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" I hope you don't expect me to go out with a coachman in trousers !" exclaimed Bella. "I might as well hare a fly from the Crown at onec."
" My lore, I should have thought that any kind of a carriage would have been a novelty to you, and that you'd hardly have been so particular about the livery," suggested Mr. Piper.
"I could have gone on foot all my life," said Bella ; "but if I am to have a carriage, I inust have it decently appointed. I don't want to hang between heaven and earth, like Mohaninied's cof- fin."
Mohammed's coffin extinguished Mr. Piper. It had liceu flung at his head a good ninny times upon his veutnring to object to his young wife's extravagance.
" And, after all, I am proud to see how well she does it," he said to himself, smiling an uxorious smile. "She's a regular little Duchess."
And thenceforward in familiar conversation Mr. Piper was apt to speak of his wife as "the Duchess."
The house-now haring passed into his pos- session-was made so fine that Mr. Piper hardly knew himself in it. Persian ent pets of vivil and various hues were sprend on the black and white marble of the hall ; broended satin curtains, violet lined with amher, veiled the doors between hall and conservatory. The drawing-room iras pale blue anıl gold, a masterpiece of Nosotti's, with tall gihled stands for flowers in Sèvres china flower-pots.
The chief bedroom was apple-green. Erery thing was radiant and smiling, dazzling with gold and gay colors.
" My word, it's like living in a bower," said Mr. Piper, and he hummed a song that was then not quite forgotten.
1 . r of roses by Bendemeer's strcom."
: Having made her house beautiful, Mrs. Piper's next desire naturally was to exhibit her splendors to the envious eyes of people with inferior houses. She therefore hegan to issue invitations on as large a scale as the neighborhood allowed. These were not all responded to as cordially as she would have wisheil. Lady Jane Gowry had honored Bella with a condescending call, but she flatly declined Mr. and Mrs. l'iper's invitation to dinner, on the ground that at her age she could not afford to extend the circle of her visiting ac- quaintanee.
" The people I dine with are people I have known for half a century," she wrote. "I am too old to go out often, so I only go to very old friends. But if you and Mr. Piper like to come and take a cup of tea with me any Tuesday eren- ing, I shall be very happy to see you."
"After all, Lady Jane's chestnut wig and violet- powdered complexion are not much loss," said Bella.
" No, they ain't; but f should like to have taken the old woman in to dinner upon my arm before the l'orkmans and the Wigzells," remarked Mr. Piper. "I don't believe they ever sat down to dinner with a title in the whole course of their natural lives. Wouldn't old Timperley hire stareil ! Earls' daughters don't come his way often, I reckon."
Bella found that she would have to coutent
Theso seraps of social slang, these dutinual allu. sions to people she did nul. know bud idlogent . she had uerer shared, could linerl'a as Dante.
Mr. L'iper looked on And - bul, while his young wife wasted his moucy, Hahed at his friends, and made light of his "jugions ; but he was not altogether satisfied or casy'n his mind It would not be always so, he thought. Then- would come a day. The Duchess was carrying things with a high hand. It was, perhaps, just r well to let her have her fling. Sho was so una enstomed to the command of money, poor little woman, that she might bo forgiven for spending it somewhat recklessly. And, after all, this in creased expenditure was pleasanter than pe- Moggie's carefulness aud perpetual lamentations abont hntchers' bills and pounds of butter. Mr Piper liked his new butler, and was even, in his heart of hearts, not displeased with the powder. footman or the top-booted groom, though he t · fected to despise these follies. Ife felt himself on a level with the Timperleys in their bright n ! Tudor mansion, with its jutting windows at . lenden lattices, its deep porch and iron studdi 1 door, its gilded vane and many gables, at our intensely old aud tlazzlingly new. "ne was livin. . as became his wealth and social status, livir .. like the Porkmaus and the Wigzells and the re -! of his purse-proud acquaintance. The first Mr Piper had hung upon him like a log on a hobble .! doukey, and had deprivedl him of all freedor . with her everlasting economical scruples. Il had been afraid to give a dinner party, knowin that for a month after there would be eenseles mailings aliout the expeuse of the feast.
" Piper, have you any idea what gronso ive when you asked Mr. Timperley to dinner last Ar- gust 9" Mrs. Piper would deinand.
"I know the brace ire land were uncommonl tough, and precious badly cooked," Mr. Pipi . trould retort.
"They were twelre shillings a brace, Pipe- Ifere's the poulterer's bill in black and white 1. prore it to you. I call it sinful to ent game ti such a price. You know you ordered then Piper. I should have inquired what they arei to cost-but you nerer do."
" I wanted to give Timperley a decent dinner, Mr. Piper nould reply. " Hang it, Maggie, when I go to Timperley's he feels me on the fat of ti". Innl. Besides, we can afford it."
