USA > Massachusetts > Essex County > Lawrence > Immigrant city: Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1845-1921 > Part 19
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The Lawrence immigrants and those like them in hundreds of similar cities found security in their new country. The security came first from their families and clubs. Rugged individualism no more existed in Lawrence then than it does now. Whether for economic support, for social pleasure, for intellectual stimulation, for protection against prejudice, or for the expression of hatreds of their own, mutual activity was an essential feature of the immi- grants' search for security. There was no "melting pot." The Italians did not marry Irishmen just as the natives did not marry foreigners. There was no such thing as an immigrant mind or an immigrant morality or an immigrant political party in Lawrence.
204
IMMIGRANT CITY
Each nationality differed in eating habits, in games, and in political preference.
The story of Lawrence gave some support to the view that immigrants in America led a tragic life suffering from crowding, filth, exploitation, and poverty. The immigrant quarters were certainly overloaded and dirty; the new arrival was overworked in the mills; he was poor and ill at ease. Yet the story of the city suggested many modifications to this picture of despair. The immigrant cycle moved the newcomer, or at least his children, up out of the squalor to better homes, better jobs, and higher pay. Though driven hard in the mills, most operatives believed them- selves better off than in the old country and, when they learned to organize, began to do something about working conditions. Not all immigrants were desperately poor and even those that were found relief within their own ethnic groups and found hope from the example of those who had succeeded.
It was difficult to contrast immigrants with Americans in Lawrence because as soon as the immigrant arrived he became an American, and he was most American in his unwillingness to face reality. While he often talked in radical terms, enough to brand himself a dangerous revolutionary, he actually wanted only mod- erate reform. While he prated of individualism and independence, he desired most to be with his family or fellow-countrymen. Though he denounced all manifestations of discrimination when aimed at him, he himself soon exhibited the worst sort of prejudice. Even when he thought himself fighting against absorption, he showed through his belief in material progress and his tacit ac- ceptance of city life that he was already assimilated. And, finally, in spite of his belief in independent progress, what he really craved was security. The most chauvinistic of patriots, the most optimistic of optimists, the immigrant was more American than the native- born. Those whom the Citizens' Association had called ignorant of the "real spirit of America" were themselves the makers of the spirit.14
This was the truth about Lawrence which the observers in 1912 were unable to detect. They did not realize that Lawrence,
14. Citizens' Association, Lawrence, Mass., A Reign of Terror in an American City (Lawrence, 1912).
205
AMERICAN CITY, 1912-1921
designed as a model city, had gone through three periods of mass invasion in the process of becoming an immigrant city. During this time poor and frightened immigrants sought security and found it in their families, in their clubs, in the mills, and in desperate efforts to be Americans. The strike was a paradox. To the un- seeing, it revealed an un-American city where security was utterly lacking. To those who knew, it marked the emergence of Lawrence as an American city with all the security that the term American implied.
Tables
209
