USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Newton > Town of Newton annual report 1871-1872 > Part 15
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GEOGRAPHY. - North America, Africa, Australia, Asia, and Europe, with map-drawing.
LANGUAGE. - Teach that the noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, and adverb are the most important parts of speech. Teach the classes and properties of each of these parts of speech, the phrases and clauses that perform the office of each, and the various relations of the words, phrases, and clauses. See Kerl's Shorter Course, Section 8.
ORAL INSTRUCTION. - Lessons on insects, shells, miscel- laneous objects. See Lessons on Objects, Fifth Step.
MORALS AND MANNERS. - Self-denial. In avoiding self- indulgence in eating and drinking ; coveting or taking what belongs to another ; improper language or remarks about others; expenditure of money beyond one's means ; in avoiding whispering, playing, and idleness in school. Prac- tical topics suggested by the events of the day. Also any of the topics previously given.
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MUSIC. - Constant drill on sounds, both in vocalization and solfeggio, in all possible progressions and combinations with two parts. Intervals and triads from the Third Series of the Music Charts. Two-part song, as developed from the harmonic relation of sounds, with practice from Charts and Third Music Reader, to the 20th page. Pupils will write the scales in the nine keys with the proper signa- tures, and give the contents of each. The minor scale. Triads major, minor, and diminished, V7 and V9. Chro- matically-altered chords. Pupils write chords at dictation. Three-part song. Chord work in nine keys, and accom- panying songs. View of the common modulations. Addi- tional songs from the Third Music Reader, as the size and proficiency of the classes will allow. Wilhelm's interval studies from Music Charts, Fourth Series.
DRAWING.
DECLAMATIONS AND COMPOSITIONS.
SECOND TERM.
READING. - Fifth Reader completed. Observe previous directions.
SPELLING. - Review of Comprehensive Speller com- pleted. Observe previous directions.
DEFINING. - As in the sixth class.
WRITING. - Copy-book No. 5. Observe previous direc- tions.
ARITHMETIC. - Denominate fractions. Elements of men- suration. Review of preceding work. Intellectual Arith- metic, review preceding work. Daily drill on charts. Exercises in ready reckoning.
GEOGRAPHY. - United States to the Western or Central States, with map-drawing.
LANGUAGE. - Pupils form words and equivalent elements into sentences. Teach that the subject and predicate are the essential parts of a sentence. Pupils write sentences containing simple subject and predicate. Pupils enlarge the subject by the addition of the adjective modifiers. Pupils enlarge the predicate by the addition of the ad- verbial modifiers. Pupils analyze each sentence. In an- alyzing a sentence, state, 1st, the simple subject ; 2d, the simple predicate ; 3d, the modifiers of the subject ; 4th, the entire subject ; 5th, the modifiers of the predicate; 6th, the entire predicate; 7th, the connective elements; Sth, the independent elements.
40
Require of the pupil written analyses of sentences. Criticise common errors in the use of language. Pupils begin letter-writing. Give special attention to the differ- ent parts of the letter, including, 1st, superscription, that is, place, date, and address ; 2d, body, that is, sentences, lines, and paragraphs ; 3d, subscription, that is, regards and signature ; 4th, address on envelope ; 5th, place of stamp, and proper manner of folding. See Kerl's Shorter Course, Section 9.
ORAL INSTRUCTION. - Lessons on textile or woven fabrics, and their materials, minerals, manufactured articles. See Lessons on Objects, Fifth Step.
MORALS AND MANNERS. - Industry, energy, and perse- verance, as contributing to success in life. Apply them to the performance of school duties. Also, any of the topics previously given.
MUSIC. - As in the preceding term.
DRAWING.
DECLAMATIONS AND COMPOSITIONS.
SECOND CLASS. - F R TERM.
READING. - Historical Reader. Selections at the discre- tion of the teacher. Observe previous directions.
SPELLING. - Analytical Speller, from the 97th to the 153d Lesson. Observe previous directions.
DEFINING. - As in the sixth class.
WRITING. - Copy-book No. 5. Observe previous direc- tions.
ARITHMETIC. - Percentage, profit and loss, commission, stocks, insurance, dividends, duties or customs, and taxes. Intellectual Arithmetic, Section 41.
