USA > Massachusetts > Essex County > Lawrence > Immigrant city: Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1845-1921 > Part 20
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Table XVIII EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES IN LAWRENCE, 1909
PER CENT OF MALE EMPLOYEES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER EARNING EACH SPECIFIED AMOUNT PER WEEK, BY GENERAL NATIVITY
Per cent earning each specified amount per week
General nativity
Number reporting complete data
Average earnings per week
$5 or over
$7.50 or over
$10 or over
$12.50 or over
$15 or over
$20 OI over
Native-born of native father, white
540
$11.03
100.0
91.5
58.1
33.3
12.0
2.2
Native-born of foreign father, by country of
birth of father:
Canada
126
10.78
100.0
88.9
61.1
31.0
10.3
.0
England
286
11.39
99.7
94.4
64.3
37.8
8.4
1.4
Germany
150
11.53
100.0
96.0
70.7
34.0
16.0
.7
Ireland
494
10.54
99.8
91.9
50.8
28.7
7.5
.2
Foreign-born, by place
of birth:
Armenian
123
7.46
99.2
46.3
10.6
.0
.0
.0
Canadian, French
331
10.80
100.0
93.4
58.0
27.5
10.0
.0
English
1,563
11.39
99.9
95.8
64.0
37.3
13.2
.6
French
234
11.07
100.0
96.6
75.6
20.9
4.7
.4
German
538
11.17
100.0
95.0
69.7
29.6
13.0
.2
Hebrew, Russian
84
9.07
100.0
81.0
34.5
2.4
.0
.0
Irish
551
10.21
99.8
94.9
45.9
22.5
6.0
.2
Italian, North
563
7.35
100.0
51.9
2.5
.4
.0
.0
Italian, South
1,371
6.84
100.0
27.9
1.1
5
.1
.0
Lithuanian
550
7.82
99.6
58.2
8.4
2.4
.0
.0
Polish
375
8.01
100.0
50.7
15.5
3.7
.8
.0
Russian
170
8.59
100.0
77.1
20.0
4.7
.0
.0
Scotch
189
11.42
100.0
94.7
66.7
39.2
12.7
.5
Syrian
334
7.33
100.0
31.1
7.5
1.8
.3
.0
Grand total
8,973
9.55
99.9
73.4
38.9
19.4
6.4
.4
Total native-born of foreign father
1,135
10.96
99.8
92.4
58.9
32.4
.7
Total native-born
1,675
10.98
99.9
92.1
58.6
32.7
9.3 10.2
1.2
Total foreign-born
7,298
9.23
99.9
69.1
34.4
16.3
5.5
.2
225
Table XVIII (Continued )
PER CENT OF FEMALE EMPLOYEES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER EARNING EACH SPECIFIED AMOUNT PER WEEK, BY GENERAL NATIVITY
General nativity
Number reporting complete data
Average earnings per week
$5 or over
$7.50 or over
$10 or over
$12.50 or over
$15 or over
Native-born of native father, white
414
$8.03
98.8
53.4
15.2
0.5
0.2
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Canada
217
8.06
97.2
63.1
18.0
1.8
.0
England
223
7.89
99.1
49.8
14.3
1.8
.0
Germany
168
8.94
98.8
74.4
34.5
3.6
0
Ireland
658
8.13
99.2
55.0
16.9
1.2
.0
Foreign-born, by place of birth:
Canadian, French
523
8.64
99.6
72.5
26.2
4.4
.0
Canadian, Other
170
8.52
99.4
59.4
27.6
2.9
.6
English
687
8.39
99.7
57.1
22.6
4.1
.1
French
165
9.32
100.0
67.9
42.4
4.8
.0
German
211
9.53
99.5
82.0
45.5
7.6
.9
Irish
495
8.24
99.8
52.7
21.6
1.4
.0
Italian, North
301
6.77
100.0
23.9
1.0
.0
.0
Italian, South
902
6.39
99.9
6.9
.0
.0
.0
Lithuanian
263
7.14
100.0
31.6
6.5
2.7
.0
Polish
182
7.10
100.0
29.1
4.4
1.1
.0
Russian
123
7.24
100.0
25.2
7.3
.0
.0
Scotch
115
9.06
99.1
70.4
37.4
7.0
.0
Syrian
282
6.73
100.0
14.2
1.8
.0
.0
Grand total
6,467
7.85
99.5
45.8
16.3
2.0
1
Total native-born of foreign father
1,355
8.18
99.8
57.9
18.9
1.7
.0
Total native-born
1,771
8.14
98.8
56.7
18.0
1.5
.1
Total foreign-born
4,696
7.74
99.8
41.7
15.6
2.3
.1
This table includes only races with 80 or more reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
The table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
Immigration Commission, "Community A," pp. 757-58.