Table I NATIVITY OF LAWRENCE POPULATION, 1845-1920
Year
Total
Foreign- born
Ire- land
Eng- land
Scot- land
Cana- da
Ger- many
Russia France
Italy
Tur- key
Percentage of Total Foreign-born Population
1845
104
1848
6,000
2,250
2,139
37.5%
1850
8,358
1855
16,114
6,725
4,783
1,132
405
206
169
41.6%
1860
17,639
1865
21,698
9,217
6,047
1,892
522
563
151
42.48%
1870
28,921
12,717
7,457
2,456
691
1,037
467
1875
34,916
15,546
8,232
3,353
882
1,924
963
44.52%
1880
39,151
17,266
7,951
3,579
909
3,067
1,117
44.10%
1885
38,862
17,097
7,643
3,928
832
2,451
1,499
60
2
43.99%
1890
44,654
20,518
7,697
4,985
1,097
4,459
1,830
60
46
5
45.95%
1895
52,164
24,302
7,487
5,486
1,203
5,665
2,402
426
68
263
213
46.59%
1900
62,559
28,577
7,058
5,131
1,198
8,682
2,465
780
147
936
277
45.68%
1905
70,050
32,279
6,557
5,153
1,168
7,597
2,388
1297 4366
435 788
2804
1332
46.08%
1910
85,892
41,319
5,943
5,659
1,336
9,498
2,301
6693
2077
48.1%
1915
90,259
45.8%
1920
94,270
39,122
41.5%
1950
80,536
This table is derived from statistics in Maurice B. Dorgan, History of Lawrence, Mass., with War Records (Cambridge, Mass., 1924), pp. 44, 174; Francis DeWitt, Abstract of the Census of . . . Massachusetts ... 1855 . .. (Boston, 1857), pp. 105, 206; Oliver Warner, Abstract of the Census of Massachusetts, 1860 . . . (Boston, 1863); Oliver Warner, Abstract of the Census of Massachusetts, -- 1865 . . . (Boston, 1867), pp. 62-63; United States Census Office, Ninth Census of the United States ... 1870, I (Washington, 1872), 380-81; Carroll D. Wright, Census of Massachusetts: 1875, I (Boston, 1876), 44, 275, 288-311; Carroll D. Wright, The Census of Massachusetts: 1880 . .. (Boston, 1883), pp. 50, 127-28; Carroll D. Wright, The Census of Massachusetts: 1885, I, Part 1 (Boston, 1887), 507; United States Census Office, Eleventh Census of the United States: 1890, I (Washington, 1895), 670; Horace G. Wadlin, Census of . . . Massachusetts: 1895, II (Boston, 1897), 607; United States Census Office, Twelfth Census of the United States . .. 1900, II (Washington, 1902), 722, 796-97; Chief of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor, Census of . .. Massachusetts 1905, I (Boston, 1909), 109, 678; United States Census Bureau, Thirteenth Census of the United States . . . 1910. Abstract of the Census . . . with Supplement for Massa- chusetts ... (Washington, 1913), pp. 596, 609; The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, The Decennial Census 1945, p. 13; The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, The Population of Massachusetts .. . 1950, p. 18; The Evening Tribune, Mar. 17, 1917; United States Census Bureau, Fourteenth Census of the United States . .. 1920, III (Washington, 1922), 464.
210
Table II PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE IN TOTAL POPULATION OF LAWRENCE
1850-55 93
1870-75
21
1890-95
17 1910-15
5
1855-60
9
1875-80
12
1895-1900
20
1915-20
4
1860-65
23
1880-85
-1
1900-1905
12
1865-70
33
1885-90
12
1905-10
23
Derived from Table I.
Table III PERCENTAGE OF CERTAIN ETHNIC GROUPS IN TOTAL POPULATION OF LAWRENCE, 1905
British-American
12.07 (11th of 33 cities in Massachusetts)
Irish
9.36 (7th)
British
9.11 (3rd)
Germanic
4.73 (3rd)
Russian
1.85 (6th)
Polish
1.13 (7th)
Greco-Latin
5.16 (3rd)
Asiatic
0.07 (8th)
Derived from Census of Mass., 1905, I, Ixxvii.
Table IV PERCENTAGE OF FOREIGN-BORN IN TOTAL POPULATION: RANK OF LAWRENCE IN STATE
1865 1. Holyoke
2. Lawrence
1875
1. Fall River
2. Holyoke
3. Lawrence
1880
1. Holyoke
2. Fall River
3. Lawrence
1885
1. Holyoke
2. Fall River
3. Lawrence
1890 1. Fall River
2. Holyoke
3. Lawrence
1895 1. Fall River
2. Lawrence
3. Holyoke
1900
1. Fall River
2. Lawrence
3. Lowell
1905
1. Lawrence
2. Fall River
3. New Bedford
Derived from Census of Mass., 1905, I, xliii.
