USA > Maryland > Allegany County > Barton > The Catholic red book of Western Maryland including Cumberland, Frostburg, Lonaconing, Mt.Savage, Midland, Westernport, Barton, Hagerstown, Hancock, Frederick and Oakland, 1909 > Part 2
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Sir George Calvert, First Lord Baltimore.
say, while in the midst of the life of a husy Protestant Court, whose laws proscribed one's being a Catholic. Calvert, in 1634, relinquished his seat in Parliament and was received into the Church. He then announced his change to the King and tendered his resignation as Secretary of State. King James granted him several favors as rewards for his service and created him Baron of Baltimore. in Ireland.
Lord Baltimore, in 1627, established a colony in Newfoundland, evidently a- a refuge for persecuted Catholics, but the rocky land and severe climate and Protestant ingratitude destroyed the settlement, where religious liberty was granted by Calvert to those who held and those who rejected the Catholic faith. Thus he was a man far, far ahead of his intolerant times, a true father of religious liberty.
We have to thank Lady Baltimore, of the Arundell family, for the first idea of transferring the settlement to the shores of the Chesapeake. Here the Protestants of Virginia opposed the settlement of Catholics in their midst, or on their south, or on their north. And, though the royal grant for land sonth of Virginia was recalled, yet King Charles I ordered a patent to be issued to Lord Baltimore granting to him the territory north of the Potomac to the fortieth degree of latitude, and from the ocean to the westernmost sources of the Potomac. This land was named Maryland, in honor of Henrietta Maria.
"Written expresshy for the CATHOLIC RED BOOK.
25
A SNAP H OF DO CATHOLIC CHURCH IN MARYLAND -Continued
daughter of Henry IV. and the Chesapeake Bay, too, was sometimes Fall- St. Mary's Bay. Here was the home of religious liberty, for the Charter dr Maryland secured to the immigrants themselves an independent share in tio legislation of the province. The historian, Bancroft, says that "Calvert was the first to seek for religious security and peace by the practice of justice, and not by the exercise of power." But death claimed Sir George Calvert in Io
However, his brother Cecilius carried on his plans "to convert, not exili ate, the natives, and to send the sober, not the lewd. as settlers, looking not to present profit, but future expectation." What a contract Cecil Calvert, Second here in Maryland to the laws and life Catholics had to Lord Baltimore. submit to in England. What nobility in Catholics, then in power, to give in Christian charity equality to the very sect that had so tortured them at home beyond the Atlantic! Here i- the charity that is "patient-beareth all things . and seeketh not her own."
Cecil Calvert left his colonists free to take their own clergyman.
Among the original pilgrims, beside Leonard Calvert, Lieutenant-Governoi for Cecilius, who remained in England, were twenty other gentlemen. two hundred laboring men and two priests. Brave seamen they must have been. coming across the wide, wild Atlantic in ships so small-
Leonard Calvert. The Dove a pinnace of 50 tons and The Ark a vessel of Lieutenant-Governor. 350 tons burthen, respectively. An account of their voy- age of nearly four months was written by Father White. one of the two priests among the colonists. In it we read an account of the landing on St. Clement's Island. "On the day of Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, in the year 1634, after the holy Sacrifice, bearing on our shoulders a huge cross, which we had hewn from a tree and erected it as a trophy to Christ, our Saviour: then, humbly kneeling, we recited with deep emotion the Litany of the holy Cross."
The Governor did not take, but bought land from the Indians, and the first town thereon begun, March 27th, was named St. Mary's, and a bark hut of the Indians became the first Catholic chapel in Maryland.
The land was proportioned out among the gentlemen colonists, 2,000 acres for each five men brought over, and the same amount for each ten men brought in the two succeeding years. All who had taken up land were called to meet in the legislative colonial assembly, which met first on January 25th 1637.
In Regard to Religion.
Maryland received and gave equal liberty to the Protestants of Virginia. the Puritans of Massachusetts, and the Quakers of Pennsylvania.
Peace reigned within the colony, and the teachings of the Prince of Peace were carried by the Priests to the Indians 120 miles up the banks of the Poto mac, and on the shores of the Chesapeake. But the unjust and envious Clay- bourne, a Protestant from the Virginia colony, who traded with the Indians on Kent Island, excited these simple children of the forest against their true friends, the Catholic Marylanders, and only after a naval war was this vicious man overcome. Scarcely had the troubles caused by Claybourne been happily concluded and Lord Baltimore's supremacy restored when the Puritans, expelled from Virginia, whom Lord Baltimore had welcomed and settled in Anne Arun- del County, plotted against the authority of the Governor. Leonard Calvert, and sided with the outlaw. Claybourne. These troubles probably hastened the death of Governor Leonard Calvert, which occurred in June, 1647.
