USA > Massachusetts > Suffolk County > Professional and industrial history of Suffolk County, Massachusetts, Volume III > Part 46
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469
INDUSTRIAL HISTORY.
The American Net and Twine Company has had an existence since 1842. During the half century of its existence it has introduced many new features in the manufacture of nets, seines, lines, and twine, and has done much to extend this branch of enterprise. The company, which has a capital of $350,000, has an extensive netting factory in Boston, and a gilling factory at East Haddam, Conn. The excellence of their wares has been often attested by numerous highest awards wherever exhibited. I. W. Adams is president of the company, and Edward L. Grenby, treasurer.
Joseph Milner Wightman deserves prominent mention in any chron- icle of the industrial progress of Boston. His interest in scientific subjects date from his early boyhood, and his interest and participation in public affairs covered a period of about forty years. He was born in Eliot street, Boston, in 1812, his parents being of English descent, At fourteen he became apprenticed to a machinist, and four years later, when the Mechanics' Lyceum was formed, he was made secretary. In the following year he delivered a scientific lecture before this body, illustrated by apparatus of his own construction. The year following he, with others, established the Boston Mechanics' Magasine, of which he was associate editor. At the close of his apprenticeship he com- menced the manufacture of philosophical instruments, giving much attention to the work of simplifying their construction and bringing their cost within the means of those who could not afford the expensive instruments made in Europe. This work he followed for many years with great success, having a part of the time as a partner Timothy Claxton, an Englishman of ability in this specialty. During this period he furnished the schools and colleges of the country a large amount of scientific apparatus, and so perfect were his instruments, and so correct was his judgment in regard to the needs of the students, that the man- agers of educational institutions came to regard him as an authority. Previous to the war of the Rebellion his business was one of the largest of its kind in this country, but owing to the disturbances of that period, the demand was greatly lessened, and his attention being now engrossed by public affairs, he relinquished this business, which he had followed for nearly a generation. For five years he had lectured occasionally on scientific subjects in this and other cities of New England, and in 1841-43 assisted Professor Silliman, of Harvard College, in his cele- brated lectures before the Lowell Institute. When the Morse telegraph was brought before the public, Mr. Wightman delivered an illustrated
SUFFOLK COUNTY.
lecture in explanation of its principles and working, which, by request, was repeated in other places. In 1845 he was elected a member of the School Committee, on which he served for ten years. The Franklin and City medals were designed by him. From the first agitation of the question of the introduction of pure water in Boston, Mr. Wight- man was one of the foremost advocates, and to him the citizens of Bos- ton are largely indebted for his services in that important work. He was one of the earliest and most efficient advocates of the introduction of the telegraphic fire alarm and the steam fire engine into Boston. He served as a member of the State Legislature, and for three years was a member of the Board of Aldermen, and one year its chairman. He was active in his advocacy of the bill relating to the Back Bay and the Public Garden, for which service he was presented by his fellow citizens with a bronze statue of Daniel Webster, and which he, at his death, bequeathed to the Public Library. In 1860 he was elected mayor of Boston, and served two years. It was during his administra- tion that he laid the corner stone of the present city hall. He died in 1885; and the latter years of his life was engaged in the practice of the law, having been admitted to the bar in 1841.
The first machine shop in Roxbury was established by J. C. Pratt, who, in 1847, was succeeded by the firm of Chubbuck & Campbell, by whom the first tubular boiler made in the vicinity of Boston was con- structed. Charles Whittier learned the machinist trade with Chubbuck & Campbell. In 1859 he was admitted to partnership, when Mr. Chubbuck retired, and the name of the firm was changed to Campbell, Whittier & Co. In 1874 this firm was succeeded by the Whittier Ma- chine Company, which was incorporated under the laws of Massachu- setts, with a capital of $300,000. The works for many years were in Roxbury, but are now on first and Granite streets, South Boston. This company is largely engaged in the manufacture of steam, hydraulic and electric elevators for freight and passengers. Their electric ele- vators represent the highest development thus far attained by electrical science and mechanical art. A large number of improvements, in- creasing the safety, speed and comfort realized in the use of elevators, have been introduced by this company. These improvements are pro- tected by numerous patents, many of which are of Mr. Whittier's own invention. Their elevators are in use in many of the principal buildings of Boston, New York and other large cities in every part of the United States.