GEOGRAPHY. - Geography completed.
LANGUAGE. - Pupils to be furnished with the text-book. Shorter Course, from the 57th to the 96th page. Apply the principles of etymology to words in the reading-lessons. Write abstracts of school exercises. Write abstracts of descriptions, stories, &c., read by the teacher. Reproduce oral lessons. Pupils describe scenes, events, and objects with which they are familiar. Dictation exercises with special reference to orthography, punctuation, and the use of capitals. Avoid long and tedious formula for parsing. Bear in mind that analysis is the key to the thought.
ORAL INSTRUCTION. - Lessons on articles of food, - grains, roots, fruits, meats, butter, cheese, fish, spices, con-
41
diments, and beverages. See Manual of Commerce, Chap- ters 1 to 4. It is not expected that all the topics will be taught; the most important and interesting may be selected.
MORALS AND MANNERS. - Faithfulness in the performance of all duties. The dictates of conscience to be obeyed. Illustrate by historical and biographical sketches. Topics suggested by the events of the day. Also, any of the top- ics previously given.
MUSIC. - As in the third class.
DRAWING.
DECLAMATIONS AND COMPOSITIONS.
SECOND TERM.
READING. - Historical Reader. Observe previous direc- tions.
SPELLING. - Analytical Speller, from the 153d to the 208th page.
DEFINING. - As in the sixth class.
WRITING. - Copy-book No. 6. Observe previous direc- tions.
ARITHMETIC. - Percentage completed, omitting avera- ging accounts, and exchange. Intellectual Arithmetic, Sections 42 and 43.
HISTORY. - United States to the Revolution, by topics.
LANGUAGE. - Shorter Course, from the 97th to the 137th page. Observe the directions of the preceding term.
ORAL INSTRUCTION. - Lessons on materials for clothing, - furs and skins, wool, flax and hemp, silk, cotton; articles of household use and ornament, - carpets, feathers, porce- lain and pottery, glass ; useful and ornamental woods, - oak, pine, chestnut, mahogany, satin-wood, &c .; useful and precious metals ; minerals, -coal, granite, limestone, &c. See Manual of Commerce, Chapters 5 to 9.
MORALS AND MANNERS. - Importance of good habits ; consequences of bad habits. Traits of character that con- tribute to usefulness, happiness, and success in life. Top- ics suggested by the events of the day. Also, any of the topics previously given.
MUSIC. - As in the third class.
DRAWING.
DECLAMATIONS AND COMPOSITIONS.
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FIRST CLASS. - FIRST TERM.
READING. - Historical Reader. Observe previous direc- tions.
SPELLING. - Difficult words that occur in connection with the other studies to be spelled, to cultivate the habit of observing the orthography of words. Analytical Speller from the 208th to the 261st Lesson.
DEFINING. - As in the sixth class.
BOOK-KEEPING. - Business forms; common commercial terms, forms, usages, and operations.
ARITHMETIC. - Involution, evolution, and its application to surfaces and solids. Decimal currency. Intellectual Arithmetic, Section 44.
HISTORY. - United States completed, by topics.
LANGUAGE. - Shorter Course, from the 138th to the 179th page. (Pupils write different kinds of letters, such as business letters, familiar letters of introduction and friend- ship, notes of invitation, acceptance, and regret.) Observe previous directions in regard to letter-writing. Observe directions of the preceding year.
ORAL INSTRUCTION. - Lessons on drugs and medicines ; dyes and coloring substances ; animal substances manufac- tured for use or ornament; precious stones and jewelry ; paper and books ; perfumery ; explosive substances ; elastic gums ; oils, candles, and soaps ; pins, pencils, pens, fans, and matches; clocks and watches; tobacco, hasheesh ; miscellaneous articles ; means and facilities for the prose- cution of commerce, - land conveyance, water transporta- tion, posts, and mails. See Manual of Commerce, Chapters 18 to 24.
MORALS AND MANNERS. - Duties and obligations of indi- viduals to those with whom they associate. Duties of the employer and employed. Topics suggested by the events of the day. Also any of the topics previously given.
MUSIC. - As in the third class.
DRAWING.