26
CARDINAL'S RESIDENCE, BALTIMORE.
ESTABLISHED 1892
holtzman's Wharmary
CHARLES H. HOLTZMAN, Proprietor
Where the Purity and Standard of Drugs have been main- tained for nearly a quarter of a century
PHYSICIANS' PRESCRIPTIONS A SPECIALTY
"A FAVORITE PLACE"-Interior Holtzman's Pharmacy
Visit our Drug Store and you will trade with us. Quality is supreme here. Prices are right.
Binlteman's Wharmary
Baltimore Street, Cor. Centre :: Cumberland, Md.
We solicit the patronage of the Catholic Clergy, Institutions and Laity
L
30
HHHHHHHHP
WHERE THE FIRST MASS WAS SAID IN BALTIMORE.
This house stood near Fayette and Calvert Streets, on ground at present occupied by The Court House. Mass was said in a lower front room, about Christmas of 1775, to a small congregation of Irish and Acadian French Catholics, by Rey. Father Ashton. S. .... from "Donghoregon Manor." The dwelling was demolished about 1780. This restoration of it was made from Moale's "Picture of Baltimore Town in 1752." by John S. Cassell. Architect. Loaned by Edward Francis Milholland.
RIGHT REVEREND A. A CURTIS.
A SKETCH OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN MARYLAND-Continued.
William. Remember not the days of cruel Coode, more cruel in that he was an ordained minister of the Church of England, though indicted and convicted in 1699 of atheism and blasphemy. Even the Puritans, who had intrigued with these members of the Church of England to depose the Catholics, were now domineered by the latter, and Catholics, Puritans and Friends were taxed to support the Church of England in Maryland, and though the colony had been estalished by Catholics, yet, in 1702, Catholics alone were disfranchised in their own colony, where a majority of the 25,000 inhabitants were then Protestants.
No longer was the seat of government at St. Mary's, but was moved to Annapolis, because a less Catholic locality, whence penal laws could be more easily enacted and executed, perhaps the most unkindest cut of all being the order of Governor Seymour to lock up the chapel of St. Mary's, the first place of Christian worship in Maryland.
Penal Laws Against Catholics.
To spare the blush of shame on the cheeks of our separated brethren, it may be well to omit the details of the penal laws they enacted; suffice it to say that the Maryland legislature passed an act, 1704. "to prevent the growth of popery within this province." whereby priests were to be fined fifty pounds and imprisoned six months for baptising other than popish children or saying Mass.
Any Catholic was made incompetent to buy or inherit lands. "Protestant children, of popish parents, might not, for want of a suitable maintenance. be compelled to embrace the Popish religion, contrary to their inclinations." but, "if any such person refused a proper support to his Protestant child, then the Governor, or Keeper of the Seal, should have power to make such order therein as suited the intent of the act."
Thus by the Protestant regime was a house divided against itself, and no wonder it fell. Catholic children were paid to deny their faith; were punished, disinherited if they continued faithful. So vile an act Queen Anne Amelio- rates the Penal Laws Against Catholics. happily elicited the gracious condemnation of the good Queen Anne, who allowed Mass "in a private family of the Roman Communion." This necessitated and explains those curious house-churches, all under one roof, as at Doughoregan Manor. belonging to ex-Governor Carroll.
It is interesting to know that out of a population of over 40,000 not 3,000 were Catholics-1,200 of these being in St. Mary's County, 700 in Charles, 250 in Prince George's, 160 in Anne Arundel, 53 in Baltimore, 48 Population. in Calvert, 49 in Cecil, 40 in Kent, 179 in Queen Anne. 89 in Talbot, 79 in Dorchester, 81 in Somerset.
Not only did the ordinary people lose their faith, but, in 1713, Benedict Leonard Calvert, heir to the Barony, renounced his religion, hoping to regain his estates at the price of his faith, but, apparently Calvert Becomes a Protestant. the avenging hand of death claimed him before he regained Maryland. His infant son, Charles Calvert, Lord Baltimore. was raised a Protestant, and so the house continued. From 1717 to 1751 Catholics were undisturbed, and, though deprived of their rights and privileges, they enjoyed peace and quiet.