Per cent earning each specified amount per week
226
Table XIX OCCUPATIONS, LAWRENCE, 1880
Nativity
Selected Occupations
Total
United States
Ireland
Ger- many
Great Britain
Canada
All occupations
19,153
8729
4799
637
2805
2044
Agriculture
142
89
25
1
12
15
Professional and personal
service
2425
984
970
24
130
284
Boarding-house keepers
55
38
8
1
7
Domestic servants
556
235
217
2
17
78
Hotel employees
74
42
15
Laborers
1029
171
641
6
64
143
Launderers
65
28
21
2
2
6
Government employees
88
68
11
3
5
1
Physicians
52
39
2
1
4
6
Teachers
140
116
10
Trade, transportation
1746
1101
343
38
148
106
Clerks
497
374
36
5
36
41
Peddlers
82
31
25
6
19
1
Saloon keepers
112
22
63
8
14
5
Traders, dealers
555
323
128
13
58
30
Draymen, teamsters
163
109
36
1
4
13
Railroad officials, employees
193
135
39
1
5
12
Manufacturing, mechanical
pursuits
14,840
6555
3461
574
2515
1639
Blacksmiths
121
53
38
13
16
Boot, shoe makers
89
23
26
10
15
14
Masons, stone cutters
181
93
53
4
11
18
Carpenters
492
300
54
11
59
67
Cigar makers
79
40
10
-
26
3
Textile mill workers
10,395
4111
2626
448
1865
1272
Workers in other manu-
facturing establishments
104
75
14
9
5
Engineers, firemen
93
44
21
2
22
3
Iron, steel workers
92
44
26
16
4
Machinists
528
302
55
9
106
54
Factory operatives (other)
227
91
36
24
65
10
Painters
198
134
19
6
27
10
Paper mill workers
384
162
150
6
30
35
Tailors, dressmakers
568
375
83
7
46
54
Derived from Tenth Census . .. 1880, I, 882.
2
12
4
11
227
Table XX OCCUPATIONS, LAWRENCE, 1900
Native White
Parentage
Selected Occupations
Total
Native Parent- age
Foreign Parent- age
Foreign White
Ireland
Great Britain
Ger- many
Italy, Poland, Russia
MALES
20,111
3074
4919
12,031
5582
3413
1494
3797
1029
Agricultural pursuits
196
27
38
131
53
16
7
70
9
Professional service
525
214
161
149
124
73
32
44
3
Personal service
2352
238
478
1559
1001
213
80
495
129
Laborers
1463
89
240
1132
695
98
26
387
113
Servants
133
12
20
89
48
16
8
19
3
Watchmen, policemen
198
61
41
96
67
33
9
21
1
Trade, transportation
3649
1041
1053
1552
1056
445
188
613
152
Bookkeepers, clerks
517
191
218
108
130
94
32
45
1
Draymen, teamsters
560
93
141
326
220
47
21
153
Merchants
752
174
173
404
183
94
55
115
88
Salesmen
626
160
249
217
157
79
44
134
17
Steam railroad employees
417
158
73
185
145
31
3
70
-
Manufacturing and mech-
anical pursuits
13,389
1554
3189
8640
3348
2666
1187
2575
736
Bleachery, dye workers
463
40
132
290
195
113
9
35
28
Carpenters
988
239
166
583
132
128
78
359
1
Machinists
715
172
207
336
150
231
32
84
5
Masons
324
32
64
228
144
21
21
85
5
Painters
415
99
134
182
111
67
21
91
Paper mill workers
266
27
64
175
121
31
4
42
30
Plumbers
237
32
120
85
101
50
19
21
-
Tailors
101
5
18
74
23
21
