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11
1
THE HISTORY
119
OF
MONTGOMERY COUNTY,
MARYLAND,
FROM ITS
Earliest Settlement in 1650 to 1879:
THE EARLY LAND GRANTS .- BY WHOM PATENTED .- THEIR ORDER OF SETTLEMENT AND PRESENT OWNERS. - LOCAL AND GENERAL EVENTS .- LEADING INCIDENTS .- PRINCIPAL TOWNS, VILLAGES, &C .- ITS SOIL, PRODUCTS, AND INDUSTRIES. ALSO,
SKETCHES OF THE PROMINENT MEN OF THE COUNTY.
DIRECTORY
· OF POST OFFICES, MERCHANTS, MANUFACTURERS, PROFESSORS, FARMERS, TOBACCO PLANTERS, MECHANICS, MILLS, COLLEGES, SCHOOLS, AND CHURCHES. WITH AN APPENDIX,
CONTAINING A DESCRIPTION OF THE PROMINENT BUSINESS HOUSES OF WASHINGTON AND GEORGETOWN.
COMPILED AND ARRANGED FROM AUTHENTIC SOURCES,
BY T. H. S. BOYD.
CLARKSBURG, MONTGOMERY COUNTY, MARYLAND.
1879%
- 187 MaBY
Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1879,
BY T. H. S. BOYD,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
BALTIMORE : W. K. BOYLE & SON, PRINTERS.
796
75-
PREFACE.
IN offering the present history to the public and the citizens of Montgomery County, it appears necessary for the publisher to present the motive that induced him to undertake the publi- cation.
During the Centennial year of our National Independence, the President of the United States issued a Proclamation, requesting the people to assemble in their respective towns and counties, and rescue from obscurity and oblivion the incidents and events connected with the first century of the Nation.
Previous to the issue of this proclamation, the people of Montgomery County had resolved to celebrate the one hun- dredth anniversary of the organization of the County, on the Fair Grounds, at Rockville, September 6th, 1876. Speeches were delivered by A. B. Davis, Esq., T. Anderson, Esq., Judge Richard J. Bowie, Judge Pearre, Judge Jones, and others. The exhibition buildings of the Fair Grounds were filled with relies and curiosities, giving a faithful reflex of the past.
The object in the publication of this volume is to collect and arrange the materials, with such an arrangement of the matter as to give a true and faithful history of the County, in as con- cise and succinct style as the subject will admit; commencing with a brief sketch of the manners and customs of the abo- rigines, who once inhabited this region of country, and continu- ing with the earlier settlements by the whites, down through the period of the Revolution and the peaceful times that fol- lowed until the present, including geological features, streams,
2
iv
PREFACE.
natural curiosities, general statistics, taxable property, synop- sis of census, public improvements, towns, villages and post offices, with biographical sketches of distinguished persons, immigration and its effects, agriculture, pomology, and the cul- ture of bees. Also, a complete Directory of Merchants, Far- mers, Planters, Mechanics, Professions, etc., with a copious Appendix, containing sketches of the prominent mercantile and manufacturing interests of Baltimore and the District of Columbia, which are identified with the prosperity of Mont- gomery County.
The publisher takes pleasure in tendering his unfeigned acknowledgments to all those who have contributed material for this publication; especially to William Grady, Esq., the effi- cient County Surveyor.
T. H. S. BOYD.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I .- The Aborigines or Indians. PAGE.
9
Their customs and habits .- Treatment of strangers .- Treat- ment of enemies .- Their vices .- Marriages .- Indian huts or wigwams .- Dress .- Religious ceremonies, etc.
CHAPTER II .- The Indians-Continued. 13
Their amusements .- War Dances .- Hunting and Fishing their chief employment .- Dances .-- The Calumet .- Dis- eases .- The medieine men or doctors .- Death and burials .-- Lord's Prayer in their native language, etc.
CHAPTER III.
18
The Founder of Maryland .- Granting of the Charter .- Powers conferred by the Charter .- Sailing of the Colonists .- Arri- val in the Chesapeake Bay .-- Landing on Blackiston Island .-- Settlement at St. Mary's .- Friendly relations secured with the Indians .- Extending the settlements to St. George's and Montgomery .- Peace and Prosperity .- Missionaries .- A period of Thirty Years.
CHAPTER IV
..