DECLAMATIONS AND COMPOSITIONS.
SECOND TERM.
READING. - General reading, to develop in the pupil a taste for good reading.
SPELLING. - As in the preceding term. Analytical Speller completed.
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DEFINING. - As in the sixth class.
ARITHMETIC. - General review. Intellectual Arithme- tin, general review.
NATIONAL AND STATE GOVERNMENT. - Constitutions of United States and Massachusetts.
LANGUAGE. - Shorter Course completed. Letter-writing continued. Give special attention to etymology and the most common idioms of the language. Observe the direc- tions of the preceding year.
ORAL INSTRUCTION. - Physiology, - circulation, respira- tion, digestion, secretion, with practical hygiene. Physical geography. Land, - general structure, distribution, forms of relief in general, volcanic phenomena Water, - springs, rivers, lakes, oceanic movements. Atmosphere, - proper- ties, moisture, climate. Organic life, -cultivated plants, divisions and sub-divisions of the animal kingdom.
MORALS AND MANNERS. - Patriotism, enterprise, and public spirit necessary to secure prosperity to a country. Relations, duties, and responsibilities of nations similar to those of individuals. Topics suggested by the events of the day. Also, any of the topics previously given.
MUSIC. - As in the third class.
DRAWING.
DECLAMATIONS AND COMPOSITIONS.
HIGH SCHOOL.
GENERAL COURSE.
FOURTH CLASS. - FIRST TERM.
English Language, Algebra, Chemistry, Book-keeping (twice a week).
Commercial Arithmetic, Latin, Natural History.
SECOND TERM.
English Language, Algebra, Chemistry, and Botany, Book-keeping completed, Latin, Mineralogy.
THIRD CLASS. - FIRST TERM.
English Language, Geometry, Natural Philosophy, Com- mercial Geography, Latin, Geology, French.
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SECOND TERM.
English Language, Geometry, Natural Philosophy and Physical Geography, Commercial Geography, Latin, Man- ual of Agriculture, French.
SECOND CLASS. - FIRST TERM.
English Language, Physiology, Science of Government, Latin, French, German, Trigonometry.
SECOND TERM.
Mental Philosophy, Ancient History, English Language (twice a week), Latin, French, German, Surveying.
FIRST CLASS. - FIRST TERM.
Moral Philosophy, Modern History, English Language (once a week), Latin, French, German, Astronomy.
SECOND TERM.
Political Economy, Modern History, English Language (once a week), Latin, French, German.
Declamations, Compositions, Music, and Drawing, through the course.
The elective studies are printed in italics.
CLASSICAL COURSE.
FOURTH CLASS. - FIRST TERM.
Algebra, Latin Lessons, or Reader and Grammar, English Language.
SECOND TERM.
As in first term.
THIRD CLASS. - FIRST TERM.
Geometry, Greek, Cæsar or Sallust, Latin Composition.
SECOND TERM.
Geometry, Anabasis or Greek Reader, Cæsar or Sallust, Latin Composition.
SECOND CLASS. - FIRST TERM.
Anabasis, Virgil, Latin and Greek Composition, Classical Manual.
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SECOND TERM.
As in first term.
FIRST CLASS. - FIRST TERM.
Anabasis, Cicero, Latin and Greek Composition, Classical Manual, Ancient History. Review Arithmetic and Geog- raphy.
SECOND TERM.
Homer, Cicero, Latin and Greek Composition, Classical Manual, Use of Logarithms. Review Algebra and Geome- try.
Declamations, Compositions, Music, and Drawing, through the course.
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REGULATIONS FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
CHAPTER I.
SCHOOL SESSIONS.
SECTION 1. - The school year shall consist of forty weeks, divided into two terms, of twenty weeks each as nearly as may be, as follows : -
First Term, to commence the first Monday of September, and to continue until the last Friday in January, with a re- cess during the week of the annual Thanksgiving, and from Christmas to New-Year's Day, inclusive.
Second Term, to commence Monday following the last Friday in January, and to continue till the last Friday in June, with a recess during the week of the annual Fast.