15
11
9
Textile mill workers
866
45
238
583
211
231
97
195
17
Woolen mill workers
3152
142
628
2382
632
675
463
266
424
Worsted mill workers
667
33
146
488
206
167
106
41
49
FEMALES
10,143
1242
3427
5442
3615
1405
538
2178
324
Professional service
357
147
160
50
121
46
8
27
-
Personal service Servants
821
104
125
573
407
79
21
136
3
Trade, transportation
765
215
332
218
222
134
34
100
14
Manufacturing and mech-
anical pursuits
7671
634
2741
4291
2684
1076
449
1845
302
Cotton mill workers
2682
159
871
1652
920
310
99
908
76
Dressmakers
450
95
156
198
137
55
12
123
3
Textile mill workers
746
63
289
394
254
129
28
187
17
Woolen mill workers
2654
147
924
1583
924
382
242
474
184
Worsted mill workers
707
52
307
348
316
137
61
74
19
1349
246
194
882
588
149
47
205
8
Derived from Twelfth Census . . . 1900, Occupations, 588-91.
Canada
228
Table XXI WINNING PARTY IN LAWRENCE ELECTION RESULTS, 1850-1922
President
Governor
Mayor
1850
W
1851
W
1852
W
1853
W
D
1854
K-N
K-N
K-N
K-N
1856
R
K-N
R
1857
R
R
1858
R
R
R
D
1860
R
R
R
1861
R
R
1862
R
R
1863
R
R
1864
R
R
R
1865
R
R
1866
R
D
1867
R
D
1868
R
R
R
1869
D
D
1870
D
R
1871
D
R
1872
R
R
D
1873
D
D
1874
D
R
1875
D
D
1876
R
D
D
1877
D
R
1878
D
R
1879
D
R
1880
R
D
R
1881
R
D
1882
D
D
1883
D
D
1884
R
R
R
1885
D
D
1886
D
D
1887
D
R
1888
D
D
R
1889
D
D
1890
D
R
1891
D
D
1892
D
D
R
1893
D
D
1894
D
D
1895
R
R
1855
1859
229
Table XXI (Continued)
President
Governor
Mayor
1896
R
R
R
1897
R
R
1898
D
R
1899
D
D
1900
D
R
D
1901
D
D
1902
D
D
1903
D
D
1904
R
D
D
1905
D
D
1906
R
D
1907
R
D
1908
R
D
R
1909
D
R
1910
D
D
1911
D
1912
D
D
1913
D
1914
D
1915
D
1916
D
D
1917
D
1918
D
1919
D
1920
R
R
1921
1922
D
R-Republican. D-Democratic. W-Whig. K-N-Know-Nothing.
Record of Elections in the City of Lawrence, I, II, MSS City Clerk's Office, Lawrence, Mass. This covers the elec- tions from 1853 on. For the 1850-52 results see The Lawrence Courier, Nov. 16, 1850, Nov. 15, 1851, Nov. 9, 1852.
230
Table XXII SUMMARY OF WARD AND PRECINCT VOTING RECORDS
15 State Elections on Even-numbered Years, 1854-1882 Number of years went Democratic*
15 State Elections on Even-numbered Years, 1884-1912 Number of years went Democratic* 1884-98 (1899-)
Ward One: 2
Precinct I (I)
2
II (II)
13
(III)
1 (out of 7)
Ward Two: 4
Precinct III (IV)
1
IV (V)
15
(VI)
3 (out of 4)
Ward Three: 9
Precinct V (VII)
12
VI (VIII)
15
(IX)
4 (out of 4)
Ward Four: 7
Precinct VII (X)
11
VIII
5 (out of 7)
(XII)
7 (out of 7)
Ward Five: 2
Precinct IX
1 (out of 3)
IX ** (XIV) (XV)
1 (out of 12)
X (XV) (XIV)
2
XIII ** (XIII)
2 (out of 12)
Ward Six: 8
Precinct XI
1 (out of 12)
(XI) (XVII)
12 (out of 13)
XII ** (XVI, XVIII)
5 (out of 13)
* Unless otherwise stated the number is out of 15 years.