471
INDUSTRIAL HISTORY.
The United States census of 1870 contains the following report relat- ive to the industries of Suffolk county, and while perhaps the product of that year is undervalued, it is the most reliable census return up to that date:
Kind of Manufactures.
No. of Establishments.
Hands Employed.
Capital. 7,000
39 000
Bags.
I
46
100,000
92,000
Baking Powder
2
24
12,500
151,054
Banners, flags and regalia
2
13
4,000
22,776
Bells
2
13
7,000
20,000
Belting and hose (leather).
3
I6
38,000
135,000
Billiard and bagatelle tables, etc,
3
44
77,200
130,000
Blacking
4
19
28,000
100,806
Bleaching and Dyeing
IO
I56
35,700
265,200
Blueing.
I
40,000
Bookbinding
39
68g
292,800
860,300
Boot and shoe findings.
IC
181
79,700
337,500
Boots and shoes
34
1,317
567,100
2,379,118
Bottling
I
4
5,000
15,000
Boxes, packing
I
7
5,000
15,000
Boxes, paper
5
39
16,500
77,500
Brass founding and finishing.
12
103
51,800
215,080
Bread and other bakery products
49
340
225,750
888,784
Brick
7
725
641,900
573,688
Bridge building
I
34
32,000
50,000
Bronze castings
I
9
15,000
35,000
Brooms and wisp brushes
2
6
3,300
15,900
Brushes.
5
292
59,000
372,000
Cards
3
36
75,500
182,500
Carpets, other than rag
2
461
620,000
1,028,300
Carriages and sleds, children's.
2
41
43,000
90,000
WVagons.
29
392
265,500
671,205
Cars, freight and passenger.
2
225
850,000
362,535
Chocolate.
3
135
250,000
681,250
Chromos and lithographs
5
I47
117,800
286,000
Clocks
2
IO
35,000
90,000
Clothing, men's
227
7.569
7,438,090
17,578,057
Clothing, women's.
62
672
139,995
1,268,214
C'oal oil, rectified
4
122
315,000
1, 141,888
Coffee and spices, ground.
IC
99
360,500
549, 142
Coffins
8
36
30,800
82,235
Collars and cuffs, paper
4
102
360,000
552,000
Confectionery
31
315
153,000
1,025,600
Cooperage
113
47,700
186,85I
Copper smithing
6
80
80,000
225,000
Cordage and twine
3
70
28,000
101,900
Cordials and syrups.
3
29
103,000
279,000
Cork cutting
3
I7
12,000
43,500
Cosmetics
5
12
10,200
41,100
Croquet sets.
2
23
18,000
60,500
Cutlery
I
22
10,000
25,000
Cutlery and edge tools
4
27
13,800
30,037
Drugs and chemicals
6
103
345,300
819,179
Dye extracts
2
4I
35,000
116,000
Engraving.
L 8
67
8,035
85,500
4
I
1
1
1
I
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Value of Products.
Awnings and tents.
24
10,000
412
SUFFOLK COUNTY.
Value of Products.
Kind of Manufactures.
Capital. 25,575
71,500
Fertilizers
I
3
1,300
29,500
Files
5
41,000
132,500
Fire-arms, small arms
2
14
70,000
10,000
Flouring inill products.
I
8
50,000
313,000
Frames, mirrors and pictures
33
322
280,800
995,888
Furniture (not specified).
82
1,498
1,569,700
3,724,898
Furniture, chairs
2
35
28,000
41,500
Furniture, refrigerators
2
20
23,000
99,400
Furs, dressed
12
136
255,000
376,710
Gas
6
647
2,742,000
2,004.905
Gas and lamp fixtures
4
218
153,000
462,580
Gas and retorts
I
12
30,000
30,000
Gilding
7
35
3,720
39,715
Glass, cut.
8
104
50,500
171,000
Glassware
5
153
102,000
146,200
Gold leaf and foil
7
62
28,100
163,560
Hair work
20
114
98,800
196,600
Hardware
28
293
199,100
616,850
Hardware, saddlery
I3
1,000
13,300
Hats and caps.
28
447
251,000
782, ,00
Hat and cap materials.
6
2,500
14,000
Heating apparatus.
3
93
80,0 00
225,000
Hoop skirts and corsets.