SECT. 2. - The schools shall be closed every Saturday, and the following holidays : Washington's Birthday, Memo- rial Day, and the 17th of June. Also, the teachers shall leave their schools one day in each term, for the purpose of visiting other schools (under the advice of the Superin- tendent or District Committee), and may attend the meet- ings of the State and County Teachers' Associations, notice of any intended absence to be first given to the District Committee. In case of emergency, the chairman may also suspend the schools for a day, his order to that effect to be communicated to the District Committees and Superin- tendent.
SECT. 3. - There shall be two sessions of the schools : a morning session of three hours, and an afternoon session of two hours, during the entire year, with an intermission be- tween the sessions, whenever practicable, of two hours. In very stormy weather, and when deemed best by the master or principal under the instructions of the District Committee, the two sessions may be combined in one of four hours. The High School shall have but one session, of five hours, commencing at half-past eight in the morning.
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No pupil shall be detained more than fifteen minutes after the close of the morning session, or more than one hour after the close of the afternoon session.
SECT. 4. - The recesses shall be as follows : one in the morning, of twenty minutes, commencing one hour and a half before the close of the school; and none in the after- noon, except a recess of fifteen minutes in the Primary Schools, commencing one hour after the opening of the school. No pupil shall be deprived of a recess of the pre- scribed length.
SECT. 5. - All the schoolrooms shall be opened, and teachers be present, twenty minutes before each morning, and ten minutes before each afternoon, session begins. No pupils shall be admitted to the rooms previous to the arrival of the teacher. At the appointed time for opening schools, the inside doors shall be locked, and re-opened at the close of the devotional exercises ; and all scholars admitted after that time shall be marked tardy.
LIST OF BOOKS
ORDERED FOR THE USE OF THE SCHOOLS.
READERS. - Hillard's Series.
SPELLERS. - Worcester's Series, and Edwards & Warren's Analytical Speller.
GRAMMAR. - Kerl's Shorter Course in English Grammar. ARITHMETIC. - Walton's Series.
ALGEBRA. - Greenleaf's.
GEOGRAPHIES. - Warren's Series.
HISTORIES. - Worcester's General, and Anderson's United States.
PHILOSOPHY. - Quackenbos's.
PHYSIOLOGY. - Hooker's. WRITING. - Payson, Dunton, & Scribner's.
BOOK-KEEPING. - Payson, Dunton, & Scribner's.
DICTIONARIES. - Worcester's Comprehensive. NATURAL HISTORY. - Hooker's. DRAWING. - Bartholomew's System. LEIGH'S PHONIC CHARTS.
The Sub-Committee in the High School Department order the following text-books and studies in addition to?the above : -
GREEK. - Crosby's or Sophocles' Grammar ; do. Greek Lessons; Xeno- phon's Anabasis, and Homer's Iliad. LATIN. - Harkness's Grammar and Reader ; do. Viri Roma ; Johnson's Cicero ; Gould's Virgil ; do. Cæsar ; do. Sallust.
FRENCH. - Magill's Grammar and Reader.
BOTANY .- Gray's. CHEMISTRY. - Steele's. GEOMETRY. - Greenleaf's.
NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. - Quackenbos's.
AGASSIZ AND GOULD'S COMPARATIVE ANATOMY.
ENGLISH COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. - Quackenbos's Series ; Swin- ton's Word Analysis. GRMAN GRAMMAR. - Otto's. NATURAL HISTORY. - Smellie's.
INTELLECTUAL PHILOSOPHY. - Wayland's. MORAL PHILOSOPHY. - Wayland's. GEOLOGY. - Hitchcock's.
ASTRONOMY. - Olmstead's.
REPORT OF A COMMITTEE
APPOINTED TO
INVESTIGATE THE BEST METHOD
OF
OBTAINING A WATER SUPPLY
FOR THE
TOWN OF NEWTON.
MARCH, 1872.
LIBERTY AND UNION
FOUNDE
N
N
BOSTON : .
PRESS OF RAND, AVERY, & CO. 1872.
REPORT OF COMMITTEE.
THE committee chosen at a town meeting held last April to investigate the best method of supplying the town with water, and report at a subsequent meeting, now beg leave to make that report.