As early as 1677 the clergy opened a Catholic school in Maryland, where the humanites were taught. Again, in 1745, at Bohemia, in Cecil County, a classical school was opened. Those who studied classics were to pay forty pounds, others thirty pounds a year. Among the pupils, who never exceeded forty, was "Jacky," the future Archbishop, Carroll,
Education of t'atholics.
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A SKETCH OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN MARYLAND-Continued.
But not only were those who attended their school influenced, but others were encouraged to cultivate literature, and the priests had circulating libraries for their parishioners, and orders for good books for people were sent to England to be filled.
Catholics Bear Persecution Bravely.
This wise zeal bore abundant fruit, for, while Catholics were taxed twice as much as Protestants to keep up Protestant Church organization, yet, with all the offices, all the legislature, executive and judicial power in the hands of Protestants, with a State-church supported by taxes levied on Catholics and plate bought with money arising from the sale of mulatto children and their mothers; with a virulent newspaper press and vehement pulpit orators, the Protestants in Maryland could not hold their own. Catholics seem to have continued to be the rich, refined and cultured people of the colony. In 1755 Governor Sharpe, of Maryland, wrote to Charles Calvert, "The Papists behave themselves peacefully and as good subjects. They are, I imagine. about one-twelfth of the population, and many of them are men of pretty con- siderable fortunes." About this time 900 exiled Acadians were landed in Mary- land, those sent to Baltimore attending Mass in a house where the Courthouse now stands. Maryland Catholics were thus doubly comforted, both by being able to offer a shelter to these homeless exiles and by being reminded that others had troubles worse than theirs.
II .- From Rev. John Carroll to Cardinal Gibbons, 1761-1907.
MOST REVEREND JOHN CARROLL. First Bishop of Baltimore, 1789-1808. First Archbishop of Baltimore, 1808-1815.
What the Indian guide is to the steamer shooting the Lachine rapids. running the ship, freighted with a precious burden of life, in danger, past nearby threatening rocks and shoals, such was John Carroll to the bark of Peter in Maryland. Orthodox, zealous, discreet, a son of Maryland, educated in the best that Europe could give him, he was a man of Providence at the same time the Moses and Josue, the lawgiver and the leader of his people. His forbears were Irish, distantly related to the family of Charles Carroll of Carrollton on his mother's side, who was a Darnall and who had been beauti- fully educated in France. John was born, 1735, at Upper Marlboro, Prince George's County, Maryland. When twelve years old he went to the Jesuit school in Cecil County, where Charles Carroll of Carrollton also then studied. After a short while there, John went abroad for a thorough course of study at St. Omers College, in French Flanders, and had been there but a short while when his father died, 1750. During his six years there he won high honors. In 1753 he became a Jesuit, and was ordained 1761. afterward teaching Philosophy and Theology at Liege, and later traveled in Europe for some months as private tutor to young Lord Stourton.
In 1773 Pope Clement XIV suppressed the Jesuits throughout the world. and Father Carroll returned, 1774, to what is now Forest Glen, Montgomery County, his mother's home, as there was not then a single public Catholic Church in Maryland, and took up the work of a missionary.
Father Carroll writes that because of unjust, discriminating laws Catho- lies had become in general poor and dejected. Indeed. some time before, the
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A SKETCH OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN MARYLAND-Continued.
father of the signer, Charles Carroll, had made partial arrangements to leave Maryland and emigrate to the Arkansas River. Domestic instruction had to supplement that of the priests, as Mass could not be heard even once a month. Father Carroll says, however, that "in general Catholics were regular and inoffensive in their conduct, such, I mean, as were natives of the country; but, when many began to be imported, as servants, from Ireland, great licen- tiousness prevailed. . . . Catholics contributed nothing to the support of religion or its ministers; the whole . . . maintenance fell on the priests themselves . the produce of their lands was sucffiient to answer their demands."
In Church authority, Maryland had been subject to the Vicars-Apostolic of England and London, successively. In 1763 the Vicar-Apostolic was Bishop Challoner, who wrote that there were then twelve missionaries and 16,000 Catholics in the colony, and though he thought they should have their own bishop, thie suppressed Jesuits in Maryland remonstrated against this advance. War is an evil, indeed, yet that of 1763, between England and France, gave the Catholic colonists a chance to show their patriotism and gain a fairer treatment from their fellow-colonists, and their growth became more marked. In 1770 the first Catholic Church in Baltimore was built on land procured from Mr. Carroll, on the corner of Charles and Saratoga Streets, i. e., old St. Peter's.