Climate and Productions .- Tobacco and Corn, staple produc- tions .- Oysters, Game and Fish .- Indentured Whites .- Slaves introduced from Virginia .- Tobacco the medium of barter and exchange .- Tobacco shipments .- Silver coins .- Fruit and Cider .- Mails .- Quakers or Friends .- Indians,- Toleration.
.. 23
CHAPTER V .- Land Grants.
Joseph's Park .- Girl's Portion .- Leeke Forest .- Hermitage .- Saint Winexburg .- Carroll's Forest .- Dan .- Brightwell's Hunting Quarter .- Clean Drinking .- Bear Neck .- Maiden's Faney .- Bear Bacon .- Friendship .- Charles and Thomas .--- · Friendship .- Clagett's Purchase .- Huntington .- Conten- tion .- Bradford's Rest .- Addition to Bradford's Rest .- Bradford's Rest .- Dung Hill .- Thompson's Hop Yard .-
29
vi
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Cool Spring Level .- Allison's Park .- Archibald's Lot .- Younger Brother -Dispute .- Two Brothers .- The New Exchange .- Addition to Dan .- Joseph and James.
CHAPTER VI .- Land Grants-Continued. 36
Easy Purchase .- Friendship Enlarged .- Drumaldry .- Lay Hill .- Snowden's Manor .- Snowden's Manor Enlarged .- Charles and Benjamin .-- George the Third .- Beall's Manor .-- Beall Christie .- Bear Garden Enlarged .- Deer Park .- Snowden Mill .- Charley Forest .- Addition to Charley For est .- Hygham .- Gold's Branch .- Gitting's Hah ! Hah !!- Bordley's Choice .- Brooke Grove .- Addition to Brooke Grove .- John and Sarah .- Benjamin's Lot .- New Year's Gift .- Autra -Easy Come By .- Mill Land .- Boyd's De- lay .- Magruder's Hazard .- Paradise .- Bernard's Desire .- Wickham and Pottinger's Discovery .- Partnership .- The Brothers' Industry .- Deer Park. - Fellowship .- Constant Friendship.
CHAPTER VII .- Land Grants-Continued. 43
Wickham's Good Will .- The Joseph .- Middle Plantation .- Magruder and Beall's Honesty .- Clewerwald Enlarged .- Goose Pond .- Bear Den .- Prevention .- Saint Mary's .- Valentine's Garden Enlarged .- Re-survey on Valentine's Garden Enlarged .- Haymond's Addition .- Concord .- Han- over .- Flint's Grove .- Happy Choice .- Hopewell .- Jere- miah's Park .- Partnership .- The Re-survey on Part of Forest .- Banks' Venture .- Abraham's Lot .- Killmain .- - John's Delight .- Conclusion .- Turkey Thicket .- Benja min's Square .- Spring Garden .--- Abel's Levels .- Moore: Delight .- Pork Plenty, if no Thieves .- Chestnut Ridge .--- Ralfo .- Grandmother's Good Will .- Cow Pasture .- Peach Tree Hill .-- Errors Corrected .-- Very Good .-- Bite the Biter .- Silent Valley .- Trouble Enough Indeed.
CHAPTER VIII.
49
Frederick City .- Georgetown, D. C .- Tobacco .- Rolling Roads .- French War .- Defeat of General Braddock .- Mas- sacre of the Settlers .- The Revolution .- Meeting at old Hungerford Tavern .- Resolutions .- Formation of Montgo- X mery County .-- Named after General Richard Montgomery .- Rockville, the County Seat .- Districts of the County .- Orphans' Court .- Registers of Wills .- Members of the State Convention.
vii
PAGE. 55
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IX
A Period of One Hundred and Forty Years .- The First Con- tinental Congress .- Maryland Convention .- Enrollment and Organization of Companies .- The First Blood shed in the Revolutionary War, 19th April, 1775 .- Captain Cresap's Company .- Their bravery in battle .-- Powder Mills .- Can- non Manufactories .- Contingent called from Montgomery County .- The deeds of prowess in Virginia and the Caro- Carolinas .- Revolutionary Officers from the County .- The War of 1812 .- Distinguished Officers in the War of the Rebellion.
CHAPTER X.
61
First Revolutionary Soldier .- Montgomery's Revolutionary Roll .- Pension Acts .- Names of Pensioners .- Meteoric Showers, as witnessed at the home of Charles Saffell, the Oldest Pensioner on the List .- Scenes in Gaithersburg and Rockville.
