USA > Massachusetts > Essex County > Saugus > Town annual report of Saugus 1899 > Part 11
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In 1894 Mr. Gillette resigned, and Mr. F. E. Emerick was chosen principal of the high school. In the following year
20
REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT.
another teacher was added to the corps of teachers. There was a noticeable increase in the number of pupils this year. This was partly due to the increase of the number of pupils in town and partly to the additional facilities offered by having a third teacher. The average attendance for this year was about forty- nine pupils.
In 1896, Mr. N. E. Adams, our present principal, was elected to fill the position left vacant by the resignation of Mr. Emerick. At this time, the two years' English course was dropped, and a regular four years' classical course with a three years' English course was started so that pupils might prepare for college or the scientific schools in our own town. For a few years previous to this students had been allowed to return after completing the three years' course and obtain whatever benefit they could.
But so far as I am able to ascertain the first students prepared to enter college from this school graduated in 1897. In this year (1897) the school was transferred from the new Town Hall building to its present commodious quarters in the Roby School building, where it now occupies all the upper part of the build- ing.
After twenty-eight years the high school has four teachers and an average attendance of about eighty-five pupils for the past year. Thus, in six years, two teachers have been added to the high school, while the average attendance of pupils has been increased forty-eight, or considerably more than doubled during the time.
No history of the Saugus high school would be complete with- out showing the benefits derived from the so called "Bond Prize Contests."
About the year 1882, Mr. Charles H. Bond of Cliftondale began to give prizes for excellence in speaking as well as to those pupils making the most improvement in scholarship.
At first, each student who was to participate in the contest, prepared his recitation as best he could for the public exhibition. This appeared to Mr. Bond to be hardly fair, as some could employ teachers of elocution to assist them, while others could not afford it. Therefore, for a number of years past, not only
REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT. 2I
has he given prizes as previously mentioned, but he has employed a trained teacher of elocution to assist them in their preparation with excellent results.
The benefits derived by the speakers are not the only results of these contests. The money obtained from these public exhibitions is used to benefit every pupil in school. It is in the hands of the teachers of the high school to expend for whatever they think best. The pictures that adorn the rooms occupied by the high school pupils were obtained in this way as also were many books of reference found in the school library. A part of our laboratory apparatus has been purchased with money obtained from this source.
During the seventeen years these contests have been held, nearly five hundred dollars have been realized for the benefit of the high school. The pupils and teachers of this school have every reason to be grateful to Mr. Bond for the interest he has always taken in our school and for the generosity he has shown in all his con- nections with them in making these contests a success.
This report which must be as short as consistent with its pur- pose in order to make room for the outline courses of study to be appended is brought to a close with a few words in regard to the seeming increase in the number of school studies.
It is sometimes stated that in attempting to bring in so many subjects the essentials are crowded out. Allow me to say that the crowding is not as real as it seems. The great majority of school time is still given to reading, writing, arithmetic, geogra- phy, grammar and history. To be sure we have drawing, but to this subject we devote but seventy-five minutes a week. Singing has its place in every system of schools, but it is assigned but a little more than one hour a week of the school program. Nature- study claims a little attention during the spring term and early fall, but much of this work is interwoven with geography and language lessons. At most it claims two or three periods a week for a half year.
The school curriculum is undergoing constant change. The colleges and technical schools are crowding back upon the high schools. The high schools feel the pressure and see no relief
0
22
REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT.
except to push down upon the grammar schools. And the crowd- ing continues until the jostle of the college moves even the primary school.
Let us hope that with every change shall come an approved system and a more harmonious adjustment of all educational forces that childhood may be more efficiently trained and devel- oped.
Respectfully submitted,
C. E. STEVENS, Superintendent.
Jan. 22, 1900.
ENROLLMENT, SEPTEMBER, 1899.
AGE
Grades
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
II
IO
9
8
7
6
5
L
13
1
2
4
2
....
I
3
....
....
....
.. .
....
....
....
....
15
II
....
2
2
6
12
4
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
26
IO
...
. ..
2
5
17
II
2
I
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
38
9
....
. .
I
15
19
14
5
. . .
....
....
....
....
....
....
54
8
...
....
...
....
2
2 I
26
21
6
....
....
....
....
....
94
7
....
....
....
2
I
II
17
24
IO
6
....
....
....
....
....
71
6
....
....
2
....
2
5
14
28
3.5
23
4
....
....
....