4
462
155,000
467,000
Hosiery.
1
4
2,000
13.500
Hubs and wagon materials.
4
37
36,000
111,000
India rubber and elastic goods
3
226
615,000
610,377
Ink, printing
2
4
110,000
75,000
Instruments (professional)
7
85
556 500
152,900
Iron bolts, nuts, washers, etc
30
100,000
3,000
Iron castings (not specified)
9
461
587,000
931,263
Iron stoves, heaters, etc.
255
290,000
578,000
Iron nails and spikes. cut, etc
235
575,000
466,600
Iron, forged and rolled
804
735,000
2,643,200
Iron pipe, wrought
178
300,000
1,000,000
Japanned ware
4
15
9,700
10,000
Jewelry
21
288
127,700
338,100
Kindling wood
2
25
5,200
24,000
Lamps and lanterns
22
21,000
42,000
Lasts
2
27
11,500
26,000
Lead pipe
1
14
310,000
616,650
Leather,
tanne
I
21
70,000
420,000
Leather. curried.
23
451
678,000
2,993,084
Leather, patent and enameled
4
108
100,000
800,000
Liquor, distilled.
I
IC
50,000
80,000
Liquor, malt
IO
192
883,000
1,394,500
Looking-glasses
I
32
25,000
100,000
Lumber, planed.
21
737
1,071,500
3,617,350
Lumber, staves, shooks, etc.
I
18
20,000
50,000
Machinery (not specified )
52
972
1,162,000
2,032,203
Machinery, cotton and woolen
I
16
20,000
30.000
Machinery, railroad repairing
1
337
165,000
720,000
Machinery, engines and boilers
12
659
1,013,800
1,462,202
Marble and stone work (not specified)
52
972
748,500
1,353,280
Marble, tombstones
6
92
164,500
310,200
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
I
I
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
I
No. of Establishments. 16
Hands Employed.
Engraving and stencil cutting
48
12,000
25.000
Ink, writing.
1
2
2
5
2
2
I
INDUSTRIAL HISTORY.
443
Value of Products.
Masonry, brick and stone
200
21,900
287,500
Matches
r
90
40,000
500,000
Meat, cured and packed (not specified)
I
I27
100,00 )
400,50 0
Meat, packed, pork
2
26
65,000
339.215
Meters
I
17
18,000
80,000
Millinery
41
380
143,025
568.489
Millstones
42
50,00
100,000
Mineral and soda waters
134
96,500
294,048
Molasses and sugars, refined
3
380
1,70,000
5.414,270
Mucilage and paste
I
3
8,000
2),CO0
Musical instruments ( not specified )
4
56
37,100
97,100
Musical instruments, organs
6
560
589.000
1,070, 114
Musical instruments, pianos.
1 5
911
1.994,71I
2,369,505
Needles
L
12
3,000
15,000
Nets, fish and seine.
1 I
15,000
23,000
Oil, animal
2
6
10,000
38,000
Oil, fish
2
12
102,500
544.900
Oil, vegetable, linseed
2
69
200,00)
1,003,610
Oil (not specified).
4
21
61,500
140,976
Paints (not specified)
2
7
3,500
36,000
Paints, lead and zinc
5
I36
375,000
1,1.47,500
Patent medicines
18
88
220, 150
568,900
Patterns and models
I2
89
36,300
1 30,500
Platedware
18
132
84,150
181,500
Pocket books
2
12
7,5 0
41,000
Preserves and sauces
3
123
150,000
545,000
Printing, cotton goods
I
Printing and publishing (not specified.
7
118
335.300
1,072,000
Printing, books
T
56
18,000
55.000
Printing, newspapers
31
783
2,102,900
3,452,760
Printing, job
62
875
1,438,800
1,153,400
Pumps
4
40
28,800
83,400
Putty
2
16
26,600
68,350
Roofing materials
12
131
252,500
408,208
Saddlery and harness
42
294
344,700
561,663
Safes, doors, vaults (fire proof)
5
151
188,000
350 000
Sails
15
87
49,200
203,805
Salt, ground
3
33
95,000
123,500
Sash, doors and blinds
20
357
286,800
923.790
Scales and balances
2
17
12,000
15,500
Sewing machine fixtures
2
26
18,200
61,000
Sewing machines
2
586
2,004,000
977,060
Shipbuilding, repairing, etc
39
665
926,200
1,363,947
Show cases
4
67
32,000
250,000
Silk goods
12
4,000
15,000
Silverware.
