USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Newton > Town of Newton annual report 1871-1872 > Part 14
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SPELLING. - Words used in the oral lessons, or occur- ring in conversation, and all words in the reading lessons, are to be spelled by the sounds and the names of the let- ters. Two or more lessons each day.
WRITING. - The forms of the small letters to be taught from charts and blackboard. Pupils to write on the slate words containing the letters which they have learned to make, until all the letters of the alphabet have been used. Each pupil should be provided with a long pencil, and should be required to hold it as he should a pen.
LANGUAGE. - Correct common errors in the use of lan- guage, such errors as the pupil would be likely to hear and imitate. Require the pupil to express his thoughts in proper language. Encourage the pupil to give his answers in complete sentences.
ORAL INSTRUCTION. - Lessons on the human body ; ani- mals ; place ; sound; color ; form; size ; weight; names, parts, and uses of objects. See "First Step" on each of these subjects in Sheldon's Manual of Elementary Instruc- tion.
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PHYSICAL EXERCISE. - Gymnastics, marching, singing, or vocal drill, from three to five minutes, twice, at least, each session.
MUSIC. - Preparatory work for voice and ear. Exercises with words by imitation to the 7th page of First Music Reader. Also counting time in two-beat measure with bars and double bars upon the blackboard : sing by imita- tion the first five sounds of the G scale by numerals. At- tention to good position and the cultivation of a smooth and pleasant manner of singing.
DRAWING.
MORALS AND MANNERS. - Repeat verses and maxims. Endeavor to awaken the moral sense of the pupil; to lead him to distinguish right from wrong; to make moral im- pressions. Teach the pupil habits of order; proper beha- vior at school, on the play-ground, in church, at home, on the street ; duties to parents, teachers, brothers and sis- ters, the poor, the aged, and the infirm ; the duty of doing as he would be done by. Illustrate by anecdotes and fa- miliar examples. See Manual, First Step.
NOTE. - No exercise of this grade should be more than fifteen minutes long. For many of the exercises five or ten minutes are enough. Any portion of the school not employed in recitation should be occupied with slate exer- cises, blackboard, or in such other manner as the ingenuity of the teacher may devise. Under no circumstances should the pupil be compelled to sit still with nothing to do.
SECOND TERM.
READING. - First Reader completed. Require correct and distinct enunciation. Observe previous directions.
SPELLING. - As in the preceding term. Require distinct utterance of each letter. Primary Speller, to the 33d Lesson. The words in the Speller should be read and spelled by name or sound before they are given to the pupil to be learned.
WRITING. - As in the preceding term.
LANGUAGE. - As in the preceding term.
ORAL INSTRUCTION. - As in the preceding term. Also, see Sheldon's Lessons on Objects, First Step. The object of these lessons is to develop the perceptive powers of the pupil.
PHYSICAL EXERCISE. - As in preceding term.
MUSIC. - Continue development of voice and ear, and
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begin notation. Constant review of preceding exercises, adding by imitation songs and exercises, to the sixteenth page of the Reader. Quarter and half notes and rests in measures, counting, singing, and pointing by the pupils. Upper figure of the time-mark. Diagram of six sounds of G scale, with numerals and letters, and practice there- on. The G clef, staff, and notes on staff for the above- mentioned sounds. Some of the exercises first learned on the third and fourth pages written out in full on the board, to be counted, sung by letter, and pointed by the pupils as a means of training the eye to follow written music.
DRAWING.
MORALS AND MANNERS. - As in the preceding term.
NUMBER. - Develop the idea of numbers as far as ten. Count to ten and back. Add, subtract, multiply, and divide, no number to exceed ten. Use real objects, such as blocks, marbles, nuts, &c., or the numeral-frame. Write and read Arabic and Roman numerals to ten. See Manual, First Step.
SECOND CLASS. - FIRST TERM.