** Precincts 1889-
For a picture of the various ward and precinct boundaries, see Map V, p. 148.
Until 1884 Lawrence had only six wards and no precincts. In 1884 eleven precincts were established, I-X north of the river and XI south. In 1889 Pct. XI was divided into Pcts. XI and XII, and Pct. IX (southern part of Tower Hill) was subdivided into Pcts. IX and XIII. There were a few boundary adjustments in the precincts in Wards II, III, IV in 1889 also. In 1899 there was a complete renumbering of the precincts, done in such a way that each ward was eventually to have three precincts instead of the original two. In the chart above, the precincts are listed opposite the wards within which they were located. The first row of precinct numbers are those in effect 1884-98. The precinct numbers in paren- theses are those in effect after 1898 and they are placed next to their approximate equivalent in the first system. Precincts VI and IX in the new system were not so numbered until 1905.
The precincts in 1884 to 1912 that were most consistently Democratic were as follows:
("The Plains" Area) Pct. IV(V)
15 out of 15 elections
Pct. VI(VIII) 15 out of 15
(The Shanty Area)
Pct. XI(XVII) 13 out of 15
Pct. II(II)
13 out of 15
Pct. V(VII)
12 out of 15
Pct. VII(X)
11 out of 15
Pct. VIII(XI) 10 out of 15
Those that went Democratic least often were:
Pct. III(IV) 1 out of 15
(Prospect Hill) Pct. I 2 out of 15
(Tower Hill) Pct. IX(XIV)(XV) 2 out of 15
(Tower Hill) Pct. X(XV)(XIV) 2 out of 15
Outskirts of So. Lawrence Pct. XII(XVI) 5 out of 13
Record of Elections, I, 19, 43, 68, 98, 127, 152, 181, 218, 253, 305, 343, 392, 440; II, 2, 29, 57, 79, 107, 128, 151, 168, 192, 212, 232, 259, 286, 305, 323, 339, 370.
("The Plains" Area)
(XI)
231
Table XXIII CHRONOLOGY OF THE STRIKE OF 1912
Mon. Jan. 1 New government installed.
Wed. Jan. 10 Italian meeting; Rocco telegraphed Ettor.
Thurs. Jan. 11 All Italians decided to strike.
Fri. Jan. 12 Start of strike; violence at Wood and Washington Mills.
Sat. Jan. 13
Quiet; meeting led by Ettor at City Hall.
Mon. Jan. 15 Snow storm; picketing; 15,000 paraded; militia arrived; Syrian stabbed. Parade; Golden arrived.
Tues. Jan. 16 Wed. Jan. 17
10,000 paraded from Common to mills; stopped by militia.
Thurs. Jan. 18
Parade led by Syrian Band and Marad.
Fri. Jan. 19 Sat. Jan. 20
Giovannitti arrived.
Haywood arrived; Thomson and Flynn also.
Thurs. Jan. 25
Pinkertons reported.
Ettor and Wood met in Boston.
Fri. Jan. 26 Mon. Jan. 29
Street cars attacked on Broadway-ice and stones; policeman stabbed; Annie LoPezzi shot and killed.
Tues. Jan. 30 Ettor and Giovannitti arrested.
Wed. Jan. 31
Ettor in court; Breen arrested.
Thurs. Feb. 1 Ettor in jail.
Fri. Feb. 2
Dynamite defenders acquitted; Breen tried in police court.
Sat. Feb. 3 Mon. Feb. 5 Peaceful.
Breen held over for grand jury.
6
Berger resolution in Congress.
Sat. Feb. 10
Tues. Feb. Thurs. Feb. 8 Mass. legislative committee to Lawrence; resolutions in Congress. 150 children to New York.
Mon. Feb. 12
Ettor-Giovannitti hearings.