The committee first considered the sources of supply within the boundaries of the town. The first was Bullough's Pond (situated near the geographical centre of the town, and also of its population), with its tributaries : this source was examined as to its capacity and resources; but the investigation satisfied your committee that it had not such a capacity or source of supply as to meet the future wants of the town beyond a period of ten or twelve years. The attention of the committee was then turned to Charles River. To pursue their investigations intelligently, the committee engaged the services of Edward Sawyer, Esq., of the firm of Shedd & Sawyer, gentlemen of large experience in this department of engineering. Mr. Sawyer made surveys and estimates of the cost of water-works both of Bullough's Pond and Charles River. The estimates are as follows : Bullough's Pond, $622,394 ; Charles River, $556,129.
From this report of the engineer, your committee think that there will be no dissent from the opinion among their fellow- citizens, that Charles River affords the only sufficient, abun- dant, and permanent supply of water to meet the present and prospective wants of the people of Newton, and over which the citizens of the town have any control. On the presump tion that our fellow-citizens are as deeply impressed with the necessity of making provision for an abundant supply of water for the town as their committee, we introduce some estimates as to what it will actually cost the town annually, from the time of the completion of the works (which it is supposed will be within two years, if undertaken at once) to a period of about
-
4
seven years. Assuming that the works will be completed in all of 1873, the income from water-rates for the year 1874 may be estimated at not less than $40,000. The expenses annually may be estimated at $12,500, which gives a net in- come from rates of $27,500. The interest on cost of construc- tion, as estimated in the report of the engineer, is very nearly $34,000, leaving a sum of $6,500 to be provided for in the general expenses of the town. This deficit in the water-rates, to meet the interest on the cost of construction, would diminish annually as the number of water-takers increases, and in the opinion of the committee would disappear in about seven years. Your committee base this opinion on the history of the water-board of two neighboring cities. To sustain this opin- ion they offer the following estimates and calculations : -
2,000 inhabitants on streets not piped.
3,000 inhabitants may not take water. 200 families, at
$5,
$1,000
1,900 families, at
11,
$20,900
Less for double houses,
1,100
19,800
1,500 Bath Tubs,
7,500
1,500 Water Closets,
7,500
7 Livery Stables,
150
200 Private Stables, at
6,
1,200
900 Hose Rights, at
3,
2,700
Miscellaneous, Stores, Shops, Fountains, &c.,
2,500
$42,350
In conclusion the committee offer the following resolution: -
Resolved, That a committee of three be chosen to apply to the legislature for an act giving the town full power to carry the foregoing report into effect, and report at a subse quent town meeting. And also that the committee be author- ized to employ such counsel or clerical service as they think necessary. ,
All of which is respectfully submitted.
J. D. TOWLE. GEO. H. JONES. L. G. PRATT.
To MESSRS. TOWLE, JONES, AND PRATT,
Committee on Supply of Water for the Town of Newton.
GENTLEMEN, - Agreeably to your instructions, I have made surveys and estimates as to the sufficiency and cost of the supply of water which can be obtained from Bullough's Pond; and have also made some estimates of the cost of a supply from Charles River.
ESTIMATE OF AMOUNT OF WATER NEEDED.
According to the census reports, the population of Newton, at different times, has been as follows : -
In 1840, 3351 1850, 5258 gain 57 per cent in 10 years. 1855, 6768 66
7+ 5 66 1860, 8375 66 24 43 29
5 1865, 8975 66 66 66 1870, 12825 66
66 5
5 War.
It seems to me probable that the population of the town will increase at as high a rate as 25 per cent in five years for a long time to come.
Large and compactly settled populations require from 60 to 100 gallons per day for each individual. In some towns in which the demand is chiefly for domestic uses, and which have large tracts of sparsely-settled territory where the in- habitants continue to get water from wells, the consumption is as low as 40 gallons per day for each inhabitant. Probably this would be the rate in Newton two or three years after the opening of the works; and the rate would undoubtedly increase with the increasing density of population.
6
Hence I estimate the consumption as follows : -
In 1872, population 14750 at 37 gallons per head, 545,750 galls.
1875, 18000 at 40
720,000 66
" 1880, 66 25000 at 43 66 1,075,000 66
1885, . . 33500 at 45 66 1.507,500 66
" 1890,
44000 at 47 66
2,068,000 6.