6
67
61,000
I 54,533
Soap and candles
6
50
39,500
137,250
Soap stone goods
5
26
2,500
140,100
Soda water apparatus
5
78
149,000
389,575
Starch
2
50,000
152,000
Stationery
8
1,000
10,000
Steel springs
3
8
2,900
11,500
Stereotying and electrotyping
6
89
27,800
141,919
Stone and earthen ware.
3
37
128,000
51,000
Tin, copper and sheet iron ware
67
503
425,375
665.404
Tobacco (not cigars) and snuff
3
51
46,500
92,573
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
60
No. of Establishments.
Hands Employed.
Capital.
Kind of Manufactures.
1
1
7,000
75,000
0
414
SUFFOLK COUNTY.
Value of Products.
Kind of Manufactures.
No. of Establishments.
Hands Employed.
Capital. 64,400
276,981
Trunks, valises and satchels
12
158
132,200
381,900
Trusses, bandages, supporters
4
82
42,000
120,000
Type founding
4
214
115,000
252,000
Umbrellas and canes
2
36
26,000
65,000
Upholstery
57
805
905,150
2,251,070
Varnish
7
35
94,500
497,687
Veneering
I
14
150,000
125,000
Ventilators, crystal
I
6
2,500
14,000
Washing machines, etc.
4
37
54,300
169,250
Watch cases
2
35
6,000
69,080
Watches
I
13
30,000
40,000
Whalebone and rattan, prepared
2
3I
2,500
152,000
Wire work
5
201
44,160
139,500
Wood brackets, moulding, etc
2
65
ยท 18,000
75,000
Wood, turned and carved
24
I32
47,700
200,000
Wood work, miscellaneous
2
20
51,000
80,000
Wool carding and cloth dressing
2
21
10,800
20,000
Woolen goods
2
94
85,000
210,000
Worsted goods.
3
931
105,000
510,000
2,546
43,550
$47,311,906
$111,380,840
Tobacco, cigars
32
192
The making of brushes has for many years been quite an industry in Boston. Harvey A. and Ezra Burton began the business in 1844, which is now conducted by A. & E. Burton & Co. The firm of John L. Whiting & Co. was established in 1864, and is now one of the lead- ing firms in this line in the United States, having an extensive factory near Rowe Wharf. The business of Charles A. Austin & Co. was in- augurated, in 1865, by Worcester & Austin. In 1848 Francis McLangh- lin embarked in the business, and in 1869 was succeeded by the present firm of Murphy, Leavins & Co. J. C. Pushee & Sons have been en- gaged in the business in Boston since 1880.
The Globe Works, for many years an important industrial enterprise in Boston, were founded by John Souther, who commenced business as a locomotive builder near the site of the old works on Foundry street in 1846. For a short time he was associated with J. Lyman, whose in- terest he afterward purchased. Mr. Souther had previously been em- ployed at the Boston Locomotive Works, and had made all or a greater part of their first models and patterns. In June, 1854, the Globe Works Company was incorporated, with John Souther as president, and D. A. Pickering, treasurer. For several years the building of locomotives was a prominent feature of their business, from twenty to thirty having been made annually. Since 1860, however, when the works were de- stroyed by fire, the building of locomotives has not constituted an im- portant branch of their manufacture. This company quite carly be-
415
INDUSTRIAL HISTORY.
came well known for the excellent work accomplished by their steam shovel or excavator, which was used in the construction of most of the railroads in this country and Europe. During the late war this company was largely engaged upon work for the United States government. They constructed the United States steamship Housatonic, the hull and machinery for one of the monitors, and also the machinery for a sloop- of-war and two side-wheel war steamers.
The earlier efforts in the development of the modern sewing machine were made in Boston. Elias Howe, jr., was a resident of Cambridge when, in 1846, he brought out the first sewing machine. It was far from perfect, and other inventors aided in remedying its defects. Among his colaborers was John Batchelder, of Boston, who, in 1849, invented an automatic feeding device. During the same year Blodgett & Lerow, also of Boston, invented a rotary shuttle for use in making the lock stitch. In 1851 Grover & Baker, of Boston, invented a sewing machine, which for several years was the most successful machine in use. A new principle was embodied in its construction, a double lock stitch be- ing made by means of a rotary needle. For a time I. M. Singer, who invented a sewing machine in 1850, had a manufactory in Harvard Place, but finally moved to New York.