211
Table V POPULATION BY WARDS AND PLACE OF BIRTH
Lawrence
Ward I
Ward II
Ward III
Ward IV
Ward V
Ward VI
1855 Population Native-Born
16,114
2679
3838
5581
1945
984
1069
9401
1761
2119
2799
1404
659
659
Foreign-Born
6729
936
1719
2782
541
325
410
1865 Population Native-Born
21,698
3841
4737
5437
4229
2104
1350
12,481
2456
2904
2733
2250
1209
887
Foreign-Born
9217
1376
1824
2680
1979
895
463
Irish
6047
818
1217
2071
1326
235
380
English
1892
298
189
306
482
558
59
Scotch
522
125
196
50
68
68
15
Canadian
563
80
119
233
92
32
7
German
151
48
94
3
3
2
1
1870 Population Native-Born Foreign-Born
28,921
5183
5516
5849
6451 3504
2051
1480
12,717
2184
2371
2824
2947
1579
812
1875 Population Native-Born
34,916
6049
5874
5366
8404
5836
3387
19,370
3380
3406
2798
4410
3335
2041
Foreign-Born
15,546
2669
2468
2568
3994
2501
1346
Irish
8232
1171
1487
1815
2359
608
792
English
3353
492
320
193
686
1388
274
Scotch
882
198
190
71
142
234
47
Canadian
1924
250
119
415 39
13
9
63
1880 Population Native-Born
39,151
6818
6086
8184
7214
6579
4270
21,885
3889
3463
4179
3860
3855
2639
Foreign-Born
17,266
2929
2623
4005
3354
2724
1631
Irish
7951
1046
1647
2538
1190
623
907
English
3579
539
339
414
564
1438
285
Scotch
909
190
151
90
118
263
97
Canadian
3067
309
116
829
1369 20
24
99
1890 Population Native-Born Foreign-Born
44,654
6952
6338
8368 4148
4457
4623
3784
20,518
3298
2862
4220
4690
3265
2177
1900 Population Native-Born Foreign-Born
62,559
9804
8537
10,159
11,722
11,821
10,516
33,982
5118
4667
4960
5803
6661
6773
28,577
4686
3870
5199
5919
5160
3743
1910 Population Native-Born
85,892
14,186
13,571
14,236
13,581
16,180
14,138
44,252
6684
6390
6341
6643
9050
9144
Foreign-Born
41,319
7475
7168
7858
6848
6983
4971
Irish
5943
859
1007
1433
889
548
1207
English
5659
755
591
597
1158
1428
1130
Scotch
1336
188
138
122
164
322
402
Canadian,
French
7698
99
112
715
2351
3240
1181
Canadian,
1800
340
260
169
264
405
416
German
2301
1489
380
133
152
41
106
Russian
4366
725
771
950
1346
448
126
Italian
6693
1721
3341
1374
75
26
156
French
788
178
117
124
32
248
89
Turkish
2077
85
183
1645
108
34
22
Austrian
1450
915
137
181
161
41
15
3630
2292
16,204
2999
3145
3025
755
230
155
German
963
511
328
258
16
9147
7888
5961
24,136
3645
3470
243
201
German
1117
700
Other
Derived from statistics listed in Table I.
212
Table VI ANNUAL DEATH RATE IN LAWRENCE
1855
23.6 per 1,000 population
1860
32.9
1865
31.6
1856-1865
23.7
1870
17.2
1875
26.0
1880
21.7
1885
19.9
1890
26.5
1895
20.3
1900
20.4
1905
19.8
1910
17.9
Report . . . Relating to the Registry and Return of Births, Marriages, and Deaths Mass. Pub. Doc. 1, XIV (1855), 45; XIX (1860), xlvi; XXIV (1865), xlvi; XLIX (1890), 373; LIV (1895), 130; LIX (1900), 140; LXIV (1905), 195; LXIX (1910), 8.