113
5
....
....
I
I
4
II
28
38
22
2
....
....
...
107
4
....
....
....
....
....
I
....
3
5
19
37
36
2
....
.
....
....
...
....
....
7
18
54
39
3
....
122
2
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
I
9
5
42
47
5
I
....
....
....
....
....
. . .
·
....
....
....
I
3
12
35
72
123
Ungraded
....
....
....
.
I
4
2
7
7
10
7
3
6
2
49
Totals
I
5
15
22
54
74
81
96
91
IOI
IOI
107
98
91
79
1016
...
....
....
...
....
....
IO
12
....
I
5
6
High
School
.
IO3
3
....
....
I
....
Totals
TABLE I.
Giving Grades of Schools, Names of Present Teachers, Year of Election, and Annual Salary.
Wed.
Grade
Teachers
Year of Elect.
Salaries
High School
N. E. Adams, Principal
1896
$1,350
Helen L. Bacheller.
1895
600
Martha F. Sawyer
1899
450
Edith A. Kelley
1899
45
I
North Saugus Mixed
Anna A. Danforth
1898
415
Center
viii, ix.
Annie L. Ricker.
1895
480
vi, vii
Esther A. Parker.
1863
470
v, vi .
Mary L. Bryant . .
1899
415
iv .
Pauline R. Peckham
1 897
415
iii
G. A. Walton
1873
415
ii.
Isabelle Hay.
1 897
415
i .
M. L. Walton.
1881
415
Cliftondale
viii, ix. . .
Alice E. Chase, Principal.
1895
480
vii, viii
M. E. Smith .
1892
450
vi .
D. A. Dunn .
1892
415
v. .
Laura C. Austin.
1896
415
iv
Grace P. Bartlett.
1 898
415
iii .
Clive E. Bryer.
1 899
38
ii.
Martha J. Parsons.
1 896
415
i .
Clara Trowbridge
I 892
415
Essex street
iii, iv, v
Harriet C. Sanborn
1895
415
i, ii ..
Laura F. Armitage, Principal
IS85
425
East Saugus
vii, viii, ix.
Ellen Young, Principal.
1898
480
v, vi.
Carrie M. Bassick .
1 896
450
iii, iv
Mary C. Parker
1899
415
i, ii. .
E. A. Mansfield .
1849
415
Lilla G. Parker, Asst.
1898
220
Oaklandvale
Mixed .
Henrietta Hawkes
1897
375
Music .
Helen M. Page. .
1895
400
Drawing
..
Sadie R. Melzard.
1898
225
2
3
4
5
.
Tabular Statement for the year ending June 30, 1899.
TEACHERS.
Enrollment
Boys
Girls
Less than 5
Over 15
Between 7
and 14
Average
Average
Attendance
Per cent. of
Attendance
Tardiness
Dismissals
Visitors
Norris E. Adams
101
39
62
0
75
5
93-9
SS.S
94.5
96
132
127
Annie L. Ricker
47
23
24
0
5
22
40.0
38.2
94.9
51
39
44
Esther A. Parker .
53
25
28
0
0
49
47.2
44.2
93.6
41
74
25
Emma E. Chubbuck
42
24
18
0
0
40
30.4
33 4
92
27
17
134
Pauline R. Peckham
37
15
22
0
0
37
34.5
31.7
91.9
31
22
33
G. A. Walton
39
22
17
0
0
39
37.1
34.2
92
IS
14
54
Isabelle Hay
.
54
32
22
0
0
S
37.5
31.4
91
41
10
72
Alice E. Chase
53
24
29
0
9
24
41.7
39.8
92.9
29
15
02
M. E. Smith
54
25 .
29
0
5
15
49 7
46 6
95
29
30
93
D. A. Dunn .
51
23
28
0
0
49
39.6
36.8
93
23
IS
102
Laura C. Austin
48
29
19
0
0
46
35.7
35.8
92
34
22
95
Grace P. Bartlett
37
23
14
0
0
36
32-3
29.7
91.9
40
29
30
Fannie A. Davis
45
21
24
0
0
45
39 6
30.4
91.8
25
21
S2
Martha J. Parsons
50
20
30
0
0
44
47.5
43.2
90.9
47
15
79
Clara Trowbridge .
73
32
41
0
0
9
49.5
43.3
87.2
83
11
73
Hariot C. Sanborn
49 ·
27
22
0
0
48
40.5
38. I
94
66
30
51
Laura F. Armitage
35
14
21
I
0
10
27
25
92
33
4
40
Ellen Young .
