History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men, Vol. III, Part 83

Author: Hurd, D. Hamilton (Duane Hamilton) ed
Publication date: 1890
Publisher: Philadelphia, J. W. Lewis & co
Number of Pages: 1278

USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men, Vol. III > Part 83

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352

HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS.

These are enough to show the kind of records that were kept, and to show how valuable it would be to historical students to have the entire book published with the other records of the town. The bounds are given here only with the first two lists. From the tull lists it might be possible to reconstruct the full map of the town, and to show to the eye the pos- sessions of each proprietor.

Meanwhile it suggests the necessity of consulting, for certain purposes, the records themselves.

TOWN GOVERNMENT AND RELATION TO THE LEG- ISLATITRE. Dr. Bond has shown how weak the town stood after the departure of Sir Richard Saltonstall to England, in 1631, in all civil affairs, and, by infer- ence, accounts for the insignificant part assigned to Watertown when we consider her wealth and num- bers, except that of bearing her full share of taxes. Nothing has been said concerning the relations exist- ing between Sir Richard himself and Dudley or Win- throp and the rest, but doubtless the town was as well served by Sir Richard in England as it could have been by him here without an open rupture.

As it was, all was smooth on the surface, although he was fined by his associates, at least, on two ocea- sions, insignificant amounts, which many years after- wards were remitted, not having been paid. Little is said of the large sums due him for money advanced, nothing of the great sacrifices he must have made in disposing of his large estates in order to come here with nearly all his family. We do not care to try to read between the lines any causes of disagreement be- tween the somewhat narrow Dudley, ready for a con- test, who sat down so near Sir Richard's choice of lands, with his attempt to force even the Governor to build the capital city where there were not the best conditions for a capital, or to draw the theological line more tant than it had been drawn on them, even before they left their homes ; for Sir Richard Sal- tonstall, every inch a noble as he was, preferred to re- tire, with most of his family, from the undertaking, rather than disturb the general peace, and though he afterwards wrote a protest to Mr. Cotton and Mr. Wilson against the spirit of religious persecution which he had seen some signs of before he left the Colony.

At all events, the spirit shown by Parson Phillips and Eller Brown, and others, his chosen associates, resulted, as has been shown by Mr. Savage in a great gain in the struggle for entire freedom of opinion and larger local powers in government.

Names of magistrates, selectmen and representatives are given in full in Dr. Bond's indispensable work, to a certain time in the present century.

Below we continue the lists to the present time.

REPRESENTATIVES TO THE GENERAL COURT OF MANSACHI SETT -. - Supplementing the list of Dr. Bond. -These were elected on the November of the year set opposite their names to serve for the year ensuing.

When no year is given no representative was then elected :

1810. Greuville T. Winthrop. 1864. F. M. Stone.

1541. Thomas Livermore.

Edward Bangs.

1848-49. Jobn HI. Richardson.

1865. Emory W. Laue.

1×50-51. Seth Bemis.

1854. George Frazer.

1869-70. A. L. Richards.

1-55. Levi Thaxter.

1856. Joseph B. Keyes.

1872. Henderson J. Edwards.

1873. Samuel S. Gleason.

1858.

Josiah Rutter.

1874. Rev. F. G. Morris.

Joseph Crafts.

1875-76. Edward Whitney.

Joseph Crafts.

1877. Robert L. Davis.

F. M. Stone. 1878-79. W. L. Ingraham.

1860.

Daniel Freuch.

1880. J. V. Fletcher.

F. M. Stone.

1881. Samuel Walker.

1861.

F. M. Stone. 1882.

Daniel Butler.

Josiah Beard.

1883. Francis E. Whitcomb.

1862.

F. M. Stone. 1481-85. J. Varnum Fletcher.

W. Il. Ingrabam.

1886. Jonathan Bigelow.

1563. F. M. Stone.

1887-88. Charles Q. Pierce.

John K. Stickney.

1888. J. Henry Fletcher.

SELECIMEN AND TOWN PLERAS OF WATERTOWN FROM THE YEAR 1809-1890.

(Supplementing the list of Dr. Bond.)

Awos Bond, 1809-10.

Newell Brown, 1842-43, '49-50."

Thomas Clark, 1809-16, '20-22.