Table VII PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL DEATHS AT VARIOUS AGES IN LAWRENCE
1847- 1849
1857- 1859
1867- 1869
1877- 1879
1887- 1889
1899- 1901
1907- 1909
0
25
24
31
28
27
32
34
1
15
14
10
8
5
6
7
2
5
6
3
5
3
2
3
3
2
3
2
4
2
1
1
4
2
3
1
2
2
1
1
5-9
5
3
3
5
4
3
2
10-14
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
15-19
4
5
5
4
5
2
2
20-24
9
6
6
5
6
4
3
25-29
9
6
6
5
6
4
3
30-34
6
5
5
4
4
4
3
35-39
3
4
4
4
3
4
4
40-44
2
3
4
3
4
4
4
45-49
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
50-54
2
3
3
2
4
4
3
55-59
0.5
3
3
3
4
5
4
60-64
1
2
3
3
4
5
5
65-69
1
1
3
3
4
5
5
70-74
0.5
1
2
2
3
3
4
75-79
1
1
1
2
1
3
3
80-84
0.3
1
1
1
2
2
85-89
0.5
1
1
1
1
90-94
1
95-
Unknown
0.5
1
Derived from Report of Births, Marriages, and Deaths, XVI (1857), 46-47; XVII (1858), xlvi-xlvii; XVIII (1859), xlvi-xlvii; XXVI (1867), xliv-xlv; XXVII (1868), xliv-xlv; XXVIII (1869), xliv-xlv; XXXVI (1877), xliv-xlv; XXXVII (1878), xliv-xlv; XXXVIII (1879), xliv-xlv; XLVI (1887), 52-53; XLVII (1888), 58-59; XLVIII (1889), 58-59; LVIII (1899), 36-37; LIX (1900), 36-37; LX (1901), 36-37; LXVI (1907), 36-37; LXVII (1908), 36-37; XLVIII (1909), 36-37; Essex Institute, Vital Records of Lawrence Massachusetts to the End of the Year 1849 (Salem, Mass., 1926), pp. 103-25.
213
Table VIII ARRESTS IN LAWRENCE, 1874-1881, BY NATIVITY OF FATHER
Year
Native-born
Foreign-born
Scotch
Irish
English
German
French
Canadian
Total
1874
264
1504(85)
40
1287
137
6
24
9
2096*
1875
228
1847(89)
33
1628
112
17
37
15
2075
1876
451
1553(76)
42
1358
137
18
23
12
2054
1877
350
1399(80)
19
1264
56
12
40
4
1750+
1878
277
1878(87)
12
1725
68
17
51
-
2155
1879
580
1557(73)
6
1341
89
10
94
-
2137
1880
390
1938(83)
20
1704
102
26
82
-
2328
1881
351
1603(82)
18
1364
90
22
83
21
1954
1874-1881
2893(18)
13,329(82)
190(1)
11,671(72)
791(5)
128(1)
434(3)
61
16,549₫
* 326 not listed as native or foreign.
t 1 not listed as native or foreign.
# 327 not listed as native or foreign.
Number in parentheses to right of figure indicates percentage of total arrests. Bureau of Statistics of Labor, "Fall River, Lowell, and Lawrence," Thirteenth Annual Report . . . 1882, Mass. Pub. Doc. 15, p. 258.
214
Table IX LITERACY OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES IN LAWRENCE, 1909
General nativity
Male
Fe- male
Total
Male
Fe- male
Total
Male
Fe- male
Total
Native-born of native father, white
688
543
1,231
99.7
100.0
99.8
99.7
100.0
99.8
Native-born of for- eign father, by
country of
birth of father:
Canada
215
339
554
98.6
98.5
98.6
98.6
98.5
98.6
England
407
354
761
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Germany
245
267
512
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Ireland
614
812
1,426
99.8
99.5
99.6
99.7
99.4
99.5
Scotland
72
67
139
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Foreign-born by
place of birth :
Armenian
127
3
130
89.8
(a)
89.2
89.0
(a)
88.5
Canadian,
French
373
591
964
90.3
95.6
93.6
86.3
95.1
91.7
Canadian, Other
69
193
262
98.6
96.4
96.9
97.1
95.3
95.8
English
1,682
777
2,459
99.6
98.6
99.3
99.5
98.1
99.1
French
261
184
445
95.4
91.8
93.9
95.0
91.3
93.5
German
556
229
785
99.8
99.1
99.6
99.8
99.1
99.6
Hebrew, Russian
92
75
167