47
21
26
0
6
34
42.2
38.I
90.2
215
54
47
Carrie M. Bassick
·
40
22
24
0
2
44
35 3
32 3
16
47
14
32
Jeannette M. Leavitt
54
27
27
0
0
51
43.1
38.5
S9 3
104
30
41
E. A. Mansfield
84
40
44
2
0
31
63 2
55-3
86.4
105
17
05
Anna Danforth
44
19
25
0
0
38
38.3
37.8
92
S5
IS
S2
Henrietta Hawkes
17
9
8
0
0
10
14.2
11.7
82
195
3
35
.
.
.
·
19
22
0
0
20
33.2
30 6
91
32
.
.
·
.
.
.
.
.
·
·
.
.
01
M. L. Walton
·
"
Membership
Summary
Number of children in Town, September, 1899, from five to fifteen years of age
Number between five (5) and eight (8) .
Number between seven (7) and fourteen (14) .
Whole number enrolled in all schools . ·
1,207
Number of boys .
581
Number of girls . 626
Number under five (5) .
3
Number over fifteen (15) IO2
Number between seven (7) and fourteen (14) 790
Average membership for the year ending June, 1899 1,003.9 Average attendance for the year ending June, 1899 923.9
Per cent. of attendance 92+
Average membership, Fall Term, 1899 1,001.3 ·
Average attendance, Fall Term, 1899 . 940.6 .
Per cent. of attendance, Fall Term, 1899
93.9
Number of pupils who have moved into Town ·
142
Number of pupils who have moved out of Town . .
135
Number of teachers employed, including specials .
30
Increase during the year O
Number of teachers withdrawn
5
Number of new teachers 5
Number of different schools
24
Increase during the year O
Number of tardiness . 1,500
Number of dismissals . 651
Number of visits, not including those of Committee and
Superintendent . 1,571
.
Graduating Exercises
OF THE
Class of '99 Saugus High School. TUESDAY, JUNE 27, 1899.
PROGRAM.
I. MUSIC-"Great Dagan has Subdued Our Foe," Arr. from Sampson
CHORUS.
2. PRAYER-
3. MUSIC-"The Daffodils," . King Hall LADIES' TRIO.
4. ESSAY-"Out Door Studies with Salutatory," HELEN P. KOHLRAUSCH.
5. ESSAY-"The Songs of Burns,"
RUTH M. NICHOLS.
6. ESSAY-"Sensational Journalism," L. MAUDE SYLVESTER.
7. MUSIC-"Happy Days," Strelezki
IRENE M. WILLARD.
VIOLIN OBLIGATO HARRY STANBON.
28
GRADUATING EXERCISES.
8. ESSAY-"Early History of Saugus,"
FLORENCE M. COOK.
9. ESSAY-"Athletics," . TERRENCE J. M'TAGUE.
IO. CLASS POEM-"The End of Childhood," BESSIE B. LEAROYD.
II. MUSIC-"Their Native Land," · Arr. F. Masini
SEMI-CHORUS.
1 2. ESSAY-"The Mission of the Flowers," BLANCHE M. ATHERTON.
13. CLASS HISTORY-
HATTIE I. STOCKER.
14. ESSAY-"Selecting an Occupation," MAUDE F. FINDEISEN.
15. MUSIC-"Over the Fields of Clover," . Giebel MIXED QUARTETTE.
16. ESSAY-"The Poor Children of the City," FLORENCE I, WESTWOOD.
17. CLASS PROPHECY-
FLORA L. EDMANDS.
IS. ESSAY-"From School Life into Life's School, with Valedictory," .
ALICE M. HOMAN.
19. AWARD OF DIPLOMAS
Graduates.
Past Graduate. Ernest Warren Homan.
Classical Course.
Nellie May Austin, Maude Frederica Findeisen, Mabel Louise Hawkes, Helen Porter Kohlrausch, Lura Maude Sylvester.
Four Years English Course.
Clara Margaret Axtell, Ruth Mildram Nichols, Alice May Homan, Hattie Isabella Stocker, Nellie May Wiggin.