Joseph Bright, 1809-15.

Edward Lowd, 1809-10.

Abraham Lincoln, 1843, '47.

Jonas White, 1810-15.

Nathl. R. Whitney, T. C. 1809-12.

Nathl. R. Whitney, 1811-12, '17.

NathI. Bemis, 1811-12.

Gilbert Nichols, 'T. (. 1813-16, '20, '27-29.

Thomas Livermore, 1st -- 16, '57- 59.

Daniel Bond, 1x13-16, '18-20, '22. Enoch Wiswall, 1813-11.

Gilbert Niebols, 1815-16, '23, '25- 26. Moses Chevery, 1816, '18, '22-23.

William White, 1816.

Nathl. R. Whitney, Jr., T. V. 1x17-19, '23.

William II. Ingraham, T. C. 1850- 63, '81-89.

Leonard Stone, 1851-52.

Amos Livermore, Jr., 1817, '19.

Marshall Hingman, 1853-55. James Brown, 1:51.

Marshall B. Spring, 1817.

Jonathan Stone, 1817. Peter Clark, 1818, '21.

J. Hittenger, 1855. Edward Bangs, 1855-56, 'Go.

Joshua G. Gooch, 1856-58, '62, '64-

Henry Derby, 1858. Jeremiah Russell, 1860-61.

Francis Kendall, 1800-61, '80.

Nathaniel Whiting, 1862.

" Guo. 11. Sleeper, 1862-63, '90.

George W. Horn, 1862-63. Geo. B. Wilbur, 1801-65. Thomas N. Hooper, 1864-65.

Geo. L. Noyes, T. C. 1564-65. John K. Stickney, 1866-72. Jurl Baruard, T 0. 1866.

Joseph Crafts, T. C. 1867-76, diel in 1876.

Luke Perkins, 1867-68.

Samuel S. Gleason, 1869, '73-74.

Oliver Shaw, selectman from 1870- >1. inclusive.

Ly man P. Gerould, 1871, '73.

Hayes W. Mururdy, 1872-76. George N. March, 3872-74. Nathaniel C. Sanger, 1871-76. William II. Ingraham, 1875-76,'90.

Ward M. Otis, 1875-76.

Tilden G. Abbott, T. C. 1876-80.

James W. Magee, 1877-79, '81-81.

Deunie P. Hooker, 1842, '47, '51- 52.

Thomas L. Freuch, 1>43, '45-46, '50, '53, '56-57, '59, 'r6-67, '70,

Sylvester Priest, 1843.

William A. White, 1846, '48. William White, 1860. Royal Gilkey, IsIS, '53-54.

Leonard Whitney, ISIS.

Seth Bemis, Jr., 1849-52, '53.

John H. Richardson, 1849.

Levi Thanter, 1818-21, '27-28, '31- 31, '43.

Charles Whitney, 1818-20. John Fowle, 1820.

William Whitney, T. V. 1821-22.

Joshua Coolidge, Jr., 1821-26.

Joshua Coolidge, Jr., 1859-61, '63. Elisha Livermore, 1821.

Abijuh White, I>23-21. Atos Livetmore, 1823-26.

John Clark, T. C. 1824-26 ; Sel. 1-20-30.

J.unites Robluns, 1821. Walter Hnunewell, 1827.

Jobb Hunting, 1827-28.

Leonard Stone, 1828.

Charles Betnis, 1829-34. William May, 1-29-30.

Isane Robbins, T. V. 1830-49.

Josiah Bright, 1831 34, '15, '47. Isque Robbins, Sel. 1835, '68-69. David Stomty 1835 36. Benjamin F. Farrar, 1835-37. George Robbins, 1836-39, '42. John Coolidge, 1837-41. Luke Robinson, 1838-11. Andrew Cole, 1840-11, '43.

Jesse A. Locke.

1866-67. Henry M. Clauke.

1871. Geo. W. Ware.

1807. Thomas L. French.

James G. Moore.

1850.

Luke Bemis, 1817, '19. '21-22.

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WATERTOWN.

Samnel Walker, 1877-79. Jeremiah J. Sullivan, 1880-84. Charles Brigham, 1885-88. James F. Lynch, 1885-86. Julius R. Hartwell, 1885. Charles W. Stoue, 1886.