The City Point Works of Boston has attained a national reputation. The founder of these works, Harrison Loring, was born in Duxbury, Mass., and served an apprenticeship with Jabez Coney, of Boston. He commeneed business for himself in 1847. For several years thereafter his business was principally confined to the building of stationary and marine engines and boilers. He was among the first to foresee the great demand which was eventually to come for iron sea-going steam- ships. He began to lay his plans to carry on this branch of industry, in 1857, by the purchase from the city of Boston of the House of In- dustry estate then unoccupied. On this property, consisting of seven acres of upland and a million feet of flats, he erected such new build- ings as the business required. This was the first iron shipbuilding es- tablishment which had been permanently located in New England, and the enterprise was looked upon with considerable distrust. Mr. Loring, with all the energy and steadfastness of purpose which have character- ized his career, began building steamers for foreign markets. Even in the years 1857 and 1858, when almost all kinds of industry were sus- pended, he kept his establishment in full operation on vessels ordered from India. His first work of importance for an American company was
416
SUFFOLK COUNTY.
the building of two vessels of 1, 150 tons each, the South Carolina and the Massachusetts, for the Boston and Southern Steamship Company. They were afterwards sold to the United States government, and proved among the most successful vessels in the blockading squadron on the southern coast. He afterwards built for the Union Steamship Com- pany of Boston two iron screw steamships, the Mississippi and the Merrimack of 2,000 tons each. After the manifest success of the Moni- tor over the rebel iron clad Merrimac, Mr. Loring was called by the government to build as many monitors as could be completed within a short time, and he immediately commenced on one named the Nahant. which was the first monitor ever built in New England. He afterward built the Canonicus, a vessel embodying all the improvements of the Nahant, but with double her propelling power, and more able to resist the projectiles then in use.
After the war the building of vessels in and around Boston practically ceased. It was revived at the City Point Works by the building of the cruiser Marblehead, which was launched in August, 1892.
The first German brewery established in Boston was, doubtless, that of Michael Ludwig, who began to brew small or table beer in a small wooden building on the corner of Washington and Plymouth (now Henneman) streets in 1846. One year later he sold out to Matthias Kramer and Charles Roessle, father of John Roessle, one of the lead- ing brewers of Boston at the present time. After a short continuance in the old place, Kramer & Roessle removed to Lowell (now Pynchon) street, fitting up an old building on an island, in what was known as Smith's Pond, a small body of water fed by Stony Brook. Here they continued making small beer until January, 1848. Shortly thereafter they engaged the services of Gottlieb F. Burkhardt, an experienced brewer, who had lately arrived from Germany. Burkhardt made the first lager beer ever brewed in this vicinity. In 1849 Roessle bought out Kramer, and about the same time Burkhardt started in business on his own account on Northampton street, near Harrison avenue, where he continued brewing small beer until 1853, when he began to brew lager beer. In 1856 Burkhardt, who had in the mean time built a brewery on the corner of Parker and Steuben streets, Roxbury, sold out his place in Northampton street to William Baker. In the mean time, Charles Roessle had begun brewing lager beer on the island in Smith Pond in 1851, and Joseph Hechenger had started a small brewery on what is now Texas Place, off Tremont street, where, subsequent to
Nahum Chapin
INDUSTRIAL HISTORY.
1853, he had also began to brew lage: beer. H. & J. Pfaff began busi- ness in 1858 on Pynchon street, near Cedar street, which has been con- tinued up to the present time. These were the pioneer lager beer breweries of Boston, whose number has increased until now a large area of the country in the Roxbury district is covered with their solid briek buildings, yards and vaults.
In 1847 Bowers & Pratt established a foundry for the manufacture of stoves. They continued it until 1862, when the firm became Pratt & Wentworth, who conducted the business until 1876, when the High- land Foundry Company was organized to take charge of the business. The company's foundries are located on Pynchon street, Boston High- lands, where stoves, ranges, and furnaces are manufactured, and which have become widely known for their excellence. The officers of the company are W. J. Towne, president, and George W. Elliott, treasurer.