Three Years English Course. +
Blanche Marshall Atherton, Herbert Holt Bosworth, Edna Alma Cleary, Florence May Cook, Sadie Abbie Dearborn, Flora Lillian Edmands, Bessie Barker Learoyd, Minnie Etta Lees, Terrence James McTague, Carrie George Paul,
Harriet Jane Pitts, Albert Gideon Porter, George Herbert Pratt, Lillian Abbott Rhodes,
Ethel Hawkes Robinson, Harry Rines Stanbon, Mabel Louise Stetson, William Burroughs Sykes, Florence Isabel Westwood, Irene May Willard.
Bond Prize Recitations.
THURSDAY EVENING, JUNE 29, 1899, 7.45 O'CLOCK.
PROGRAM.
I.
PIANO SOLO- .
MRS. KATHARINE FORRISTALL.
2. "Knucklin' Down," .
Ella Higginson RUTHELLA J. SPRAGUE.
3. " What William Henry Did," . Harbour
HENRY T. CLAUS.
4. "Connor," Anon ETHEL H. ROBINSON.
5. " Heroism of Landers," . Arthur Pier
WALDO B. RUSSELL.
6. SOLO-
MISS ELVIRA LEVERONI.
7. "The Debating Society," . . Hall
ERNEST HOMAN.
8. "Little Carl," Amelia H. Botsford
FLORA. L. EDMANDS.
9. "The Honor of the Woods," · .
H. H. Murray
MAUDE F. FINDEISEN.
31
BOND PRIZE RECITATIONS.
10. "The Light from over the Range," . Anon
ARTHUR GETCHELL.
II. SOLO-
MISS ELVIRA LEVERONI.
12. "Guard No. 10," . Joseph Altsheler CLIFFORD BARNES.
13. "Major," Louise Alcott
RUTH M. NICHOLS.
AWARD OF PRIZES.
First prize was awarded to ERNEST W. HOMAN.
Second prize to ARTHUR GETCHELL. Third prize to FLORA L. EDMANDS.
Bond prizes for "improvement" were awarded as follows : two upper classes, LURA MAUDE SYLVESTER; two lower classes, MAY BOYLE.
COURSES OF STUDY IN History, Physiology and Hygiene and Nature Study
FOR THE
PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF SAUGUS, MASS.
I900.
HISTORY.
"The main object of education is not merely the acquisition of information ; it is not even the development of the faculties; it is, or ought to be, the awakening of certain desires that will serve to the pupil as a sort of perpetual inspiration through life."
One of the chief ends to be sought in the study of history is to develop a genuine love for historical reading. This may be accomplished by introducing the study early in school life and continuing progressively through all the grades. Following the story-telling of the primary grades we have interesting parts of our own history read by the pupils. Thus a good foundation is laid for the broader and more independent study of the upper grammar grades.
The pupils' method of study will be largely determined by the teachers' method of assigning lessons and hearing recitations. As a rule, use the topical method, not the question and answer method. Make constant use of pictures, drawings, home-made outline maps, charts, and all available reference books. Use the Public Library constantly. Many excellent books are to be found there.
33
COURSES OF STUDY.
Make use of a great variety of devices to stimulate interest and hold the attention.
Flag salute for primary grades .- I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands-one Nation, indivis- ible, with liberty and justice for all.
Flag salute for older pupils .- We give our Heads and our Hearts to God and our Country. One Country ! One Language ! One Flag !
GRADE I.
Selected stories told by the teacher. The material may be taken from fables, poetry, mythology or history. The educational value of stories is increased if accompanied by pictures or sketches. Suggested topics : Stories appropriate for Flag Days, Thanks- giving, Christmas, and others which furnish useful lessons.
GRADE II.
Selected stories and poems read or told by the teachers, espec- ially such as furnish lessons of heroism, patriotism, self control and devotion to duty.
Arbor Day, Decoration Day, Bunker Hill, Columbus, the first Thanksgiving, Miles Standish, Christmas in colonial times, Benj. Franklin, Washington, Lincoln, Paul Revere.
GRADE III.
Continue story telling. The following topics are suggested for use either in reading to the pupils or reading by the pupils :
Indians. Life in tribes, children, homes, furniture, clothing, manners and customs, treatment of the white men.
Capt. John Smith, Pocahontas, Daniel Boone.
Esquimaux. Houses, food, dogs, sledges, boats, Arctic ani- mals, children, social customs, country.
The Pilgrims. The landing,-Mayflower, Plymouth Rock, why they left home, their first year in America.
Fulton and the steamboat.
34
COURSES OF STUDY.
GRADE IV.