Edward F. Porter, 1887-89. Hiram D. Skinner, 1887-89. Horace W. Otie, 1889.

Frederick E. Critchett, T. C. 1800. Abraham L. Richards, 1884, '90.

T. C., Town Clerk.

Dates alone are dates of selectmen.

SCHOOLS.1-It is not certain how soon after the settlement of Watertown in 1630, provisions were made for the education of her youth, but the earliest recorded date of a school-house is September 17, 1649. This was a small, one-storied building situated on Strawberry Hill, which afterwards bore the name of School- House Hill, now thought to be identical with Meeting-House Hill. The first record. of a school- master is November 7, 1649, when the selectmen or- dered that " David Mechell of Stamford, Conn., be certified of the town's desire for him to keep school."

The next teacher was Richard Norcross, who served the town from 1651 to 1675, and, between that date and 1700, was recalled several times.

As the exact words of the records will give a bet- ter idea of the nature of the school and the instruc- tion given, than a summary, a few of the votes are quoted.

. Iu 1650, " It was voted and agreed upon that Mr. Richard Norcross was chosen schoole-master for the teaching of children to reed and write, and soe much of Latin according to an order of Courtt as also if any of the sd. Towne, have any maidens that have a desire to learn to write, that the sd. Richard should attend them for the learning of them, as also that he teach such as desire to cast acompt and that the Towne did promise to allow the said Richard for his imployment thirty pounds for this yeare."

In 1651, " It was voted that Mr. Richard Norcross shall attend the keeping of a scoole within the bounds of Watertown, where the Towne shall appoynt. That he shall use his best Indeavors to instruct all such psons as shall be sent unto him, in English write- ing or Latten, according to the Capassity of the psons; and that it is in the Liberty of any inhabitant to send his Sonnes or Servant for a weeke or two and to take them away agayne at his pleasure. And therefore the sayd Mr. Norcross is to keep a strict ac- count of the number of weekes that every one doth continew, and that every pson that learneth Eng- lish only, shall pay 3d. a weeke, and such as write or Latiu shall pay 4d .; and that Mr. Norcross is to give notice to the pertickler parents of their just due, according to this order-and if any pson shall ne- glect to bring unto his house his full due by the 29th of the 8th month in (52) that then he shall bring the names and the sum of their debt unto the 7 men who are hereby required to take some speedy course to bring him to his due ; and for the other halfe yeares pay he is to take the same course and what the

prtickelers doe want of the full some of 30 pounds the Towne dooth hearby ingage to make a supply."

In 1670 " It was agreed that the selectmen should goe through the towne in their severall quarters to make tryall whether children and servants be educat- ed in learninge to reade the English tongue, and in the knowledge of their capitall laws according to the law of the country, also that they be educated in some othadox catacise."

The result of this investigation seems to be con- tained in the following statement, 1674. "Thomas Fleg, John Whitney and Joseph Bemus gave in an account of what they had found consarning children's edducation ; and John Fisk being found wholly negli- gent of edducating his children as to reading or catti- cising, the seleckt men agreede that Joseph Bemus should warn him in answer for his neglect at the next meeting of the selekt men.

With reference to the daily sessions, the following vote is recorded.

In 1677 " Agreed with Leftenant Shearman to ceep an inglish scoole this yeare, and to begin the 9th of Eaprill at the scoole house, and the Town to alow him twenty pounds in the Town reat that shall be raised in the year 77. And if the Leftenant de- sireth to lay down this employment at the years end then he shall give the Town a quarter of a years warn- ing. And if the Town desireth to change their scoole masters they shall give the like warning. The Select- men agree also that the said scoole shall be cept from the furst of May till the last of August, 8 owers in the day-to wit-to begin at seven in the morning and not to break up until 5 at night, noontime ex- cepted and from the last of August untill the last of October 6 owers in the day; so also in the Munths of March and Aprill and the 4 winttur munths, to begin at tenn of the clock in the morning and con- tinue untill 2 o'clock in the afternoon."