CHAPTER XI ..
67
First Member of Congress from this County .- Whiskey Insur- rection in Pennsylvania .- Names of Montgomerians who served in the Federal Congress .- Hon. Montgomery Blair as Cabinet Minister .- Members of Reform State Conventions, 1850-51, '64, '67 .- First County Surveyor .- First Schools .- An Act for Purchasing School Property .- Academies, Col- leges, &c., and their Students.
CHAPTER XII.
75
First Public Roads .- Rolling Tobacco to Market .- Union Turnpike .- Washington, Colesville and Ashton .- Colum- bia .- The Old Baltimore .- River Road .- Old Annapolis .- Conduit .- Old Potomac Company .- Subscriptions to said Company .- Chesapeake and Ohio Canal .- Coal Elevators in Georgetown .- First Railroad in the Country .- Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Metropolitan Branch.
CHAPTER XIII .- Prominent Men.
84
Col. John Berry .- Elisha Riggs .- Samuel Riggs .- Mrs. Ann Poultney .- Philip E. Thomas .- Rev. Reuben T. Boyd .- His Ordination as Minister of the Gospel .- His Certificate to perform marriage, signed by General Wm Henry Harri- son .- John C. Clark .- George R. Gaither .- Israel H. B., and A. and R. R. Griffith .- Thomas L. Reese .- William Darne .- Rev. Thomas McCormick .- Thomas Moore .- Caleb Bent- ly .- Isaac Riggs .- Roger Brooke .- Hon. Francis P. Blair .-
viii
CONTENTN.
PAGE.
Robert Pottinger .- Dr. William Bowie Magruder. - Major George Peter .- Drs. Duvall .- Tobacco Inspectors .- Robert Sellman .- Thomas B. W. Vinson .- Triadelphia Cotton Factory.
CHAPTER XIV .- Prominent Men-Continued. 94
Hon. Geo. W. Hilton .- William Darne, of Mountain View .- Prof. Benjamin Hallowell .- Hon. Allen Bowie Davis .- Ed- ward Stabler .- W. T. R. Saffell .- Francis Cassott Clopper .- William Wilson .- Leonidas Wilson .- Hon. Thomas Lans- dale .- Dr. Richard Waters .- John S. Belt .- Hon. Richard Waters, and others.
CHAPTER XV. 104
Boundaries of the County .- Building Stone .- Roofing Slate .- Gold .- Chrome .- Quantity of Land and its Value .- Number of Horses and other Cattle .- Farm Productions for 1878 .- Intellectual, Social and Agricultural Institutions .- Popula- tion from 1790 to 1870 .- Society of Friends .- Improve- ments at the close of the Internecine War .- Influence of the Metropolitan Railroad.
PRESENT OFFICERS OF THE COUNTY. [11
CHAPTER XVI .- Apiculture .- Peach Culture 119
Keeping and Propagation of Bees .- Process of removing Honey, without destroying Bees .- Principal Bec Raisers in the County .- Peach Trees .- Propagation of Trees .- List of desirable varieties.
CHAPTER XVII .- The Washington Grove Camp Ground .. 115
Incorporators .- Objects .- Location .- Present and Past Ofli- cers .- Cottages .- Tents .- Owners.
DIRECTORY OF TOWNS AND VILLAGES,
INCLUDING THE POST OFFICE ADDRESS OF MERCHANTS, FARMERS, &C.
PAGE.
PAGE.
Barnesville
119
Cedar Grove 123
Beallsville
120
Clarksburg
124
Betliesda 120
Colesville. 125
Boyd's
121
Damascus 126
Brighton 121
Darnestown. 126
Brookeville
122
Dawsonville. 127
Burtonsville
.123
Dickerson 127
Cabin John. 123
Edwards' Ferry 128
ix
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Fairland. 128
Four Corners. 129
Olney . 137
Poolesville 138
Redland. 139
Rockville 139
Great Falls 131
Sandy Springs 141
Hyattstown
132
Hunting Hill. 132
Seneca. 142
Knowles' .
133
Sligo. 142
Laytonsville 133
Spencerville 142
Martinsburg 134
Middlebrook. 134
Monocacy.
135
Wheaton 143
White's Ferry 144
DIRECTORY OF PROMINENT MERCANTILE FIRMS.