96.7
88.0
92.8
96.7
88.0
92.8
Irish
564
511
1,075
95.4
97.3
96.3
94.1
95.9
95.0
Italian, North
597
341
938
73.2
48.7
64.3
72.7
48.1
63.8
Italian, South
1,540
1,011
2,551
63.7
39.7
54.2
63.1
39.2
53.6
Lithuanian
557
276
833
69.3
47.1
61.9
64.3
34.8
54.5
Polish
383
187
570
78.9
69.0
75.6
73.4
59.4
68.8
Portuguese
56
69
125
48.2
43.5
45.6
48.2
43.5
45.6
Russian
174
141
315
79.3
69.5
74.9
75.9
61.0
69.2
Scotch
202
120
322
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.5
100.0
99.7
Syrian
368
318
686
74.2
36.8
56.9
73.9
34.6
55.7
Grand total
10,109
7,646
17,755
87.5
81.8
85.1
86.5
80.4
83.9
Total native-born
of foreign father
1,607
1,911
3,518
99.8
99.4
99.6
99.7
99.4
99.5
Total native-born
2,295
2,459
4,754
99.7
99.6
99.6
99.7
99.5
99.6
Total foreign-born
7,814
5,187
13,001
84.0
73.3
79.7
82.7
71.3
78.1
Number reporting complete data
Per cent who read
Per cent who read and write
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
This table includes only nationalities with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals,'however, are for all nationalities. Immigration Commission, "Woolen and Worsted Goods in Representative Community A," Immigrants in Industries, Part 4: Woolen and Worsted Goods Manufacturing, II, Immigration Commission, Reports, X, 61 Congress, 2 Session, Doc. 633 (Washington, 1911), p. 775.
215
Table X ANALYSIS OF A.P.A. LECTURES IN LAWRENCE 1893, 1894
Number of References
1893
1894
Topics
Total
Nov. 27
May 14 21 28
June 4 11 18
Sept. 6 19
Oct. 4 18
Nov. 1
Political Influence of Catholic Church Church in Politics Divided Allegiance Educational Qualification for Vote Needed
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
13
1
1
1
1
1
2
7
1
1
Influence of Church on Education
No Public Money for Parochial Schools No Catholics on School Boards
1
1
2
1
1
1
7
1
1 1
1
4
Support Public Schools
1
2
Inspect Schools (Parochial)
1
1
Other Dangers from Church Jesuits and Convents Should Tax Church Make United States Catholic
2
1
3
1
1
1
3
1
1
Hierarchy
1
1
2
1
5
Danger to Institutions Other Dangers
2
2
Dangers of Immigration Should Restrict it Swamp New England Should Keep Out Worst Only Radical Labor Influence or Anarchism Danger to Institutions Other
1
1
1
1 1
1
6
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
Americanism
17
Institutions Be An American Flag Patriotism
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
Tolerance Desirable
12
Catholic Church Not under A.P.A. Attack Church Necessary to Help Irish
1
1
1
2
1
1
8
1
1
Irish in Civil War Do Not Molest Immigrants
1
1
2
1
1
Grand Total
95
1
1
1
1
5
1
2
1
1
7
1 1 1
1
1
1
3
14
1
17
14
21
The Evening Tribune, Nov. 27, 1893, May 14, 21, 28, June 4, 11, 18, Sept. 6, 19, Oct. 4, 18, Nov. 1, 1894.
216
Table XI LAWRENCE MARRIAGE RATE (Annual Rate per 1,000 Population)
1856-65
13.3
1865-70
13.0
1875-80
11.05
1865
14.88
1870
13.3
(5th of 28 in state)
1875
10.9
(3rd)
1880
11.2
(5th)
1885
9.3
(12th)
1890
10.61 (9th)
1895
11.77
1900
10.55
1905
11.04
1910
12.75
Report of Births, Marriages, and Deaths, XXIV (1865), cxxvi-cxxvii; XXIX (1870); XXXIX (1880); XLIII (1884), 31; XLIX (1890), 215, 372-373; LIV (1895), 130; LIX (1900), 140; LXIV (1905), 195; LXIX (1910), 6-7.