Tues. Feb. 13
Immigrants leaving Lawrence for Europe.
Sat. Feb. 17
150 more children left for New York; parade in New York to greet them. Ettor and Giovannitti held for grand jury.
Wed. Feb. 21
Children prevented from leaving city; more scabbing reported.
Sat. Feb. 24
Rumor that Italians were going back to work.
Fri. Mar. 1 Wage concessions by Wood; workers left to testify in Washington.
Wed. Mar. 6 Haywood to Washington to testify.
Wed. Mar. 13 Committee decided to accept wage increase offered.
Thurs. Mar. 14 Mass meeting on the Common supported decision of strike committee.
Mon. Mar. 18 Strike over; a few Italians not taken back.
Sat. Mar. 30 All children reported back in Lawrence.
Thurs. Feb. 22 More children stopped.
Sun. Feb. 25
Meetings held in all halls.
Mon. Feb. 26
Sources all indicated in Chapter X.
Some scabs reported at work; dynamite found.
Wed. Jan. 24
Selected Bibliography
I. PRIMARY MATERIAL
A. MASSACHUSETTS CENSUS REPORTS
Chief of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor. Census of ... Massa- chusetts 1905, I. Boston, 1909.
DeWitt, Francis. Abstract of the Census of ... Massachusetts . 1855. ... Boston, 1857.
Wadlin, Horace G. Census of ... Massachusetts: 1895, I, II, VII. Boston, 1896-1900.
Warner, Oliver. Abstract of the Census of Massachusetts, 1860. Boston, 1863.
Warner, Oliver. Abstract of the Census of Massachusetts,- 1865. ... Boston, 1867.
Wright, Carroll D. Census of Massachusetts: 1875, I, II. Bos- ton, 1876-77.
Wright, Carroll D. The Census of Massachusetts: 1880. . Boston, 1883.
Wright, Carroll D. The Census of Massachusetts: 1885, I. Boston, 1887-88.
B. UNITED STATES CENSUS REPORTS
United States Census Office. Ninth Census of the United States 1870, I. Washington, 1872.
United States Census Office. Tenth Census of the United States 1880, I, XII, XVIII. Washington, 1883, 1886. United States Census Office. Eleventh Census of the United States: 1890, I, II, XVII, XXIII. Washington, 1895-97.
United States Census Office. Eleventh Census of the United States: 1890, Report on the Social Statistics of Cities. Washington, 1895.
United States Census Office. Twelfth Census of the United States ... 1900, I, II, III. Washington, 1901-1902.
233
BIBLIOGRAPHY
United States Census Bureau. Twelfth Census of the United States, Special Reports, Occupations. Washington, 1904. United States Census Bureau. Thirteenth Census . . . 1910. Abstract of the Census ... with Supplement for Massachu- setts. ... Boston, 1913.
United States Census Bureau. Fourteenth Census of the United States . .. 1920, III. Washington, 1922.
C. LAWRENCE GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
Assessors' Street Lists of Polls ... 1884, 1894, 1902, 1912. Lawrence, 1884, 1894, 1902, 1912.
City Charter, City of Lawrence Adopted State Election November 7th, 1911. N.p., n.d.
City of Lawrence. Deaths, MSS, City Clerk's Office, Lawrence, Mass., XII (1911-13).
Lawrence Board of Health. Report. 1879-1912.
Lawrence City Documents, 1872-1912.
Librarian of the Free Public Library of the City of Lawrence. Report, 1873-1912.
Record of Elections in the City of Lawrence, MSS, City Clerk's Office, Lawrence, Mass., I (1853-80), II (1880-1923).
Record of Marriages City of Lawrence, MSS, City Clerk's Office, Lawrence, Mass. I (1850-59), II (1860-66), IV (1872-77), V (1878-82), VI (1882-86), VIII (1891-95), XI (1902), XVI (1912-13).
School Committee of ... Lawrence. Annual Report, 1847-1912.
D. MASSACHUSETTS, ESSEX COUNTY, AND BOSTON GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
"An Act to Incorporate the Town of Lawrence," MS, Massachu- setts Archives, Acts 1847, Ch. 190, House Doc. 136, passed by House, April 9, 1847; and Senate April 15, 1847.