Pupils may read from book furnished, but should be encouraged to gather additional facts from other sources. The teacher may read to the pupils. Topics for special consideration : The Cabots and Drake. De Soto and the Mississippi. William Penn and Philadelphia.
The Boston Tea Party. Warren at Bunker Hill. Washington at Valley Forge. Eli Whitney and the Cotton-gin. The Railroad and the Telegraph. The early history of Saugus.
. GRADE V.
Pupils will read the prescribed book. Develop clear ideas by questions and conversation. Have both oral and written exercises.
Topics for special study.
Champlain and La Salle. Early settlers of New York and Virginia. How England treated the Colonies. Washington in the French War. Braddock's defeat. Wolfe at Qubec. Patrick Henry. Benjamin Franklin. La Fayette. Charles Goodyear. Colonial times-Houses, furniture, food, dress, travel, etc. Paul Revere-Concord and Lexington. Territorial growth -Louisiana, Oregon, Texas, Alaska.
GRADE VI.
Read the prescribed book and dwell especially on the follow- ing topics :
Geography as understood 400 years ago. Early settlements in Mass., New York, Florida, etc. Salem Witchcraft. Whitney and the cotton-gin. Fulton and the steamboat. The Indians and the Colonists. Causes of the Revolution. Narrative of the War. Morse and the telegraph. John Brown's Raid. Abra- ham Lincoln. War of the Rebellion. The Slavery Question.
COURSES OF STUDY. 35
The Monitor and the Merrimac. Garfield-his life and death. Explosion of the Maine. Battle of Manila. Annexation of Hawaii.
GRADE VII.
Begin formal study and recitations. Emphasize the following topics :
Early Settlers-Indians, Spanish explorers of America ; Columbus, De Leon, De Soto, French explorers ; Cartier, Ven- azni-The Jesuits-English explorers; the Cabots, Henry Hudson-Dutch explorers.
Colonial Development-Virginia, grants of territory, character of the colonists, navigation acts, negro slavery, Bacon's rebellion.
Massachusetts Puritans and pilgrims-Plymouth colony, social organization, Massachusetts Bay colony, John Endicott, settle- ment of Boston, John Winthrop, growth of the colony, the town meeting.
Connecticut emigration from Massachusetts colonies united, distinctive features of other colonies.
Intercolonial Wars-Object of these wars, condition of colo- nies at their close, forms of government, manners and customs.
Make frequent use of historical poems as :
" The Old Thirteen"-Brooks.
"Nathan Hale"-Finch.
"Norembega"- Whittier.
" Pocahontas"-Hemans.
" The Landing of the Pilgrims"-Mrs. Hemans.
" Evangeline"-Longfellow, and many others.
The Revolutionary Period - Causes of the war, remote, direct. Continental Congress. A few leading battles. Results of the war. Adoption of the Constitution ; learn the preamble. Study with care the lives of Joseph Warren, Israel Putnam, Nathan Hale, Benedict Arnold, Major Andre, Benjamin Frank- . lin, LaFayette, Koscinsko, Robert Morris and Rochambeau. Use a few poems as "Paul Revere's Ride," "Lexington" by Holmes, " Under the Old Elm" by Lowell, and "Yorktown" by Whittier.
.
36
COURSES OF STUDY. ]
Growth of the Union - Have pupils draw a set of maps showing the several acquisitions of territory.
Topics for special discussion :
How were the colonists supplied with the necessaries of life during the war, especially with manufactured goods?
How did Washington obtain his military supplies?
What became of the Loyalists at the close of the war?
History of Saugus .- Early settlements. Growth in population. Its industries, public" buildings and ancient landmarks." Any in- teresting topics.
Make constant use of outline maps. Do not neglect the geo- graphical side of history.
GRADE VIII.
Study the period_ from the_ adoption of the Constitution to the present time. Dwell especially upon social, economic and indus- trial progress. Lead the pupils to thoroughly understand our growth and development as a nation.
The outline for this period is given but a few topics for special discussion are added.
I. Products'of American inventive genius since the treaty of Paris.
2. The development and prosperity of the South since the war.
3. Our Indian policy. Reservations, schools, land allotment, Hampton Institute.
4. The land policy of the United States. Homestead laws, railroad lands, canal lands, national parks and reservations.
5. Immigration. Number, nationalities, location of immi- grants, exclusion of contract labor, dependent and pauper classes.
6. Social conditions of the American people. Capital and labor, progress of manufactures, pauperism, crime, education, manners and social customs.