Of the other early masters, Mr. Nathaniel Harring- ton and Mr. Samuel Coolidge receive the most atten- tion in the records. The former was engaged in 1750 "to keep the Grammar and English School, to begin the second Monday in August, and to keep said school from thence till the last day of March following, ex- cept so much time as to take care of getting in his Indian Harvest, and the time he take thereat he to give account of." He was to receive £30 a year and board himself. The latter was engaged at £40 a year, but " was so disorderly as not fit to keep ye school." Another master was obtained for a short time, then " the major part of the selectmen agreed to try Mr. Samuel Coolidge again in the school, and to pay him according as he should perform." The salary seems not to have been ample, for several statements are made with reference to providing Mr. Coolidge with clothes.

In 1767 is the first mention of lady teachers when it was voted " to have four women's schools for the instruction of children in the remote parts of the

1 By Miss Ellen Crafts and the editor, Solon:F. Whitney. 23-iii

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HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS.

Town, the schools to be kept twelve weeks, the dames to provide their rooms or pay the rent, the salary to be forty shillings each."

In striking contrast to the modern methods of heat- ing the school-honses are the following votes for fur- nishing fuel :

1670-"Thear have ben a complaint by Mr. Nor- cross that the schooling of children is like to be hin- dered for want of wood to keep a fire, and for the preventing of such an enconvenance, the school being the Town's, It is ordered by the selectmen, therefore, that the inhabitants that send their children to the school shall send in for every scholar a quarter of a cord of wood, by the fifteen day of this instant De- cember, or 2s. in money to buy wood withal."

In 1701. " Voted that those who send children to school should send one-fourth cord of wood."

In 1747, " Voted that those persons who send their children or servants to school shall supply the school with fire-wood when there is occasion for the same."

In 1748, "Voted that 8 shillings per head be charged for wood."

In 1750, " The selectmen proposed that Mr. Nathan- iel Harrington, present school-master, for the support of a fire in the school, he should send to parents and masters that send your children or servants to school, to send six shillings per head to procure wood for said fire."

The first mention of a school committee is in 1766. Henceforward, the school records, previously kept by the selectmen with the other business of the town, belong to that newly-organized body.

The exact location of the early school-houses, from 1649 to 1796, cannot easily be determined. When Watertown included Waltham, Weston, Lincoln and Belmont, the districts must have been large and the school-houses far apart.

As early as 1683 " it was agreed that all those who dwell on the west side of Stony Brook be freed from the school-tax, that they may be the better able to teach among themselves."

In 1796, " Voted an alteration in the school dis- triets. One district to begin at Waltham line, on the great county road, including the inhabitants on both sides of the road until you come to the meeting- house, and all south of that road."

This seems to bring the districts within the present limits of the town.

Voted, also, in this year, " that the money granted for the support of schools be equally divided between the three schools."

These school-houses were in the West, East and Mid- dle Districts. The location of the first is not certain ; the second was situated at the junction of School and Belmont Streets; the third was " built on the par- sonage land, between the Ministerial House and Thomas Patten's house." This is still standing and is the brick building on MIt. Auburn Street near the Baptist Church. This was, at first, only one story

high, but, in 1816, a vote is recorded that " instead of a new school-house in a separate place, the Town should build au addition to the old school-house by raising the same another story." Among the teachers who taught in the Brick School-house were Abner Forbes, Moses Gill, Nathan Ball, Wm. Henshaw, Gardner Aldrich, Mr. Dustin, John Kelly, Wm. White, George Frost, Leonard Frost and a Mr. Allen. David Packard taught in a little building near it.

The amount appropriated for schools had slowly increased from £30 to $1200 and, in 1816, $300 was voted to the East, $300 to the West, and $600 to the Middle District, "each district to keep their windows and seats in repair out of their own money." The accommodations of this Middle District were soon outgrown, and, in what proved to be a very unwise way, a small one-story building was erected near the brick school-house, on the southwestern side, for the use of the highest class. In a few years a much larger house was needed, so the present Francis School was built.

In 1847, " Voted that the town do hereby abolish the school-district system and adopt the General sys- tem and that a committee be chosen, to consist of three persons from other Towns, to appraise the sev- eral school-houses and district property in Town whenever either of the Districts wish to have the Town take the same, and that the Town do hereby agree to take said district property and pay the Dis- trict the amount of said apprisal."

What private schools there may have been before 1800 can, perhaps, never be known; but, within the memory of the oldest inhabitants, many such schools existed and seemed to suit the needs of all ages of children, and of both sexes.