The hrst Catholic book printed in America, "A Manual of Catholic Prayers." was published openly in Philadelphia, 1774, and "Mr. Welsh, Store- keeper in Baltimore Town, Md., took orders for another publication: Bishop Challoner's 'Catholic Christian Instructed,' " This incipient fairness toward Catholics further increased when the Revolutionary War approached, as is seen by the personnel of the Committee sent in 1776 by the Continental Congress to appeal to Canada to remain nentral during the war; but the bigotry of Mr. Jay frustrated the efforts of the Committee and the hopes of the Congress. Charles Carroll, Maryland's first citizen, was sent with Benja- min Franklin and Samuel Chase, and, though not on the Committee, yet Father Carroll was requested by Congress to accompany and aid the Com- mittee of three. And the war having begun, Archbishop Carroll later wrote of Catholics: "Their blood flowed as freely ( in proportion to their members) to cement the fabric of independence as that of any of their fellow-citizens." And yet out of the Constitutions adopted by the thirteen original colonies only those of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia did away with the penal laws, and allowed Catholics absolute equality with other citizens.
After the war was over. in 1783, Reverend Leonard Neale returned to his native Maryland from Enrope, and he, with Fathers Carroll, Ashton, Sewell, Diderick and Boardman had a meeting at Whitemarsh, where ways and means for work on the missions were discussed. and a petition was sent to Rome for a superior who might have some of the powers of a bishop. And in 1784 Father Carroll was made superior of the missions in the thirteen United States of North America, with power to give confirmation. The newly appointed Prefect-Apostolic had much work to do. that very year writing "An Address to the Roman Catholics of the United States of North America," printed at Annapolis, 116 pages, which was an answer to an attack of a Protestant minister named Wharton.
In October. 1784, the priests met in a chapter and adopted nineteen rules or regulations for the conduct of the clergy, each priest's salary being set at $175 a year. They hoped for the restoration of the Jesuit Society, and protested against a bishop being appointed. Father Carroll was perplexed; personally. he wished to see the Society restored and to be a Jesuit only;
35
A SKETCH OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN MARYLAND-Continued.
but he saw the need of a native American bishop, and, fearing that if he refused, a foreigner might be appointed, he accepted the position. His report to Cardinal Antonelli says: "There are in Maryland 15,800 Catholics. Of these, 9,000 are freemen over 12 years of age; 3,000 children, and 3,000 negro slaves of all ages. In Maryland a few of the leading, more wealthy families still profess the Catholic faith. . . The greater part of them are planters. . . . As for piety, they are for the most part sufficiently assiduous in the exercises of religion and in frequenting the sacraments. but they lack that fervor 'which frequent appeals to the sentiment of piety usually produce, as many congregations hear the word of God only once a month, and sometimes only once in two months.' We are reduced to this by want of priests. . The abuses among Catholics are chiefly more frequent intercourse between young people of opposite sexes than is com- patible with chastity of mind and body; too great fondness for dances and similar amusements, and an incredible eagerness, especially among young girls, for reading love stories, which are brought over in great quantities from Europe. Then a general lack of care in instructing their children and especially the negro slaves in their religion.
"There are nineteen priests in Maryland we think of establishing a seminary in which they can be trained to the life and learning suited to that state."
Dr. Carroll's report pleased the Pope, and the American clergy were allowed to nominate two or three names from which the Pope would choose a bishop for the colonies.
Baltimore in 1787 was such an unpromising mission that Father Sewell wished to leave, when Very Rev. Dr. Carroll decided to fix his own residence there, and "his sermons were so much admired that many Protestants attended them with great satisfaction." He took active interest in municipal movements, especially in a school then starting, but soon saw the need of a school under distinctively Catholic direction, open to students of every religious profession, which the chapter of 1786 agreed to start, with tuition at ten pounds a year. This was the first step toward Georgetown College.
Troubles at this time in New York showed the need of a bishop's authority, and, in response to a petition to Rome for the appointment of one. word came for a nomination of suitable men, and out of the twenty-six votes of the priests in the meeting all but his own and one other were for Very Rev. Dr. Carroll. Hence, on the 5th of November, 1789, Pope Pius VI in a bill ordered: "We being certified of his faith, prudence, piety and zeal. do declare, create, appoint and constitute the said John Carroll bishop and pastor of the said church of Baltimore."
At the Convention which met at Philadelphia. 1787. to frame the Con- stitution, was Daniel Carroll, of Maryland, brother of the bishop. The sixth article of the Constitution provides that "no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office of public trust under the United States." 'The vote of Catholics in Maryland was in favor of the Constitution." Catholics also rejoiced in the election of Washington as first President, and they presented him a beautiful address, to which he replied, March. 1790, saying: "I presume that your fellow-citizens will not forget the patriotic part which you took in the accomplishment of their Revolution, or the establishment of your Government; or the important assistance from a nation in which the Roman Catholic faith is professed."