Table XII PERCENTAGE OF FOREIGN-BORN OF TOTAL MARRYING IN LAWRENCE
Year
Marriages
Total Parti- cipat- ing*
Both Native- Born
Both For- eign- Born
Native Male, Foreign Female
Foreign Male, Native Female
Foreign- Born Partici- pating
1850
18
362
98
83
166
1853-55
Avg. 313
620
127
162
12
9
345
1855
328
656
120
185
15
8
(60) 393
1860
291
578
133
137
11
8
(51) 293
1865
323
642
121
164
14
22
(57) 364
1870
384
768
143
186
22
33
(54) 427
1875
380
760
152
173
19
36
(53) 401
1880
439
878
192
155
54
38
(48) 402
1885
361
722
115
176
40
30
(58) 422
1890
474
946
122
237
68
46
(62) 588
1895
614
1228
165
287
76
86
(60) 736
1900
660
1320
161
350
76
73
(64) 849
1905
799
1598
205
414
93
87
(63)1008
1910
1095
2190
267
662
82
84
(68)1490
* The Total Participating does not include those whose nativity was unknown. The latter was a very small number . Number in parentheses to left of Total Foreign-Born Participating is the percentage of the total known participants. Report of Births, Marriages, and Deaths, IX (1850), 5; XIV (1855), 121; XIX (1860), vii; XXIV (1865), vii; XXIX (1870), vii; XXIV (1875), vii; XXXIX (1880), vii; XLIV (1885), vii: XLIX (1890), 7; LIV (1895), 7; LIX (1900), 7; LXIV (1905), 7; LXIX (1910), 7.
217
Table XIII NATIVE AND FOREIGN-BORN ENDOGAMOUS MARRIAGES IN LAWRENCE
Wife
Husband
Native-Born
Foreign-Born
1855
Native-Born
120(89)
15(11)
Foreign-Born 1860
8( 4)
185(96)
Native-Born
133(92)
11( 8)
Foreign-Born 1865
8( 6)
137(94)
Native-Born
121(90)
14(10)
Foreign-Born 1870
22(12)
164(88)
Native-Born
143(87)
22(13)
Foreign-Born 1875
33(15)
186(85)
Native-Born
152(89)
19(11)
Foreign-Born 1880
36(17)
173(83)
Native-Born
192(78)
54(22)
Foreign-Born 1885
38(20)
155(80)
Native-Born
115(74)
40(26)
Foreign-Born 1890
30(15)
176(85)
Native-Born
122(65)
68(35)
Foreign-Born 1895
46(16)
237(84)
Native-Born
165(68)
76(32)
Foreign-Born 1900
86(23)
287(77)
Native-Born
161(68)
76(32)
Foreign-Born 1905
73(17)
350(83)
Native-Born
205(69)
93(31)
Foreign-Born 1910
87(17)
414(83)
Native-Born
267(77)
82(23)
Foreign-Born
84(11)
662(83)
Number in parentheses indicates the percentage of the total marriages for each group.
Derived from Report of Births, Marriages, and Deaths, XIV (1855), vii; XIX (1860), vii; XXIV (1865), vii; XXIX (1870), vii; XXXIV (1875), vii; XXXIX (1880), vii; XLIV (1885), vii; XLIX (1890), 7; LIV (1895), 7; LIX (1900), 7; LXIV (1905), 7; LXIX (1910), 7.