The schools for little girls made sewing and em- broidery a specialty, and sometimes great strictness attended the instruction. But from schools such as these came the fine sewers and menders of half a century ago, when thrifty and useful housewives were the rule.

Miss Ruth Wellington, Miss Catherine Hunt, Miss Eliza Stratton taught schools for little girls,

Miss Martha Robbins, Miss Lydia Maria Fraucis? and Miss Hill taught schools for older girls; and French and drawing were leading features of the in- structions.

In April, 1832, Theodore Parker came to Water- town in search of pupils for a private school. He boarded in a house still standing next beyond the

1 Asister of Dr. Converse Francis, better known later as Mrs. Lydia Marin Child, an author of considerable renown ; wrote, Ist, " Hobounk, an Indian Story ;" 2d, " The Rebels, a Tale of the Revolution ;" then " Juvenile Miscellany," " Girls' Own Book," " Mothers' Book," and later " Au Appeal in Behalf of that ('lass of Americans called Africans." In 1836 " Philothea," a Grecian romance of the time of Pericles. In 1841 she became editor of the National Anti-Slavery Standard. In 1813-41 two volumes of " Letters from New York "

In 1×85 she wrote the " Life of Isaac T. Hopper." Her principal work, to which she gave many years, was the " Progress of Religions Ideas." She lived until 1880.

355

WATERTOWN.

South District or Parker School. On the premises was a building whose upper story had, only a short time before, been used for a boys' school, taught by a Mr. Wilder, of Brighton. This room Mr. Parker leased, and opened a school with two pupils.1 The uumber, however, increased, and kept increasing, un- til at the end of the year he had thirty-five, and after- wards fifty-four pupils. He kept this school for two years, teaching all the common branches, besides those studies necessary for admission to college. A fuller account of his labors at this time can be found in Weiss's "Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker."

"In the early part of the year 1822, a number of the families in Watertown who wanted a higher edu- cation for their children than the public schools afforded, established a private school for pupils of both sexes, which they called an 'Academy.' They built a school-house and engaged a master. The property was held in shares ; the right to send pupils to the school being limited to the share-holders. It was intended that this school should be able to fit boys for college; and so far as the Association could do what was needful, it was an excellent plan. But the course of studies was left altogether with the master ; and none of the masters remained long.

"The first one who opened the 'Academy' was a divinity student from the Cambridge Theological School, Warren Burton, of Tilton, N. H., afterwards a Unitarian clergyman, and an author of some little repute. He was unsuccessful. Went away at the end of a year. Meant to do his duty. Did not know how to manage children." (Geo. T. Curtis, one of the chil- dren.)' Mr. Burton wrote "The Village Choir," and " The District School as it was," the latter of some note. Mr. Kendall, a graduate of Bowdoin College, followed him for a short time; then Joseph H. Abbot for a short time. Mr. Abbot kept afterwards for many years a well-known school for young ladies in Boston. Mr. John Appleton, the fourth master, a good teacher, and a person of superior mind, left be- fore 1824. He was afterward an eminent lawyer, and chief justice in Maine. This academy was built on ground belonging to Mr. James Robbins, situated on the hill near where the Catholic Church now stands, and was in charge of a great variety of teachers; some of them, for instance Mr. Adams, Mr. Townsend, Mr. Samuel Howard, Mr. Winslow Marston Watson (who died in 1889 in the Garfield Hospital at Washington), are remembered by some yet living. The last teach- er in this school, Mr. Oliver Wellington, built an- other "Academy," still standing on Church St., oppo- site the new Unitarian Building, and occupied as a private house by the family of the late Wm. Sher- man. This academy was a flourishing young ladies' school for many years under Mr. Wellington. The first academy building was sold, first to the new

Methodist Society ; afterwards it was bought for the Catholic Society.

From the time that the district-school system was abolished, when Watertown possessed three school- honses and raised $2800 for the schools, the town has so increased in population that, in 1890, there are seven school-houses and a corps of thirty-two teachers, and the town raises over $25,000 a year for their support.