READING. - Second Reader to the 36th Lesson. Culti- vate natural, easy expression. Keep constantly in mind, that proper emphasis and inflection can be secured only by a thorough comprehension of the thought on the part of the pupil. Daily drill on the sounds of vowels and consonants. Teach the names, forms, and uses of the marks used in printing, and the use of capitals. Observe previous directions.
SPELLING. - Spell the words in columns in the Reader. Words in the Speller to be read and spelled by name or sound to the 58th Lesson. Observe previous directions.
WRITING. - Group the letters according to the similarity of form. Teach the principles and analysis of letters. Form words of the letters that the pupil has learned to make correctly.
LANGUAGE. - Require the pupil to copy short sentences written on the blackboard by the teacher. Lead the pupil to write in a short sentence what he knows about some familiar object. Teach the use of capitals and the period.
ORAL INSTRUCTION. - Lessons on animals ; standard colors, tints, hues, and shades ; form ; qualities of objects ; size ; weight; sound; place. The object of these lessons is to develop the perceptive and conceptive powers of the pupil. See Manual, and Lessons on Objects, Second Step.
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PHYSICAL EXERCISE. - As in the preceding class.
MUSIC. - Review the work of the preceding class. Pupils copy on the slate all the characters learned. Teach the first six pages of Music Charts (First Series), count three-beat measure, and learn the meaning of the letters p, mf, and f. Extend the practice of songs and exercises if desirable. Pupils will furnish themselves with books as soon as they can read the words of the songs with fluency.
DRAWING.
MORALS AND MANNERS. - Repeat verses and maxims. Lead the pupil to distinguish, appreciate, and name moral qualities. Illustrate by familiar anecdotes, narratives, and fables such qualities as industry, obedience, kindness, gen- erosity, perseverance, faith, patriotism, &c. See Manual, Second Step.
NUMBER. - Count to fifty and back. Roman and Arabic notation and numeration to fifty. Add and subtract to and from fifty, by ones, twos, &c., to tens. Dictate mental exer- cises in adding and subtracting. Add columns of units on slate, blackboard, or Charts, no result to exceed fifty. Practical questions involving similar combinations of con- crete numbers. Special care should be taken that the pupils may not substitute counting for adding. See Manual, Second Step.
SECOND TERM.
READING. - Second Reader completed. Take special care to explain the meaning of the new words, in each lesson, before attempting to read it. Observe previous directions.
SPELLING. - Spell the words in columns in the Reader. Words in the Speller to be read and spelled by name or sound, to the 86th Lesson. Observe previous directions.
WRITING. - As in the preceding term.
LANGUAGE. - Reproduce oral lessons on the slate. Write sentences including one or more words, selected by the teacher, from the reading or spelling lesson. Observe pre- vious directions.
ORAL INSTRUCTION. - As in the preceding term.
PHYSICAL EXERCISE. - As in the preceding class.
MUSIC. - Introduce counting four and six beat measure, eighth notes and rests, and dotted quarter-notes. Teach Music Charts to the 20th page, including the C scale, by numeral, letter, and syllable. Time mark completed. Scale
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extended. Accent. Copy exercises from the Charts on the slates.
DRAWING.
MORALS AND MANNERS. - As in the preceding term.
NUMBER. - Count to one hundred and back. Roman and Arabic notation and numeration to one hundred. Add and subtract to and from one hundred by ones, twos, &c., to tens. Dictate mental exercises in adding and subtract- ing. Add columns of units on slate, blackboard, or Charts, no result to exceed one hundred. Practical questions in- volving similar combinations of concrete numbers. Daily drill on Charts. See Manual, Second Step.
FIRST CLASS. - FIRST TERM.
READING. - Third Reader, to the 37th Lesson. Daily drill on the elementary sounds of the vowels and conso- nants, separately and in combination. Give special attention to fluency of utterance and distinctness of articulation. Insist on correct pronunciation, and ability to call words at sight. Observe previous directions.