An Act to Revise the Charter of the City of Lawrence, 1911. Massachusetts Acts 1911, Ch. 621.
Bureau of Statistics of Labor [of Massachusetts]. Annual Re- port, 1870-1913.
Bureau of Statistics of Labor. "Fall River, Lowell, and Law- rence," Thirteenth Annual Report ... 1882, Mass. Pub. Doc. 31, pp. 193-415.
Massachusetts Board of Health. Annual Report, 1870-1912, Mass. Pub. Doc. 34.
Petition to Establish the Town of Lawrence, MS, Massachusetts Archives, Acts 1847, Ch. 190.
Public Documents of Massachusetts, 1857-1912.
234
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Report ... Relating to the Registry and Return of Births, Mar- riages, and Deaths ... , 1850-1912, Mass. Pub. Doc. 1.
[Shattuck, Lemuel]. Sanitary Survey of the Town of Lawrence. Boston, 1850.
Transcript of the Trial of Commonwealth vs. Joseph Caruso, Joseph J. Ettor, Arturo Giovannitti, alias. Superior Court, Essex County, Massachusetts, September-October, 1912. 6 vols. Typewritten MSS of first four volumes in possession of Charles Mahoney, Lawrence, Mass.
E. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
Board of Trade of London. Cost of Living in American Towns, 62 Congress, 1 Session, Senate Doc. 22. Washington, 1911. Immigration Commission. "Woolen and Worsted Goods in Representative Community A," Immigrants in Industries, Part 4: Woolen and Worsted Goods Manufacturing, II, Immigration Commission, Reports, X, 61 Congress, 2 Session, Doc. 633. Washington, 1911.
Neill, Charles P. Report on Strike of Textile Workers in Law- rence, Mass. in 1912, 62 Congress, 2 Session, Senate Doc. 870. Washington, 1912.
The Strike at Lawrence, Mass. Hearings before the Committee on Rules of the House of Representatives . .. 1912, 62 Con- gress, 2 Session, House Doc. 671. Washington, 1912.
F. NEWSPAPERS (Lawrence, Mass., unless followed by *)
Al-Wafa, April 16, 1907-May 10, 1910. Anzeiger und Post, 1899-1912.
Boston Evening Transcript,* Jan .- Mar., 1912.
Le Courrier de Lawrence, June, 1911-Dec., 1912.
The Essex Eagle, 1867-76.
The Evening Tribune, 1890-1921; Centennial Edition, 1953. Lawrence American, 1862-66, 1877-89, Jan. 3-June 27, 1890. The Lawrence Courier, 1847-61.
Lawrence Journal, 1877-88.
The Lawrence Sentinel, 1861-76.
The Lawrence Sun, 1905-12.
The Merrimack Courier, 1846-47.
Municipal Records and Memoranda, 1856-1859, 6 vols. Scrap- books of clippings from The Lawrence Courier, Lawrence American, and The Lawrence Sentinel.
The New York Call,* Jan .- Feb., 1912, Sunday edition Jan .- Mar., 1912.
The New York Times,* Mar .- April, 1882; Jan .- Mar., 1912; Jan. 24-May 25, 1919.
235
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Le Progrès, Dec. 30, 1898-July 30, 1908.
Shapleigh, Elizabeth. "Occupational Disease in the Textile In- dustry," The New York Call,* Dec. 29, 1912, p. 13. Solidarity,* Sept .- Dec., 1910, 1911, Jan .- April, Sept .- Oct., 1912. Sunday Sun, 1905-12.
The Weekly People* (New York), Dec. 16, 1905, Jan .- Mar., 1912.
G. MAGAZINE ARTICLES TO 1913
Child, Richard W. "The Industrial Revolt at Lawrence," Col- lier's Weekly, XLVIII (1911-12), 13-15.
Deland, Lorin F. "The Lawrence Strike: A Study," Atlantic Monthly, CIX (1912), 694-705.
