meeting to see if the Town will raise any sum to incour- age those that shall inlist without impressment in his Majesties' service in the present expedition and that the same be appro- priated for the use of the officers, who propose to hire two men, and the sixteen men, who are pitcht upon by the officers, to hire the other four men, provided they obtain them withont impressment.
Voted to raise thirty-six pounds, lawful money, to enconrage six men the town's present demand, who shall enlist in the pres- ent expedition. And that the same be appropriated for the nse of the officers, who propose to hire two men, and the sixteen men, who are pitcht upon by the officers, to hire the other four men, provided, they obtain them without impressment.2
Samuel Tuttle tells his own sad story, in his petition :
Selectmen's Rec., i, 41.
2 Town Rec., i, 50, 51.
408
HISTORY OF CHELSEA [CHAP. XXXVIII
January, 1760.
Provinee of the
Massachusetts Bay ( To his Excellency Thomas Pownal, Esqr., Captain General, Governour, Commander in Chief, in and over Ilis Majesty's said Province, The Honble. His Majesty's Council and House of Representatives, in General Court Assembled, Jan- uary, 1760.
The Petition of Samuel Tuttle, of Chelsea, Humbly Sheweth.
That your Petitioner's Son, Edward Tuttle, Inlisted in Capt. Slocumb's Company for the intended Expedition against Canadı, in the year 1758, and did duty, as he was requir'd, 'till the 17th of April, when he was taken sick, and confined three Weeks when, being recovered, he proceeded to & joined the Regiment to which he belonged, and did duty during the whole Campaign that Year, but on his Return home was again taken sick at Schenectady, which sickness was attended with some considerable Charges agreeable to the Account herewith exhibited to your Ex- cellency and Honours, which your Petitioner was obliged to pay and advance, and your Petitioner's said Son still remains in a poor state of health. He therefore prays your Excellency and Honours would take the Premisses into Consideration, and order him pay- ment of the money so payed and advanced, or otherwise relieve him as in your Wisdom and goodness shall seem meet.
And your Petitioner, as in duty bound, shall ever pray, &c. SAMUEL TUTTLE.
The Committee Report, forty five shillings in full to be paid To Thos. Goldthwait, Esqr., for the use of the Petitioners.
WM. RICHARDSON, pr. order.3
Thomas Goldthwait's memorial describes his troubles as pay- master of the forces at or near Crown Point.
March 31, 1761.
Province of the Massa. Bay. To his Excellency Francis Bernard, Esq". Captain General, and Commander in Chief, in and over said Province, the Honble His Majesty's Council and House of Representa- tives, in General Court Assembled.
The Memorial of Thomas Goldthwaite, of Chelsea,
Humbly sheweth,
That, in consequence of a resolve of the General 3 Mass. Archives, lxxviii. 754.
409
IN THE FRENCH WARS
CHAP. XXXVIII]
Court to pay the forces in the service of this Province on the last Campaign one half their wages in the field, your Memorial- ist was appointed by his Honor, the Lieut. Governor, Paymaster to the whole forces, and did accordingly proceed to Crown Point and paid the Soldiers there and at other places where they were posted from time to time as there was occasion all the Money that was transmitted to him. That your Memorialist together with his Sureties was at the whole risque of the money, and in the payment of it unavoidably suffered some loss; that he was obliged to keep accounts with upwards of four thousand men, and has not yet received any allowance. Your Memorialist there- fore humbly prays, that your Excellency and Honours would take the matter into consideration, and make him such allowance there- for, as you may judge just and adequate. And your Memorialist (as in duty bound) shall ever pray, &c.
THO. GOLDTHWAIT -
March 31st, 1761.
In the House of Repives, Novr 26, 1761.
Read, and Ordered that the sum of one hundred pounds be paid out of the publick Treasury to the Petr in full for his services mentioned. And that the further Sum of Nine pounds, twelve shillings, be allowed him in consideration of the Loss of that Sum in Negociating said affairs.
In Council, Novr. 26, 1761.
Read and Concurred.
Consented to FRA. BERNARD.1
The Acadians
When the Acadians were removed from Nova Scotia, in 1755, and dispersed among the colonies, abont a thousand of them, says Hutchinson,5 arrived in Boston abont the begin- ning of winter crowded almost to death. No provision had been made in case the government should refuse to take them under its care. At length the assembly passed an act that they should be permitted to land, and that they should be sent to snch towns as a committee appointed for that purpose should think fit. Chelsea appears to have had her quota of them; and though I find nothing said about them in the town records, the following bills sent to the Province are in the State Archives :
' Mass. Archives, Ixxix. 619. Vide, xcix. 465 et seq .; cxx. 690.
5 History, ii. 40.
410
HISTORY OF CHELSEA . [CHAP. XXXVIII
The acounte what I have soplyed the frensh peopel, in 1757.
April ye 20, 1757, then let ye frensh peopel hauc in cash, who[ ?] 0. 6.3 and April yc 24, the frensh, when sick, had in cash . 0. 4. 6 Maye ye 6, yc frensh had of me, when sick, to buy suger 0. 4. 6 October, ye beginin, 1757, ye frensh had of me, half corn bush 0.12. 0
1.7.3
November ye 17: 1757, for soplying of ye frensh peopel.
november ye 17, to mete & bred, mele & milk . 0.18. 0
november 19, mete, milk, bread, meal . 1.11. 0
november ye 25, when sick, 2 pounds sugar, & mete & fat . 1.02. 0 november, to wood, 3 feete, 1.17.6, & mete, meal, bread 2.05. 0
november 30, to milk, eighteen pence a quord, 2 0.03. 0
Desember 2, 1757, to half busheel corn, & milk 0.13. 6
De 3, deto, mete, milk, abulocks, & hart, candels 0.12. 6 De 9, dito, to 16 beafe, & 14:15 pounds, be 20 pence, & pork .