And if increase of population should continue at nearly the same rate, the consumption in A. D. 1900 might be about 3,500,000 gallons.
ESTIMATE OF QUANTITY OF WATER WHICH CAN BE OBTAINED FROM BULLOUGH'S POND.
We can estimate the yield of a source approximately by ascertaining the area of land which drains into it, knowing the rate of collection from other drainage areas, and making allowances for differences of character. It has been common to reckon on minimum annual collections of 18 inches or more from ordinary drainage areas ; but this is decidedly un- safe as a general rule. During the seventeen years in which the yield of the Cochituate basin has been observed, the least annual collection (that in 1866) is stated at 15.58 inches.
I traced the approximate outline of the drainage area of Bullough's Pond on the town map (scale 5 inches per mile), and found the area 2.82 square miles : this estimate may vary 5 per cent either way from the truth. I estimate the collection in a very dry year at 15 inches; this depth of water over this area would furnish slightly more than 2,000,- 000 gallons per day.
Where the consumption is equal to the total collection of a dry year, the necessary capacity of storage reservoir is gener- ally reckoned at 100 to 120 days' average supply. Lake Co- chituate has repeatedly been drawn 9 feet below high-water mark ; which is equivalent to a draught of about 2,000,000,000 gallons, or fully 120 days' average consumption. In 1864, the lake was falling for 206 consecutive days; and during this time the flow into the Lake was equal to the evaporation and 40 per cent of the consumption, and 60 per cent of the con-
7
sumption, or 124 days' average supply was drawn from the stored water.
During the extreme drought of the last three months the flow from Bullough's Pond has probably been near its mini- mum
Numerous measures of the flow in the two brooks which are its principal feeders were made during this time by means of wears. One of these wears is in Mr. Towle's brook, near where it leaves his land, and the other one is at the outlet of the pond in the cemetery. The least total flow observed was at the rate of 280,000 gallons in 24 hours ; the greatest was 765,000 gallons, and the mean rate, deduced from all the observations, was about 445,000 gallons in 24 hours.
Hence it seems probable that a storage capacity of 200,000,- 000 to 250,000,000 gallons would be needed in order to insure an average daily supply of 2,000,000 gallons. Careful ex- amination of the basin shows that it will be impracticable to secure this amount of storage.
The situation is unfavorable for raising the level of the pond, as Mr. Ross's low land and some of the land in the ceme- tery is less than three feet above the present high-water mark. If flowed, the growth and decay of rank vegetation on it would injure the quality of the water.
A depth of 15 feet of water is generally reckoned necessary to prevent the growth of weeds on the bottom of a reservoir ; but in this case the amount of excavation required would be so great, that it might be best to make the depth only 12 feet.
It is common to make the inside slopes of reservoirs 1} to 1, or 2 to 1; in this case the cost of excavation and slope paving would be very large, and it seems best to make the slopes about 3 to 1, at which inclination they will stand tolera. bly well without paving. Some parts of the present dam stand at this slope.
If the high-water mark remains at the same level as hereto- fore, and the pond is excavated to give 12 feet depth of water, with side-slopes of 3 to 1, a total capacity of 72,000,000 gal- lous can be obtained with about 185,000 cubic yards of exca- vation. The muck might probably be given away. The cost
8
of excavating the remainder and making suitable disposition of the material would probably be $90,000.
The pond might be raised, say 5 feet, by building a dam at Homer Street, to prevent the water from flowing back, bringing the water in pipes from higher points in the brooks, and building a sewer in Walnut Street to carry off the water which would otherwise accumulate South of Homer Street, and also to take the water of the brooks when turbid. One pipe should receive the water at Mr. Towle's dam, thence run to and down Homer Street to Walnut Street: the other pipe might receive the water a short distance above the pond in the cemetery, thence run in nearly a straight line across lots to unite with the first at intersection of streets, and from the junction a larger pipe should run down Walnut Street to the embankment, with gates for discharging the water into either basin at will. The length of sewer from near inter- section of Homer and Walnut Streets to the dam at the lower end of the pond would be about 2,100 feet. It could have but little fall in this distance, and would need to be about 4 feet in diameter.
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