"The Exoneration of William M. Wood," The Outlook, CIV (1913), 351-52.
Gompers, Samuel. "The Lawrence Dynamite Conspiracy," American Federationist, XIX (1912), 815-23.
Lauck, W. Jett. "The Significance of the Situation at Lawrence: The Condition of the New England Woolen Mill Operative," The Survey, XXVII (1911-12), 1772-74.
"The Lawrence Strike: A Review," The Outlook, C (1912), 531-36.
"The Lawrence Strike from Various Angles," The Survey, XXVIII (1912), 65-82.
McPherson, John B. The Lawrence Strike of 1912. Reprinted from Bulletin of the National Association of Wool Manu- facturers. Boston, Sept., 1912.
Pratt, Walter M. "The Lawrence Revolution," New England Magazine, XLVI (1912), 7-16.
Weyl, Walter E. "The Strikers in Lawrence," The Outlook, C (1912), 309-12.
Woods, Robert. "The Breadth and Depth of the Lawrence Out- come," The Survey, XXVIII (1912), 67-68.
Young, George H. "The City of Lawrence, Massachusetts," New England Magazine, New Series, XVII (1897-98), 581- 97.
H. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SOURCES
An Authentic History of the Lawrence Calamity. . . . Boston, 1860.
The Essex Institute. Vital Records of Lawrence Massachusetts to the End of the Year 1849. Salem, Mass., 1926.
Ladies Union Charitable Society. Report ... of the Lawrence General Hospital . .. , I (1876), XI-XXXII (1886-1907), XXXIV-XXXVII (1909-12).
236
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Lawrence City Mission. Annual Report, III (1862), VI-LIII (1865-1912).
The Lawrence Directory, 1848, 1853, 1857, 1859, 1912.
Life of Wm. M. Wood, Typewritten MS, Baker Library, Harvard. O'Connor, Alice W. "A Study of the Immigration Problem
in Lawrence, Massachusetts" (unpublished social worker's thesis, Lawrence, 1914).
Pacific Mills. General Regulations. N.p., n.d. Todd, Robert E., and Frank B. Sanborn. The Report of the Lawrence Survey. Lawrence, 1912.
I. IDEOLOGICAL AND RELIGIOUS SOURCES
Augustinian Fathers, Lawrence, Mass. Our Parish Calendar, I-II (1896-98), IV (1899-1900), X-XVII (1905-13).
Citizens' Association, Lawrence, Mass. Five Pamphlets. Law- rence, 1912-1913.
Lawrence, William. Memories of a Happy Life. Boston, 1926. Letters from William R. Lawrence to his father, A. A. Lawrence, Collection of A. A. Lawrence Letters, MSS, Massachusetts His- torical Society Library, XLV-XLVIII.
Mahoney, John J. and H. H. Chamberlin. A Statement of Aims and Principles (National Security League, The Lawrence Plan for Education in Citizenship, No. 1). New York, 1918.
O'Keefe, Katherine A. Sketch of Catholicity in Lawrence and Vicinity. Lawrence, 1882.
Paroisse Sainte-Anne, Lawrence, Mass., Congrégation des Daes de Ste. Anne. Salem, Mass., 1908, 1912-13, 1916-17.
Paroisse Sainte-Anne, Lawrence, Mass., Congrégation des En- fants de Marie. Lawrence, 1909-12.
Sainte Anne's Church. Bulletin Paroissial. Lawrence, 1909-13.
J. INTERVIEWS
Interview with Angelo Rocco by Professor Edwin Fenton, 1951.
Interview with Dr. Constant Calitri by Professor Edwin Fenton, 1951.
Interview with Farris Marad by Professor Edwin Fenton, 1951.
K. MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES
Ebert, Justus. The Trial of a New Society. Cleveland, 1913. The Industrial Workers of the World. Ettor and Giovannitti be- fore the Jury ... 1912. Chicago, 1912.
237
BIBLIOGRAPHY
L. MAPS AND ATLASES
Barker, James K. Map of the City of Lawrence, Mass. Boston, 1853.