218
Table XIV INTER- AND INTRA-MARRIAGE IN LAWRENCE
Birthplace of Wife
Birthplace of Husband
Total
United States
North- western Europe
Ireland
Canada
1847-49 United States
5
4
Northwestern Europe Ireland
215
4( 4)
Canada
5
3
2
Southeastern Europe Asia
TOTAL
252
1854
United States
154
142(92)
2( 1) 18(67) 1
5( 3) 3(11) 119(98)
1
Canada
1
1
1
1
TOTAL
305
1865
United States
155
139(90) 10(15)
4( 3) 47(72)
6( 4) 6( 9)
6( 4)
Northwestern Europe
65
Ireland
112
Canada
16
8( 7) 4(25)
2(13)
3(19)
7(44)
Southeastern Europe
Asia
TOTAL
348
1875
United States
173
147(85)
11( 6) 49(54)
6( 4) 13(14) 74(74)
9( 5)
Northwestern Europe
91
28(31)
1( 1)
Ireland
99
12(12)
Canada
32
9(28)
12(12) 1( 3) 1
3( 9)
1( 1) 19(59) 1
Southeastern Europe Asia
TOTAL
398
1882
United States
260
195(75)
19( 7) 89(76)
21( 8) 6( 5)
25(10)
Northwestern Europe
117
19(16)
1( 1)*
Ireland
89
19(21)
7( 8)
62(70)
1( 1)
Canada
42
8(19)
3( 7)
1( 2)
30(71)
Southeastern Europe Asia
5
1(20)
4(80) **
TOTAL
513
1
6(22)
Northwestern Europe
27
Ireland
122
2( 3)
5( 4)
97(88)
2( 2)
27
3(11)
20(74)
1 4(15) 207(96)
5( 3)
Southeastern Europe Asia
3
1
2( 2)
219
Table XIV (Continued)
Birthplace of Wife
Birthplace of Husband
Total
United States
North- western Europe
Ireland
Canada
South- eastern Europe
Asia
1894 United States Northwestern Europe Ireland
257
183(71)
28(11)
23( 9)
21( 8)
1
1
137
23(17)
96(70)
9(12)
Canada
79
15
2(13)
3( 4) 1( 7)
9( 7) 47(60) 4( 5) 1( 7) 1
9( 7) 2( 3) 55(70)
11(73)
1
TOTAL
570
1902 United States Northwestern Europe Ireland
335
212(63)
43(13)
33(10)
47(14)
136
49(36)
70(51)
3( 5)
8( 6) 48(74) 7( 4)
9( 7) 1( 2) 110(67) 1( 1)
161(95)
25(96)
1912 United States Northwestern Europe Ireland
388
282(73)
28( 7)
23( 6)
51(13)
4( 1)
166
48(29)
106(64)
7( 4) 28(65) 2( 2)
5( 3) 1( 2) 55(48) 1
417(96)
36(95)
TOTAL
1184
* Wife born in Asia.
** Wife born in southeastern Europe.
The totals for 1894 and 1902 do not check because they include three husbands from an area not listed.
Northwestern Europe includes England, Scotland, France, Germany.
Canada includes also Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island.
Southeastern Europe includes Italy, Azores, Portugal, Greece, Russia, Poland, Austria-Hungary. Asia includes Syria, Armenia, Turkey, China.
43
9(21)
5(12)
Canada
115
54(47)
4( 3) 1
Southeastern Europe Asia
434
15( 4)
38
2( 5)
2( 1)
26
1( 4)
TOTAL
896
40(25)
6( 4)
169
5( 3)
Southeastern Europe Asia
65
13(20)
Canada
163
78
20(26)
17(22)
Southeastern Europe Asia
3
1
The numbers in parentheses are the percentages of the marriages by husbands of one group. Derived from Record of Marriages City of Lawrence, MSS, City Clerk's Office, Lawrence, Mass., I (1850-59), 88-110, 114-15; II (1860-66), 87-109; IV (1872-77), 69-95; V (1878-82), 115-38; VI (1882-86), 1-11; VIII (1891-95), 96-126; XI (1902), 1-50; XVI (1912-13), 1-93. Essex Institute, Vital Records.
220
Table XV AGGREGATE OF INTER- AND INTRA-MARRIAGES IN LAWRENCE FOR THE YEARS 1847-1849, 1854, 1865, 1875, 1882, 1894, 1902, 1912
Birthplace of Wife
Birthplace of Husband
Total
United States
North- western Europe
Ireland
Canada
South- eastern Europe
Asia
United States
1727
1300
135
118
168
5
1
Northwestern
Europe
766
186
495
56 682
28
1
Ireland
819
86
42
Canada
451
136
19
20
276
Southeastern Europe
626
23
6
2
2
593
Asia
77
3
1
1
72
TOTAL
4466
Derived from same sources as above.
Table XVI ANNUAL BIRTH RATE IN LAWRENCE (Births per 1,000 population)
1856-65
32.9
1865-69
34.6
1870
25.4
1875
28.8
1880
25.6
1885
25.4
1890
28.9
1895
25.1
1900
33.6
1905
29.8
1910
36.6
9
-
Report of Births, Marriages, and Deaths, XXIV (1865), cxxvi; XXVIII (1869), cxx; XLIX (1890), 372; LIV (1895), 130; LIX (1900), 140; LXIV (1905), 195; LXIX (1910), 6.