7. Consider these topics of town and State government : (a) What officers chosen? (6) By whom chosen ? (c) When and how chosen? (d) For what chosen ?
Comparison of city and town government.
37
COURSES OF STUDY.
GRADE IX.
The work of this year may be briefly stated thus :
I. English History.
2. Civil Government.
3. Important current events.
No topical outline is given but it is expected that such topics as these will be considered :
I. The different forms of colonial government. How like the English system ?
2. The Queen and the President as rulers. Their powers and duties compared.
3. Congress as compared with Parliament.
4. Comparison of the United States Constitution with the Constitution of England.
5. Relations between England and the United States from the Revolutionary war to the treaty of Ghent.
PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.
By the law of the Commonwealth (Acts of 1885) Physiology and Hygiene, including special instruction as to the effects of alcoholic drinks, is a required study in all public schools.
In accordance with the law the following outline is prepared. Our aim is-1. To furnish pupils with simple and wise rules for the care of their bodies. 2. To give them an opportunity to obtain a fair knowledge of the human organism, and 3. To strengthen the power of resisting evil of all kinds.
Exercise much common sense in teaching the effects of alcoholic drinks, tobocco and cigarettes. Teach only the gener- ally accepted truth and that judiciously.
Use diagrams constantly and when possible, present the subject objectively. Plan each lesson carefully and do not allow your- self to be drawn aside by irrelevant questions.
38
COURSES OF STUDY.
In the primary grades dwell upon the positive sides of the drink evil, i. e., the advantages of total abstinence, but in the older classes, the moral, social and physical effects of the "great evil" should be taught. Show the close condection between the habit of drinking and vice of other kinds.
Lessons are to be given from November to March, once a week in primary grades, and twice a week in all others.
GRADE I.
General lessons on the care, comfort and cleanliness of the hands, face, hair and body.
Each pupil should know his own height and weight and watch his growth. He should be able to touch and name the different parts of the body : head, neck, body, arms, hands, legs, feet, etc.
GRADE II.
Teach the use of special senses.
Eyes,-situation and importance; protected by brow, lid, lash, tears; white, iris, pupil; change in size of pupil; proper care of eyes.
Ears,-situation and importance ; outer, middle, inner; uses of outer ear ; care and cleanliness ; elementary ideas of sound.
Smell, touch and taste, -- location and uses of these senses.
(The teacher should find out defects in the children's eyesight or hearing and act accordingly.)
GRADE III.
"The House we Live in."
The Framework,-Skull, spine, ribs, shoulder blade, collar bone ; cartilages and ligaments, their nature and use.
Joints,- Muscles,-appearance, exercise, rest. Tendons, - sprains, what to do.
The Skin,-uses and care.
Clothing,-amount and kind. Protection against illness.
Lessons and stories on good living and good manners.
39
COURSES OF STUDY.
GRADE IV.
Teach briefly the use and care of the brain, heart, lungs, stomach and kidneys.
Bones,-number, form, size, characteristic, uses, composition, growth and repair, influence of food.
Skull,-of what composed, use.
Face,-different parts, variation in different animals and races of men.
Spine,-structure ; general form and reasons for, purposes ; general use ; correct position ; causes and results of curvature.
Ribs,-number, classes, forms and why. Uses in respiration. Name and location of bones in upper and lower limbs.
Lessons on the importance of pure air, proper sanitary arrange- ments, good food and drink and proper exercise. Uses and abuses of alcohol. Danger of cigarette smoking.
GRADE V.
Muscles,-Voluntary ; appearance, color, shape ; blood supply ; nerve supply. Tendon,-of what composed, inelasticity and strength, attachment, use. How a muscle acts,-excited through nerve, contraction of fibres, motion through tendon, bone as a lever, changes in muscle during action.
Relation of use to vigor of organs.
Exercise,-need of, amount and kind, benefits of, evils of over-exercise, evils of insufficient exercise. Fatigue, causes.
Involuntary muscles,-appearance, arrangement, importance, purpose. How different from voluntary. Situation and use of organs controlled wholly or in part by involuntary muscles and reason for such control. (Heart, stomach, etc.)
Necessity of forming correct, muscular habits.
Effects of alcohol on muscular system.
GRADE VI.
Relation of work and waste. Need of repair.
Food,-definition, sources, kinds. Uses of food, amount and kinds required. Effects of age, climate, season, and our habits
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