SPELLING. - Spell the words in columns in the Reader. Words in the Speller to be read and spelled by name or sound to the 111th Lesson, and from the 125th to the 131st Lesson. Explain the marks used to indicate the pronunci- ation. See Speller, 45th page.
WRITING. - Review the small letters. Teach the capital letters by principles and analysis. Observe previous direc- tions.
LANGUAGE. - Form sentences of the words defined in the Reader. Sentences to be written from dictation. Ob- serve previous directions.
ORAL INSTRUCTION. - Lessons on animals; color ; form ; parts, qualities, and uses of objects ; place ; plants ; divis- ions of time. Teach the pupil to tell time by the clock. The object of these lessons is to develop the perceptive, con- ceptive, and reasoning powers of the pupil. See Manual and Lessons on Objects, Third Step, and Miss Hall's " Our World."
PHYSICAL EXERCISE. - As in the third class.
MUSIC. - All the pupils are now provided with books, and use them in connection with the Charts in reviewing the previous work. Read songs and exercises from the books by letter.
DRAWING.
MORALS AND MANNERS. - Repeat verses and maxims.
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Lead the pupil to observe that the moral qualities with which he has become acquainted are the elements of a good character. Illustrate moral conduct and character by anecdotes and examples. See Manual, Third Step.
NUMBER. - Roman and Arabic notation and numeration to five hundred. Multiplication and division tables to 6's to be learned. Illustrate the construction of the tables by means of objects or the numeral frame. Require the pupil to write the tables on slate or blackboard from memory. Dictate mental exercises in addition, subtraction, multipli- cation, and division. Practical questions involving similar combinations of concrete numbers. Daily drill on Charts. Review the work of the preceding class. See Manual, Third Step.
SECOND TERM.
READING. - Third Reader completed. Observe previous directions.
SPELLING. - Spell the words in columns in the Reader. Words in the Speller to be read and spelled by name or sound, to the 163d Lesson. The abbreviations used in writing and printing to be learned. Pupils to spell their own names; the name of the town, county, and State in which they live, of the days of the week, of the months, and of the seasons. Observe previous directions.
WRITING. - As in the preceding term. Pupils, on com- pleting this grade, are expected to write a plain, legible hand.
LANGUAGE. - As in the preceding term.
ORAL INSTRUCTION. - Review the entire course.
PHYSICAL EXERCISE. - As in the third class.
MUSIC. - Introduce the sharp and the flat, and sing the exercises as they occur on the Charts, from the 21st page onward, by letter and numeral. The ear having thus been attuned to the different keys, sing the songs by words. Additional exercises from the book, beginning at the 41st page.
DRAWING.
MORALS AND MANNERS. - Review the entire course.
NUMBER. - Roman and Arabic notation and numeration to one thousand. Multiplication and division tables com- pleted through 12's. Require pupils to write the tables on slate or blackboard from memory. Dictate mental exer- cises in addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Practical questions involving similar combinations of con-
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crete numbers. Daily drill on Charts. Review the entire course. Insist on accuracy and rapidity. See Manual, Third Step.
GRAMMAR.
SIXTH CLASS. - FIRST TERM.
READING. - Fourth Reader, to the 30th Lesson. Give special attention to fluency of utterance, distinctness of articulation, correctness of pronunciation, and the cultiva- tion of natural and easy expression ; practice the exercises in the introduction. Pronunciation and meaning of the new words should be carefully learned. Difficult words should be spelled by the sounds of the letters, to assist the pupils in their pronunciation. The thought should be thoroughly comprehended before the pupil is required to express it.
SPELLING. - Comprehensive Speller, to the 71st Lesson, omitting the exercises for writing, each lesson being read by the class before it is given out for study. Words in the Speller to be written. Difficult words that occur in con- nection with the other studies to be spelled orally, to culti- vate the habit of observing the orthography of words.
DEFINING. - Give synonymes of words occurring in the reading lesson each day, the object_ being to enlarge the pupil's vocabulary.