GEORGETOWN, D. C.
PAGE.
Agricultural Implements.
Dunlap, G. T ..
149
Ale, Wine and Cider.
Palmer, Samuel C ..
.156
Cement and Plaster.
Waters, J. G. & J. M .. .. 153
Cigars and Tobacco.
May, Peter J.
151
Coal.
Borden Mining Company .. 149
Commission Merchants.
Hartley & Brother.
.....
.153
Waters, J .. G. & J. M .. ...
.153
Dry Goods, Notions, &c.
Gibbons & Burroughs .. . . . 154
Dyeing and Cleaning, (Steam.)
Wheatley, Wm. II ..
.. 155
Express (New) Line.
Hyde, G. F., Agent.
. . . . . 155
Fertilizers.
Dunlap, G. T.
...
149
Flour Mills.
Capital-Tenney & Sons. . 148 Pioneer-Herr & Cissel ... 148
Grain, Feed and Hay.
Jackson, D. B.
..
.152
Groceries.
Bradt, A. H.
148
Cropley's (S.) Sons.
146
Lyddane, Eugene T.
154
Lyddane, John
156
Offutt, Wm. A. & Brother. 152
Hardware, Iron and Steel.
Gilbert, H. P.
.151
Hats, Caps, &c.
Barron. J. O. .
.153
Hotel and Restaurant.
Kaiser, -
157
PAGE.
Offutt's + Roads 136
Gaithersburg 129
Germantown 130
Goshen. 131
Sellman's 142
Sunshine 143
Triadelphia 143
Montros 135
Norbeck.
136
PAGE
x
CONTENTS.
Lager Beer Brewery.
PAGE.
Dentze, Mrs. Simon.
156
Liquors.
Bradt, A. H ..
148
Cropley's (S.) Sons.
146
Offutt, Wm. A. & Bro.
152
Lumber.
Libbey, Jos. & J. E ..
150
Wheatley Brothers.
145
Mineral Water Manufactory.
Palmer, Samnel C. . . . . ... 156
Powder.
PAGE.
Cropley's (S.) Sons ..
.. 146
Potomac Blue Stone.
Gilbert, H. P.
151
Restaurant.
Arlow, Robert T.
147
Ship and Canal Stores.
Bradt, A. H.
148
U. B. Mutual Aid Society of Pa.
Kaiser, -, Agent .. . . . . . 157
Tobacco, Snuff's and Cigars.
Cropley's (S.) Sons .. . . . . . . 146
WASHINGTON, D. C.
Artists' and War Flower Materials.
Ryncal, George, Jr .. . . . . . . 163
Boots and Shoes.
George, J. J .. .. 163
Cigars and Tobacco. Cochran, George W. & Co. 165
Clothing House. Saks, A. & Co. . . . . . . . 165
Collection Office. Bennett, William II ... . . . 167
Commission Merchants. Barbour & Hamilton ...... 161
Confectionery. Mueller (Carl) & Son .. . . .. 159
Drugs and Chemicals. Stott & Cromwell. ..... .158
Fire- Works, Toys, d.c. Mueller (Carl) & Son .. . . . . 159 Groceries.
Barbour & Hamilton. 161
Hume, Frank .
162
Manion, John D.
166
Hotels.
Clark House - Lawrence
Clark, Proprietor. .. .... 168
American House - Duffy
& Leannarda, Prop'rs. . . 168
Household Furnishing Goods.
Gartrell, G. E. & Co ...... 164
Liquors.
Barbour & Hamilton.
151
Humes, Frank.
162
Manion, John D.
166
Xander, Chr
166
Oyster Dealer.
Turner, William.
.166
Paints, Oils and Varnishes. Ryneal, George, Jr, ... ... 163
Restaurants.
Hagerty, David.
167
Hagerty, Frank
167
Wilkening, W. II.
167
Stores-Heating and Cooking. Gartrell, G. E. & Co. ..... 164
Window Glass, &c.
Ryneal, George, Jr ..
... . 163
FREDERICK, MD.
" Dill House,". . Picking & Dean, Proprietors .168
HISTORY
OF
MONTGOMERY COUNTY, MD.
CHAPTER I.
THE ABORIGINES OR INDIANS.
Their customs and habits. Treatment of strangers. Treatment of enemies. Their vices. Marriages. Indian huts or wig- wams. Dress. Religious ceremonies, etc.