2.19. 2
De ye 26, & 30, deto, beaf, 10 pounds, & milk . 0.18. 9
11:02 : 11
Januarey ye 2: 1758, dito, beefe, 20:2/1, at twenty pens . 1.14. 2
Janu ye 10, dito, to 16 pounds beafe, at 20 pense pound 1. 6.8
Janu ye 14, dito, to 24 2/1 pounds & half of beafe . 2.0.0
Janua ye 26, dito, becf, 21 : 2/1 coms 1.19. 2
Janua yc 28, dito, to corne, won pack . 0.06. 0
7. 6.0
Februarey ye 4, 1758, dito, to 21 2/1 beefe, 1 2/1 porck
2.0.7
Feburey ye 17, dito, beeaf, 18: 1/1 .
1.10.10
Febuarey ye 21, dito, beef, 15 : 2/1, & fatt, foor pound 1. 9.9
Feby ye 28, dito, beefe, 15 pounds
1. 5.0
6. 6: 2
March ye 6: 1758, dito, beefe, 19 2/1, coms, two
1.11. 6
March ye 9, dito, beef, 24 pounds, coms two . 2.00. 0
March 11, dito, bcefe, 8 pound, & 2/1, coms two 0.14. 1
4.05. 7
February, 1758
6: 6: 2
Januarey, 1758 lade oute. 7: 6: 0
11. 2.11
NATHAN CHEEVER. 29 : 0: 8
1: 7: 3
30 : 7.11
NOTE - This was omitted last year."
Chelsea, December ye 24, 1757.
my account of Salt pork, that I Let the french people have, at three Shillings, per pound, old tennor.
December ye 24.
16 pounds.
Ditto, 26.
5 pounds.
" Mass Archives, xxiii. 602.
411
CHAP. XXXVIII] IN THE FRENCH WARS
Ditto, 30.
12 1/2 pounds.
Ditto, 30.
8 pounds of fatt.
January ye
5, 1758.
12 1/2 pounds.
Ditto, 11.
14 pounds.
Ditto,
16.
7 1/2 pounds.
Ditto,
20.
1 1 pounds.
Ditto,
26.
6 1% pounds.
febuary,
10.
9 1/2 pounds.
Ditto,
15.
18 1/2 pounds.
Ditto,
25.
8 pounds.
march,
8.
15 1/2 pounds.
Ditto,
18.
15 % pounds.
160, at 3/, - 24.00, o. T.
per NATHAN CHEEVER, JUNIOR.7
June 14, 1757, Hon. Samuel Watts was chairman (as often afterwards) on part of the Council to provide for the care of these unfortunate people.8
In 1762, the Council advised that the Governor permit a new arrival of 46 sick Acadians to go ashore at Point Shirley with the approbation of the selectmen of Chelsea or one of them, there to remain until further order.º
7 Mass Archives, xxiii. 602.
8 Acts and Resolves, iv. 96 et seq.
º Ibid., 104, 230.
412
HISTORY OF CHELSEA
[CHAP. XXXIX
CHAPTER XXXIX
BEACHES AND MARSHES
F ROM early times the care of their beaches and marshes were matters of importance to the Chelsea people. The preparation of their stiff soil for English grasses was a slow and costly process; and their marshes, perennially yielding salt hay for their own kine as well as for exportation to the southern colonies, were worth more than they are now. Hence they sought to drain them, and to protect them from storms, which sometimes covered acres with sand and pebbles. The removal of sand and stones for ballast made these storms more destructive. The ownership of these beaches and rules for tlicir preservation were questions often before the town.
Certainly as early as 1730, and perhaps much earlier, the marsh lying northerly of Beach Street, in Revere, was known as the " Dammed Marsh "; and fifty years later, a company was formed to construct a Dike near the mouth of Island End River.
The following petition relates, as I conjecture, to the Dammed Marsh :
To the Honble: Thomas Hutchinson, Esqr., Livt Govrn". and Comander in Chiefe of his Majes'ys province of the Massachusetts Bay for the Time being and to the Honble: his Majestys Council of sª province.
The pet". of Sundry Inhabitants and the Major part of the pro- prietors of a Tract of Meadow Land Lying in the Town of Chelsea, Humbly Shews, that the above said meadow by reason of certain natural obstructions to the course of the Waters is often over flowed, and there by is become of little benefit to the sd proprietors, which other wise might be made very Beneficial to them.
Wherefore, your petitioners Humbly pray that your Honour & Honours would be pleased to Grant Commissioners of Sewers to such persons as to you shall seem meet, for the Removing the
413
CHAP. XXXIX] BEACHES AND MARSHES
Obstructions upon sd [land], and as in duty Bound shall ever pray.
June 4th, 1760.
Sam. Watts, Joseph Green, Nathan Cheever,
Jonas Green, Samnel Floyd, John Tuttle, Jonathan Hawkes,
Benjan. Tuttle, Isaac Lewis.
At a Council, June 18, 1760. Read, and Ordered, That the Prayer of the Petition be granted, and his Honour, the Lien1. Gov- ernor, having nominated Sammel Danforth and Willm. Brattle, Esq!'s, to be Commissioners, it was agreed by the Board, that said Gentlemen be commissionated accordingly.1
Between March 11, 1765, and May 21, 1772, the town 2 passed several votes, afterwards thus summarized by Jonathan Green, town clerk :
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