The abolition of the district-school system in Water- town was strongly advocated by the School Committee of 1849 in an admirable report, which gives the names of all the teachers, with a variety of statistics of use in determining the condition of the schools. The re- port for 1851 by "The Superintending Committee of the public schools of Watertown" names only one teacher in town, Mr. Littlefield, of the Centre District, who has been well-known in the schools of Charles- town and Somerville.

The report of 1852-53 is a very interesting and sug- gestive document. The name of the writer is not giveu, although it must have been one of the three signers, B. A. Edwards, D. T. Huckins and Marshall Kingman. It is true that it was written four years after the last of Horace Mann's twelve annual re- ports, as secretary of the State Board of Education. It was written when the town was still struggling in the folds of the district system, and without a central high school. It was a patient, noble plea to people who had not yet come to value schools for their chil- dren, and after giving four good reasons for establish- ing a high school, and advising the adoption of the general system in place of the district system, closes with a plea for more money for educational purposes, " believing that, if judiciously applied, it will yield to the town 'a better percentage by far than banks or railroad stocks." It says of the objection to the High School that "it would cost money ;" "It ought to cost money. It is worth money."

In 1853, in April, at an adjourned meeting, the school district system was abolished. The committee previously elected resigned and a new committee was elected. This consisted of Marshall Kingman, Na- thaniel Whiting, Joseph Coolidge, Jr., D. T. Huckins, Moses Stone, William Lathrop and Oliver Edwards. " In order to place, if possible, all the schools upon an equality, the tutorship in each was declared vacant, and the vacancies thus made throwu open to com- petition to all. Three gentlemen and eight ladies were appointed. In October, Mr. William Webster was elected principal of the High School, which opened with fifty-two pupils, the full course of study prepared being for three years.

In 1855 the course of study in the High School was extended through four years, and the future committee was recommended to retain scholars another year in the grammar schools, that the standard of all the schools might be raised one year. In 1856-7, Miss A. L. Pierce was appointed assistant teacher. She was followed

1 It is said that one of these was a charity pupil.

356

HISTORY OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS.

in 1857-58 by Miss Abby T. Giddings. The town was advised to build another school-house in place of the one in the west part of the town, " located so close to the railroad as not only to endanger the lives of the children while at play, but six or seven times a day the recitations are brought abruptly to a stop by the warnings of the engineer," etc. The appropriations for schools in 1855 had risen to $6000, or 168 2-5 cents on each $1000 of valuation of property from $1700, in 1840, (which was only 116 1-5 cents per $1000). It is now over $3 per $1000. In the various reports of successive committees are found the painful and necessary confessions of the natural results of the condition of schools overcrowded with crude materials,-" resistance to ordinary school in- fluence. . . usual evil habits of the school. . . taught with a degree of success equaling that attained by any other school . .. failure of his health, and his speedy and sudden death," etc. The picture of faithful work under overwhelming obstacles, often resulting in the physical wreck, sometimes death, of the teacher, leads one having any knowledge of the science of teach- ing, to wonder if ever the time will come when such sacrifices will not be required or expected. In 1857, the High and Centre Grammar School-house was par- tially destroyed by fire. In 1858, Mr. Henry Chase was appointed master of the West Grammar School. In 1860, Mr. Joseph Crafts took charge of the Centre Grammar School, having served for the preceding four years on the School Committee. Mr. Webster, after teaching the High School seven years, resigned to take a position in the Boston Latin School, and llenry Chase was transferred from the West Grammar, which position he resigned withiu a year, and, by unanimous vote of the committee, accepted the mastership of the West Grammar School again. Mr. Geo. R. Dwelley was elected principal of the High School in the spring of 1862. In 1864, Levi W. Russell was made master of the C'entre Grammar School, which position he held until 1868, when he was appointed master of the Brigham School, in Providence, R. L., where he with success continues in charge at the present time. In 1866, James MI. Sawin was appointed master of the East Grammar School, where he taught two years, since which time he is the master of the Point Street School, of Providence, R. I.

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History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men, Vol. III, Part 83

Author: Hurd, D. Hamilton (Duane Hamilton) ed Publication date: 1890 Publisher: Philadelphia, J. W. Lewis & co Number of Pages: 1278

Author: Hurd, D. Hamilton (Duane Hamilton) ed
Publication date: 1890
Publisher: Philadelphia, J. W. Lewis & co
Number of Pages: 1278