WHEN the Europeans first came to this country, they found the Western Continent inhabited by numerous nations, to whom was applied the name, though erroneously, Indians. This name was given to the aborigines of this continent under the mistaken notion of Columbus, in supposing that he had arrived at the eastern shore of India.
Touching the origin of the Indians, or by what means they came from the OLD WORLD to the NEW, has never been satis- factorily answered, notwithstanding that voluminous disquisi- tions have been written on the subject.
A majority who have investigated this subject agree, that / . Tartary, in Asia, is the native country of all American Indians. The region of country of which this history treats was inhabited by the Yoacomicos, Anacostians, Piscataways, Senecas and Pa- tuxents, about the time of the first settlement in 1635. All of these tribes belonged or were under the control of the Six Nations, the central power of which was located in the State of New York. The Piscataways and the Nacostines or Anacos- tians, a tributary tribe of the Piscataways, resembled each
2
10
HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
other as to their bodily and mental qualifications. In person, slender, middle-sized, handsome and straight. The women how- erer, were short, not so handsome, and clumsy in appearance. The skin of a reddish brown or yellowish brown, hair straight and jet black.
In common life and conversation the Indians observed great decency. They usually treated one another and strangers with kindness and civility, and without empty compliments. In the converse of both sexes the greatest decency and propriety were observed. They were sociable and friendly, difference of rank with all its consequences was not to be found among the Indians. They were equally noble and free. The only difference consisted in wealth, age, dexterity, courage and office. They were hospi- table to strangers. To refuse the act or kind offices of hospi- tality, was looked upon as a flagrant violation of a laudable practice in vogue among the tawny sons of the forest. Hospi- tality, they considered a most sacred duty, from which none were exempt. "Whoever," said they, "refuses relief to any one, commits a grievous offence, and not only makes himself detested and abhorred by all, but liable to revenge from the injured per- son." In their conduct towards their enemies they were "bloody cruel," and when exasperated, nothing but the blood of their enemy could assuage or allay anger, which rankled concealed in their bosom, waiting only for a convenient opportunity to strike the fearful blow, inflicted with fury that knew no bounds. So determined on revenge upon their enemies were they, that they would solemnly enjoin it upon their friends and posterity to resent the injuries done them. The longest space of time, the most remote place of refuge, afforded no security to an Indian's enemy.
Drunkenness, after the whites commenced to deal with them, was a common vice. It was not confined, as it is in a great measure at this day, among the whites, to the male sex, but the Indian female as well as the male, was infatuated alike with the love of strong drink, for neither of them knew bounds to their desires. They drank while they had whiskey, or could swallow it down. Drunkenness was a vice, and attended with many serious consequences, and often resulted in murder and death-this was not punishable among them, it was a fashion- able vice. Stealing, lying, adultery and cheating, principally
11
HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
the offspring of drunkenness, were considered as heinous and scandalous offences, and were punished in various ways.
The Anacostians and Piscataways married early in life; the men usually at eighteen, and the women at fourteen, but never married near relations. If an Indian man wished to marry, he sent a present to the nearest relations of the person he had fixed upon, consisting of blankets, cloth, linen, and occasionally a few belts of Wampum. If he that made the present, and the present pleased, the matter was formally proposed to the girl, and if the other party chose to decline the proposal, they returned the present by way of a friendly negative. After the marriage, the present made by the suitor was divided among the friends of the young wife. These returned the civility by a present of Indian corn, beans, kettles, baskets, hatehets, etc., brought in solemn procession into the hut of the newly married couple. The latter commonly lodged in a friend's house till they could erect a dwelling of their own. An Indian hut was constructed in the following manner: they peeled the trees abounding in sap, then cutting the bark into pieces of six or eight feet in length, they laid heavy stones upon them, that they might be- come flat and even in drying. The frame of the hut was made by driving poles into the ground and strengthening them by cross-beams. This frame was covered both inside and outside, with the pieces of bark that had been prepared for that purpose, and fastened tight with the bast of withes of hickory. The roof ran upon a ridge and was covered the same way. An opening was left in the roof to let the smoke pass through, and one in the side as a door, which was fastened with neither lock nor bolt ; a stick leaning against it on the outside as a token that no one was at home, was the only bolt to prevent intruders.