WRITING. - Copy-book No. 1, with pencil. Careful analysis of letters. Much attention should be given to movement exercises. Legibility, rapidity, and beauty are the objects to be aimed at in writing. The first two are essential, the third desirable. Insist on correct position, and the proper manner of holding the pencil or pen.
ARITHMETIC. - Notation, numeration, and addition to be taught orally. No result to exceed one million. Mental Arithmetic, to the 4th Section. Daily drill on Charts. Ex- ercises in ready reckoning.
GEOGRAPHY. - Geography to North America.
LANGUAGE. - Teach the meaning of the terms " sen- tence," " statement," " question," and " command." Pupils find statements, questions, and commands in the reading lessons. Teach pupils to observe that statements and commands begin with a capital and end with a period, and that a question begins with a capital and ends with a ques-
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tion-mark. Pupils write statements, questions, and com- mands, and change them from one form to another. Pupils make several statements about the same thing, connecting them by the word " and." Teach that the comma is used in such statements to show that a word or words have been omitted. Teach that the parts of a command should be separated by a comma. Write lists of words on the board, and require pupils to use them in statements, questions, and commands, orally or in writing. Take care that the pupils have a clear conception of the meaning of the words used.
ORAL INSTRUCTION. - Lessons on animals. The object of these lessons is to exercise the pupil in arranging and classifying objects, connecting things by their points of re- semblance, and distinguishing them by their points of dis- similarity. Require the pupil to write out each lesson, to determine whether he thoroughly comprehends the subject presented. See Manual, Fourth Step. Review First, Second, and Third Steps.
MORALS AND MANNERS. - Treat of topics suggested by the oral lessons. Seek to awaken in the mind of the pupil an interest in animals, and to excite feelings of humanity and sympathy for them. Refer to the wisdom and good- ness of the Creator, as seen in the construction of animals and their adaptation to circumstances. Read or relate anecdotes illustrative of their fidelity, intelligence, cun- ning, &c. Also, any of the topics previously given.
MUSIC. - Review scale, time measurement, and notation, to the extent necessary for successful practice from the Music Charts, Second Series. Extension of the scale, two- part exercises, the sharp, flat, and natural, reading and singing by note in the keys of C and G, with Charts to the 26th page. Individual reading.
DRAWING.
SECOND TERM.
READING. - Fourth Reader completed. Observe previ- ous directions.
SPELLING. - Comprehensive Speller, to the 125th Les- son. Observe previous directions.
DEFINING. - Observe previous directions.
WRITING. - Copy-Book No. 2, with pencil. Observe pre- vious directions.
ARITHMETIC. - Multiplication and subtraction. No re- sult to exceed one million. Mental Arithmetic to the 13th
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Section. Daily drill on Charts. Exercises in ready reck- oning.
GEOGRAPHY. - Geography completed.
LANGUAGE. - Pupils make lists of names of objects. Teach that these names are object-words. Pupils find ob- ject-words in their reading lessons. Pupils make sentences, using one, two, and three object-words in a sentence. Teach the difference between common names and proper names. Pupils write lists of common and proper names of persons and places. Use the words in sentences. Teacher write a list of proper names, pupils supplying correspond- ing common names. Use the words in sentences. Find proper and common names in the reading lessons. Write sentences containing the names of the days of the week, the months of the year, and the seasons. Write sentences from dictation. Correct sentences written incorrectly on the board. Special attention should be given to orthog- raphy. the use of capitals, and punctuation.
Pursue a similar course with action-words. Require the pupils to use the words first as object-words, then as action- words. Similar exercises with words pronounced alike, but having a different meaning.
Pursue a similar course with quality-words, words used to show how, when, and where, exclamation-words, rela- tion-words, connective-words, and personators.
ORAL INSTRUCTION - As in the preceding term.
MORALS AND MANNERS. - As in the preceding term.