Hopkins and Co., G. M., pub. City Atlas of Lawrence, Massa- chusetts, 1875. Philadelphia, 1875.
Map of Lawrence 1880 from United States Census Office, Tenth Census of the United States 1880, Report of the Social Statistics of Cities, Part I, 228. Washington, 1886.
Sampson, Murdock, and Co. Map of the City of Lawrence. Boston, 1900.
II. SECONDARY MATERIAL
A. HISTORIES
Dorgan, Maurice B. History of Lawrence, Mass. with War Records. Cambridge, Mass., 1924.
Hayes, Jonathan F. C. History of the City of Lawrence, Mass. Lawrence, 1868.
Paradise, Scott H., and Claude M. Fuess. The Story of Essex County. 4 vols. New York, 1935.
Wadsworth, Horace A., comp. History of Lawrence, Mass. ... Lawrence, 1879.
B. OTHER SECONDARY WORKS
Berthoff, Rowland Tappan. British Immigrants in Industrial America, 1790-1950. Cambridge, Mass., 1953.
Copeland, Melvin. The Cotton Manufacturing Industry in the United States. Cambridge, Mass., 1912.
Ford, James. Co-operation in New England Urban and Rural. New York, 1913.
Handlin, Oscar. Boston's Immigrants. Cambridge, Mass., 1941. Smith, F. Morton. The Essex Company on the Merrimack at Lawrence. New York, 1947.
Solomon, Barbara M. Ancestors and Immigrants. Cambridge, Mass., 1956.
Walsh, Alice L. A Sketch of the Life and Labors of the Rev. James T. O'Reilly. ... Lawrence, 1924.
Ware, Caroline. The Early New England Cotton Manufactures. Cambridge, Mass., 1931.
Index
Abandoned babies, 107 Accidents in mills, 31, 75 Albion Club, 43, 140, 146 Al-Ikbal, 146, 161 Alosky, John, 69 Alsace Society, 143 Al-Wafa, 70, 146, 160-62
American Federation of Labor, in Law- rence strike, 6, 192; textile union of, 7, 135; mentioned, 134, 180, 196, 200
Americanism, security through, 154-73; at end of century, 154; in native press, 154-55; in immigrant press, 155-62; of native clergy, 162-64; of immigrant clergy, 164-67; of immi- grants, 173; after 1912 strike, 195- 97; mentioned, 198, 200, 202
American Protective Association lec- tures, 84-88, 95
American Woolen Company, 4, 10, 177, 200
Anarchists, in Lawrence strike, 9, 193; from Haverhill and Boston, 195; mentioned, 170-71, 173, 183-84, 200 Ancient Order of Hibernians. See Hibernians Andrew, John, 39
Anzeiger und Post, 44, 90-92, 146, 149-52, 158-62, 167, 170-71, 186 Appleton, Nathan, 17-18 Arlington Association, 142-43 Arlington Mill, 6, 41-43, 65, 93, 118, 177, 186
Armenians, in hospital, 64; in 1894 strike, 94; real estate of, 131; in Republican party, 145; mentioned, 11, 78, 91, 145, 146, 152, 171 Arrests, Irish, 33; French-Canadian, 58; by nativity, 59; after 1890, 77-78
Artisans, wages, 121-22 Atlantic Mill, 30, 180 Augustinian Fathers, bank, 54-55; bank failure, 130; debt of, 164 Austrians, 11, 68
Bailey, Nathan, 85
Bank deposits of immigrants, 130
Bankers, 129
Baseball, 65
Bavaria, 44
Bay State Mills, boarding houses, 21- 22; mentioned, 30, 34
Beaches, 65 Bell Plan. See Gerrymander attempt of 1885
Benefit associations, 143
Berger, Victor, 3, 8, 12, 160 Berle, Adolf, 5
Bicycle speeders, 66
Biederwolf, W. F., 199
Bigelow, Charles, 19
Birth rate, 105-6
Bistany, Gabriel, 70
Black Hand notice, 187
"Black House" riot, 32-33, 190 Blaine, James G., 55 Boarders, 101 Boarding houses, 20-22, 109
Board of Health, 63, 89
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