There was some difference in the huts of the Piscataways and Anacostians; the roofs of the former being angular, and that of the latter round or arched; the Piscataway families preferring to live separately, their huts were small; the Anacostians pre- ferred to live together,-they built their houses long, with several fire-places, and corresponding openings in the roof and sides. In their dress they displayed more singularity than art. The men wore a blanket which hang loose over their shoulders, and generally went bareheaded. The dress which distinguished the women, was a petticoat fastened tight about the hips and hang-
12
HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
ing down a little below the knees. A longer one would have proved an incumbrance in walking through the woods or working in the fields.
As soon as a child was born it was laid upon a board or straight piece of bark, covered with moss, and wrapped up in a skin or piece of cloth, and when the mother was engaged in her house-work, this rude cradle or bed was hung to a peg or branch of a tree. Their children they educated, to fit them to get through the world as did their fathers. They instructed them in a religion, in which they believed that Manito, their God, "The Good Spirit," could be propitiated by sacrifices, hence they observed a great many superstitious and idolatrous ceremonies. At their general and solemn sacrifices the oldest men performed the offices of priests ; but in private parties, each man brought a sacrifice and offered it himself as priest. Instead of a temple, they fitted up a large dwelling house for the purpose.
CHAPTER II.
THE INDIANS-CONTINUED.
Their amusements. War Dances. Hunting and fishing their
chief employment. Dances. The Calumet. Diseases. The medicine men or doctors. Death and burials. Lord's Prayer in their native language, etc.
WHEN at home they had their amusements, their favorite one was dancing. The common dance was held either in a large house or in an open field around a fire. In dancing they formed a circle, and always had a leader, to whom the whole company attended. The men went before and the women closed the cir- cle. The latter danced with great decency, and as if they had engaged in the most serious business. While thus engaged they never spoke a word to the men, much less joked with them, which would have injured their character.
They neither skipped nor jumped, but placed one foot lightly forward and then backward, yet so as to advance gradually till they reached a certain spot, and then retired in the same man- ner. They kept their bodies straight and their arms hanging down close to their sides. But the men shouted, leaped and stamped with such violence, that the ground trembled under their feet. Their extreme agility and lightness of foot was never shown to more advantage than in dancing. Their whole music consisted in a single drum, which was made of an old bar- rel or kettle, or the lower end of a hollow tree, covered with a thin deer skiu, and beaten with one stick. Its sound was not however agreeable, and served only to mark the time, which the Indians when dancing, even in large numbers, kept with due exactness. When they had finished one round they took some rest, but during this time the drummer continued to sing until
14
HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
another dance commenced. These danees in keeping with that spirit lasted until midnight.
Another kind of dance was only attended by men. Each rose in his turn and danced with great agility and boldness, extolling their own or their father's great deeds in a song, to which all beat time by a monotonous, rough note, which was given out with great vehemence at the commencement of each bar. The war dance, which was always held either before or after a campaign was dreadful to behold. None took part in it but the warriors themselves. They appeared armed as if going to battle. One carried his gun or hatchet, another a long knife, the third, a tomahawk, the fourth, a large club, or they all appeared armed with tomahawks; these they brandished in the air to show how they intended to treat their enemies. They affected such an air of anger and fury on these occasions that it made a spectator shudder to behold them. A chief led them in the dance, and sang the warlike deeds of himself or his ancestors. At the end of every celebrated feat of valor, he wielded his tomahawk with all his strength against a post fixed in the ground. He was then followed by the rest, each finished his round by a blow against the post. They then danced alto- gether, and this was the most frightful scene. They affected the most horrible and dreadful gestures, threatened to beat, cut and stab each other. They were however amazingly dexterous in avoiding the threatened danger. To complete the horror of the scene they howled as dreadfully as if in actual fight, so that they appeared as raving madmen. During the dance they some- times sounded a kind of fife made of reed, which had a shrill and disagreeable note. They sometimes used the war dance in times of peace, with a view to celebrate the deeds of their heroic chiefs in a solemn manner. The sacrificial dance was held at the solemnization of their sacrifices.
Hunting and fishing constituted their chief employment, depending on this as they did for a supply of food principally taken in the chase, and next to war, was considered the most honorable. They were experienced hunters, their boys were trained to this business, whom they taught when quite young, to climb trees, both to catch birds and to exercise their sight, which by this method was rendered so quick that in hunting they saw objects at an amazing distance. In detecting and pursuing
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