According to the State census of 1875 there were 5, 649 manufacturing establishments in Boston, in which was invested a capital of $55, 201, - 960. The value of goods manufactured was $121,362,414. Chelsea had 169 establishments, representing an invested capital of $2,391, 442, and value of goods made $4,308,261. Revere had five establishments, in which was invested a capital of $10,800, and which produced a pro- duct valued at $10,625, while the town of Winthrop had six establish- ments, in which was invested a capital of $12,500, and which produced $36,786 worth of manufactured product.
Among the principal industries reported for Boston in this census may be enumerated the following:
No. of Est.
Capital Invested.
Value of Goods made.
Alcohol
I
$250,000
$600,000
Billiard tables
4
155,000
207,000
Boots and shoes
72
422,168
1,730,81I
Boxes, paper
90,000
278,31I
Bakeries
IIO
313,593
1,646,471
Building materials, fire-proof.
5
44,000
IC5,175
Carpets.
6
700,000
1,800,000
Carriages, wagons, coaches
39
466,755
515,784
Chromos and lithographs
10
373,500
616,000
Clothing
-334
4,476, 174
15,831,509
Confectionery
37
370,910
1,411,408
Dyes, paints and chemicals
7
580,000
1,028,000
Fertilizers, glue and tallow
3
179,000
308,000
Flour
I
250,000
510,000
Fur goods.
238,200
430,700
Furniture
99
1,567,315
3,394,289
Gas
4
4,040,000
2,180,994
Horse shoe nails
I
350.000
350,000
Iron castings
9
435,000
723,875
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
478
SUFFOLK COUNTY.
No. of Est.
Capital Invested.
Value of Goods made.
Iron steamships, marine and stationary engines
I
400,000
360,000
Jewelry
20
169,650
398,350
Kerosene and lubricating oils
2
230,000
750,000
Lead
1
500,000
950,000
Leather.
33
705,900
2,116,378
Linseed oil and cake.
I
100,000
665,000
Linseed oil and cotton bagging.
I
600,000
360,000
Machines and machinery
40
2,310,500
2,066,490
Malt and malt liquors
16
1,584,000
2,892,924
Organs, church and cabinet
7
442,000
902,000
Paper and wood hangings
3
320,500
352,031
Pianos
13
2,004,000
2, 146, 102
Rope.
2
175,000
450,000
Rubber goods
8
1,095,000
11,718,000
Rum
3
345,000
1,208,000
Sails and awnings
36
91,450
364,408
Sewing machines.
3
210,000
850,000
Soap and candles
9
98,900
285,727
Stoves, furnaces and ranges.
16
183,250
325,690
Sugar and syrup, refining
5
2,975,000
14,902,000
Tin, sheet iron, copper and zinc ware
39
23,645
526,324
Trunks, valises and bags.
16
174,000
700,300
Twine, cordage, nets, etc.
IO
772,975
1,535,476
Vessels
8
185 000
1,772,000
1
1
a
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
The successful manufacturing of watches by machinery was first ac- complished through the enterprise and skill of Edward Howard and Aaron L. Dennison. In 1850 Mr. Howard, of the firm of Howard & Davis, pupils of the celebrated Williards, manufacturers of fine clocks and gold standard balances, determined to test the practicability of making watches by machinery. Associating with himself David P. Davis, Aaron L. Dennison and Samuel Curtis, under the style of the Warren Manu- facturing Company, he built a factory at Roxbury, where the first complete American watches were made. This enterprise in its infancy encountered many difficulties, not only for want of suitable tools and workmen, but through the prejudice of dealers and opposition of im-
porters. The name of the Warren Manufacturing Company was adopted with the view of concealing the kind of business the company was intending to do until the business had so far advanced as to be able to show some of its productions. As soon as watches were put into the market, the name of the company was changed to the Boston Watch Company. In 1854 this company erected a large factory at Waltham, but by incurring an outlay, in so doing, greater than their capital would warrant, it was overcome by pecuniary embarrassments, and in 1857 the property passed into the hands of Appleton, Tracy & Co., who carried on the business for some two years or more, when it
479
INDUSTRIAL HISTORY.
was finally incorporated under the name of the American Watch Com- pany.
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