MUSIC. - As in the preceding term.
DRAWING.
FIFTH CLASS. - FIRST TERM.
READING. - Intermediate Reader, to the 39th Lesson. Observe previous directions.
SPELLING. - Comprehensive Speller, from the 174th to · the 210th Lesson. Observe previous directions.
DEFINING. - As in the sixth class.
WRITING. - Copy-Book No. 2, with pen. Observe pre- vious directions.
ARITHMETIC. - Division. No dividend to exceed one mil- lion. No divisor to exceed one hundred. Mental Arithme- tic, to the 21st section. Daily drill on Charts. Exercises in ready reckoning.
BOTANY. - Child's Book of Nature, Part First.
LANGUAGE. - Teach that words may be used in their full- est meaning, or that their meaning may be limited. Write
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on board lists of words that may be used in limiting object- words. Write lists of words that may be used in limiting action-words. Pupils use these words in sentences.
Teach that a part of a word written instead of a whole word is called an abbreviation. Teach that two words, or two syllables, united into one by the omission of a letter or letters, form a contraction. Teach that a comma placed above a word, to denote contraction, is called an apostro- phe. Write lists of abbreviations and contractions on the board. Pupils use them in sentences. Teach that every abbreviation should be followed by a period. Find abbre- viations and contractions in the reading lessons. Dictate sentences containing abbreviations and contractions. Cor- rect sentences written incorrectly on the board. Similar exercises in teaching the use of quotation marks.
ORAL INSTRUCTION. - Lessons on the classification of ob- jects : spices, liquids. See Manual, and Lessons on Ob- jects, Fourth Step.
MORALS AND MANNERS. - Moral principles the basis on which moral conduct ought to rest. Give biographical and historical sketches illustrative of moral qualities, conduct, character, and principles. Topics suggested by daily events in and out of school. Also, any of the topics pre- viously given. See Manual, Fourth Step.
MUSIC. - Drill on scale sounds. Review of Chart work, reading from Second Music Reader in connection with the Charts. Charts completed, key, signature, and studies in nine keys. Music Reader accompanying all the Chart ex- ercises. Intervals of the (major) scale. Mode of beating time. Philosophy of the signature. Contents of scales and verification. Practice for reading with one syllable (la), pitch-names, and scale-names being called. Individual reading throughout. Additional songs from Music Reader.
DRAWING.
SECOND TERM.
READING. - Intermediate Reader completed. Observe previous directions.
SPELLING. - Comprehensive Speller, from the 210th to the 251st Lesson. Observe previous directions.
DEFINING. - As in the sixth class.
WRITING. - Copy-book No. 3. Observe previous direc- tions.
ARITHMETIC. - United States money, with practice in making bills. Practical questions in review of the funda-
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mental rules. Daily drill on Charts. Exercises in ready reckoning.
NATURAL HISTORY. - Child's Book of Nature, Part Sec- ond.
LANGUAGE. - Review the forms of sentences, and teach the grammatical terms that apply to them. Review pre- ceding work. In writing sentences, teach the pupil to ob- serve the following rules: 1st, Begin each sentence with a capital letter. 2d, Spell every word correctly. 3d, Close every declarative and imperative sentence with a period. 4th, Close every interrogative sentence with an interro- gation point. 5th, Close every exclamatory sentence with an exclamation point. 6th, Every abbreviated word must be followed by a period. 7th, Join the parts of a compound word with a hyphen. 8th, No syllable should be separated at the end of a line. 9th, A comma should separate the parts of an imperative sentence. 10th, the words I and O should be capitals.
ORAL INSTRUCTION. - Lessons on the metals, natural his- tory. See Lessons on Objects, Fourth Step.
MORALS AND MANNERS. - As in the preceding term.
MUSIC. - As in the preceding term.
DRAWING.
FOURTH CLASS. - FIRST TERM.
READING. - Fifth Reader, to the 29th Lesson. Observe previous directions.