221
Table XVII DENSITY OF POPULATION IN LAWRENCE BY ETHNIC GROUPS, 1912
AVERAGE NUMBER OF PERSONS PER APARTMENT AND PER ROOM, BY NATIONALITY OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD
Average number of persons per-
Nationality of head of household
Households
Apartment
Room
Canadian, French
5
6.60
1.57
English
1
4.00
1.00
French
4
5.25
1.05
German
3
6.33
1.36
Hebrew
9
7.22
1.44
Irish
1
7.00
1.75
Italian
123
6.78
1.48
Lithuanian
12
8.00
1.66
Polish
13
9.00
2.02
Portuguese
4
6.50
1.30
Russian
1
7.00
1.75
Syrian
12
6.67
1.54
Total
188
6.96
1.52
AVERAGE NUMBER OF PERSONS PER ROOM AND NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS HAVING TWO OR MORE PERSONS PER ROOM, BY NATIONALITY OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD
Nationality of head of household
Households
Average number of persons per room
Households having two or more persons per room
Canadian, French
5
1.57
2
English
1
1.00
French
4
1.05
German
3
1.36
Hebrew
9
1.44
2
Irish
1
1.75
Italian
123
1.48
26
Lithuanian
12
1.66
3
Polish
13
2.02
9
Portuguese
4
1.30
-
Russian
1
1.75
Syrian
12
1.54
1
Total
188
1.52
43
222
Table XVII (Continued) NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS OCCUPYING APARTMENTS OF EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF ROOMS, BY NATIONALITY OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD
Number of households occupying apartments of-
Nationality of head of household
House- holds
2 rooms
3 rooms
4 rooms
5 rooms
6 rooms
7 rooms
10 rooms
Canadian, French
5
1
3
English
1
French
4
2
1
German
3
1
2
Hebrew
9
Irish
1
1
Italian
123
1
7
44
67
2
1
1
Lithuanian
12
1
Polish
13
8
4
1
Portuguese
4
1
2
1
Russian
1
Syrian
12
3
4
3
2
Total
188
1
12
65
100
8
1
1
HOUSEHOLDS OCCUPYING APARTMENTS OF EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF ROOMS, BY NUMBER OF PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD
Number of households occupying apartments of-
Number of persons in household
House- holds
2 rooms
3 rooms
4 rooms
5 rooms
6 rooms
7 rooms
10 rooms
Two persons
6
1
4
1
Three persons
7
3
1
3
Four persons
26
4
9
11
1
1
Five persons
22
4
9
9
Six persons
31
17
13
Seven persons
26
10
13
3
Eight persons
24
1
8
15
Nine persons
17
5
11
1
Ten persons
9
Eleven persons
5
1
4
Twelve persons
7
1
5
1
Thirteen persons
1
1
Fourteen persons
2
2
Fifteen persons
2
1
1
Sixteen persons
2
1
1
Seventeen persons
1
1
-
Total
188
1
12
65
100
8
1
1
1
1
1
9
11
1
-
-
1
9
223
Table XVII (Continued)
HOUSEHOLDS OF EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF PERSONS, BY NATIONALITY OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD
Nationality of head of household
House- holds
Average number of persons per house- hold
2
3
45678
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Canadian, French
5
6.60
English
1
4.00
French
4
5.25
1
311
1
1
German
3
6.33
1
1
1
Hebrew
9
7.22
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Irish
1
7.00
1
Italian
123
6.78
4
6
18
14|25
15
|12
9
8
2
5
1
2
1
1
Lithuanian
12
8.00
1
1
3
4
1
1
1
Polish
13
9.00
1
1
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
Portuguese
4
6.50
1
1
1
1
Russian
1
7.00
Syrian
12
6.67
1
3
1
3
2
2
Total
188
6.96
6 7 26 22 31 26 24 17
95712221
Households of each specified number of persons
1
1
-
1
Charles P. Neill, Report on Strike of Textile Workers in Lawrence, Mass. in 1912, 62 Congress, 2 Session, Senate Doc. 870 (Washington, 1912), pp. 156-58.
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