Bishop Carroll was consecrated in England on the first of the Assump- tion, August 15th, 1790.
A SKETCH OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN MARYLAND-Continued.
The French Revolution, directed against Catholicity in France, helpe i to scatter the seed of the faith in Maryland, where the learned and saintly Sulpician Fathers established St. Mary's Seminary in 1791, and later their associates did parish duty.
There were now Catholic churches at Baltimore, St. Inigoes, Newtown, Newport, Port Tobacco, Rock Creek, Annapolis, Whitemarsh, Bohemia, Tuckahoe, Deer Creek, Frederick, Hagerstown, and some other minor places in Maryland.
The first synod in this country was held November 7th, 1791, in old St. Peter's Church, Baltimore, where regulations were adopted for the adminis- tration of the sacraments, etc., and in 1792 Bishop Carroll issued his first pastoral letter; and in 1793, for the first time, he ordained a priest, Rev. Stephen Badin, the first priest ordained in Maryland and in America. In 1795 Bishop Carroll was at the head of a movement to establish a publlc library in Baltimore, many of whose books are now in the Maryland Historical Society. In 1799 Rev. Leonard Neale became president of Georgetown Col- lege, and under him, the same year, three ladies started what is now George- town Convent of the Visitation.
This same year saw the death of Washington, on whom Bishop Carroll preached a landatory eulogium. Next year. 1800, Bishop Neale was conse- crated by Bishop Carroll as Coadjutor of the See of Baltimore.
A remarkable marriage occurred in Baltimore, 1803, Bishop Carroll marrying Jerome Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon, to Elizabeth Patterson, of Baltimore.
About this time Bishop Carroll began planning to build a Cathedral, and asked each family to give a dollar a year for four years. July 7th, 1800, he laid the corner-stone of the Cathedral in Baltimore, the drawing accepted and built being the seventh made by Mr. Latrobe, the architect. Twenty thousand dollars was the price paid Mr. Howard for the Cathedral site. The body of trustees then included Bishop Carroll, Father Beeston, Messrs. Wil- liamson, Walsh, Ghequiere, Bennet. Livers, Tiernan and Mitchell.
Two other corner-stones were laid this same year -that of the Chapel of St. Mary's College (now Seminary ), on Paca Street, on June 18th, and that of St. Patrick's Church, Fell's Point ( now South Broadway ), on July 10th.
Baltimore is the Mother See of the whole United States. the other dioceses established by the Holy See in 1808, each taking a section of the diocese of Baltimore, being New York, Philadelphia, Boston and Bardstown, while Baltimore became an Archdiocese, and Bishop Carroll an Archbishop.
Two years later, 1810, these bishops, under Archbishop Carroll, met in a synod and drew up regulations for priests, baptisms, marriages, discour- aging theatres, balls and novels, and condemning freemasons.
A great seat of learning and religion, Mount St. Mary's College, was started, 1808, by Fathers Nagot, Du Bois and Du Bourg. In 1810 it had forty scholars, and in 1813 eighty, all Catholics.
This same year, 1808, Mother Seton, foundress of the Sisters of Charity in America, arrived in Baltimore, a recent convert, and in 1809 she, too, set- tled at Emmitsburg, with a few other Sisters of Charity.
During the War of 1812-15 Archbishop Carroll issued a Circular, order- ing prayers to be offered for peace and for those in the war. Archbishop Carroll's failing health forced him to decline the invitation to lay the corner- stone of Washington's Monument, in Baltimore. On November 22d he received the last Sacraments, after which he made a beautiful address to the priests present. When one of the distinguished Protestant clergymen came to take a last farewell, and said that his hopes were now fixed on another
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A SKETCH OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN MARYLAND-Continued.
world. the dying Archbishop replied: "Sir, my hopes have always been fixed on the Cross of Christ." His perfect resignation to the will of God. his calm and serene faith and hope were seen when his life was almost at its last ebb. The Archbishop died at six A. M .. Sunday, December 3d. 1815; Masses for his happy death being at once followed by Masses for the repose of his soul. On Tuesday, the 5th, the "requiem" Mass was said in St. Peter's pro-Cathe- dral, and burial made in St. Mary's Seminary Chapel. In 1824 the body was transferred to the Cathedral crypt, which still guards its precious deposit.
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