SPELLING. - Comprehensive Speller, from the 251st to the 267th, and from the 125th to the 140th Lesson. Ob- serve previous directions.
DEFINING. - As in the sixth class.
WRITING. - Copy-book No. 3. Observe previous direc- tions.
ARITHMETIC. - Properties of numbers, cancellation, re- duction of fractions, multiplication and division of fractions. Pupils to be furnished with a text-book. Mental Arithmetic, from the 21st to the 25th, and from the 27th to the 33d Section. Daily drill on Charts. Exercises in ready reck- oning.
NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. - Child's Book of Nature, Part Third.
LANGUAGE. - Teach the meaning of the terms, " idea," " thought," " word," " language," " sentence," " subject of sentence," " predicate of sentence," " proposition," " clause," and " phrase." Find examples of each of the above terms
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in the reading lessons. Pupils write sentences, pointing out the subjects, predicates, propositions, clauses, and phrases. Pupils contract sentences written on the board, by omitting repeated or unnecessary words. Change sen- tences from one form to another. See Kerl's Shorter Course, Sections 1, 2, 3, and 4.
ORAL INSTRUCTION. - Lessons on glass and its manufac- ture ; silk and its manufacture; objects derived from the vegetable kingdom, - bark and stems, grain and pulse, fruits and seeds. Review any topics previously given. See Lessons on Objects, Fifth Step.
MORALS AND MANNERS. - Importance of restraining bad passions, -anger, revenge, selfishness, &c. Fretfulness, quarrelling, &c., to be avoided. Practical topics suggested by the events of the day. Also, any topics previously given.
MUSIC. - As in the fifth class.
DRAWING.
DECLAMATIONS AND COMPOSITIONS.
SECOND TERM.
READING. - Fifth Reader, to the 56th Lesson. Observe previous directions.
SPELLING. - Comprehensive Speller, from the 140th to the 174th Lesson, and pages 148, 149, and 156. Observe previous directions.
DEFINING. - As in the sixth class.
WRITING. - Copy-book No. 4. Observe previous direc- tions.
ARITHMETIC. - Addition and subtraction of common fr ac tions. Decimals. Intellectual Arithmetic, Sections 26, 34, and 35. Daily drill on charts. Exercises in ready reckon- ing.
GEOGRAPHY. - Introductory Lessons, and South America, with map-drawing.
LANGUAGE. - Teach that all the words in our language can be divided into eight classes, called the Parts of Speech. Show the pupil that nouns are only object-words, with which he is already familiar. Pursue a similar course with each of the other parts of speech. Pupils point out the different parts of speech in sentences in reading lessons. Pupils write sentences, naming the different parts of speech used in each. Teach the relations by which words are bound together in sentences. See Kørl's Shorter Course, Sections 5, 6, and 7.
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ORAL INSTRUCTION. - Lessons on Vegetable Secretions, - tea, coffee, sugar, camphor, starch, &c. Review any topics previously given. See Lessons on Objects, Fifth Step.
MORALS AND MANNERS. - What may be regarded as proper or improper, in the family, at table, at school, on the street, in dress, &c. Also any of the topics previously given.
MUSIC. - As in the fifth class.
DRAWING.
DECLAMATIONS AND COMPOSITIONS.
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THIRD CLASS. - FIRST TERM.
READING. - Fifth Reader, to the 82d Lesson. Observe previous directions.
SPELLING. - Review Comprehensive Speller to the 154th Lesson. Observe previous directions.
DEFINING. - As in the sixth class.
WRITING. - Copy-book No. 4. Observe previous direc- tions.
ARITHMETIC. - Compound numbers. Tables of avoirdu- pois weight, and linear, surface, solid, liquid, dry, and time measures. Reduction (ascending and descending), addi- tion, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Mental Arithmetic, from the 37th to the 40th Sections. Daily drill on Charts. Exercises in ready reckoning.
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