" Nobody can afford wauton extravagance, ' Mrs. Piper would groan ; and this kind of co !. versation would occur daily.
Thus it was a new thing to Mr. Piper to har. his domestie lifo administered with liberal.han i ed luxury, to hear no complaints about the mi ... conduet of serrants or the price of provision . not to be amakeued abruptly- from his after-ili" ner nap to be told that bread had gone up a half penny, or that Serogfield was charging thirteen pence for fillet of real.
" Upon my word, little woman," 1 . . . . 1 .71; one day, delighted with his wife's elretan, " yon have made the house a parmilise "
It was still more n' paradise after Christan + for the second Mrs. Piper, having found out th il her step-danghters were sadly in want of danci; und 'calisthenics, which they could not possil-ly be taught properly at home, would be much bit. efited by being transplanted to Miss Turk's boar , !. ing.school, on the outskirts of Great Yafford, thu. school at which Mrs. Dulcimer and all the buet people in the neighborhood had been educal . under the aunts and predecessors of the two reif" ing Misses Turk.
Mr. l'iper was rather disappointed, just at first, by this idea of Bella's. He had hoped to have his daughters alrays at home. They were tron- blesome, rude, and noisy, but still Mr. Piper liked them, as the gladiator liked his young barbaria "i
" I thought you would have gone on teaching the girls, little woman," be said, with a ch : fallen nir.
" My dear Mr. Piper, what time should I have for society or for you if I did that? Quite as possible. Besides, the girls will be a great deal better at n first-rate school. They are too high- spirited to obey me, and now I am their mam - they would laugh at my attempts to teach them.
Mr. Piper sighed and submitted. The boys went to school ns a matter of course. Ile hod no objection to that. But he had hoped that his daughters would stay at home, and cheer his ! the u i
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No. XIII.
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ILLVSTRI VIRO, DOMINO PHILIPPO SIDNAO MICHAEL LOK CIVIS LOV DINENSIS BANC CHARTAM DEDICABAT : 1582
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North - America made by Michael Lok in the year 1582.
101
SEA-CHART OF THE ZENI.
present name of the largest of the Faroe; and "andoford," . "Andefiord" (the bay of the ducks), a gulf in the northern part of the island of "Oesteroe," still bears that name.
These names alone will be sufficient to prove, that the " Frisland" of the Zeni is our present Faroe group .* They put this group nearly in its right position and relation to Scotland, north-west of it, and at the true distance from Ice- land. That they made the Faroe so extremely large may be explained from the fact, that they resided upon them for more than twenty years, and that it was their central or starting point for all their expeditions. Lelewel, with good reason, thinks that on the original manuscript map of the Zeni of the year 1400, the Frisland or Faroe group was cut up into many smaller islands, and that the manuscript was injured, particularly at that part, the lines of the interior channels destroyed; and that, in this manner, such a large piece of country as we find on our map, was delivered to the engraver and painter of 1558 .; But nearly all the subse- quent geographers and map-makers after 1558 concluded that there still existed in the northern Atlantic, a large country, " Frisland," similar in size to Iceland or Greenland. The history of this geographical problem, and how it was solved, is very interesting ; but I omit it here, as not connected with our subject.
" Islanda" (Iceland) is placed in its right position, midway between the central parts of Norway and Greenland, and the size given to it is nearly the true one; though the general out- lines or form are not quite so.
Among the names which attest the acquaintance of the Zeni with this country are the following, namely : in
* For more proofs and for the literature of this subject, see Lelewel, 1. c. p. 103, note 46.
t See Lelewel, 1. c. p. 101.
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102
SEA-CHART OF THE ZENI.
the South, " flogascer " (or foglaster), corresponding to "fuglasker" (the bird rocks), a name still found in the south of Iceland ; " Scalodin" (Skalholt), in the interior of the south part of Iceland, the famous ancient residence of one of its bishops; "Anaford" (Anafiord or Hanefiord), a bay on which the place Hanas was standing; " Olensis," " Holum," or " Holar," the residence of the second bishop of Iceland, "episcopus Holensis ;" " Noder," something like " Norden."
In their excursions from "Frisland" (the Faroe) the Zeni reached also Greenland, on the map called " Engrone- lant" and "Gronlandia." They appear to have visited it ; and the Scandinavian seamen communicated to them their own knowledge of this country, which, at the time of the Zeni, was still a flourishing colony, full of small settlements.
The draught, which the Zeni give on their map of Green- land, is the most remarkable part of their whole work. The size and form they give to Greenland ; its triangular shape ; its broad extension to the north, and the pointed and narrow peninsula in the south ; the high mountains in the interior, and the chain of small islands, peninsulas, headlands, and fiords all round the coast ; the latitude given to it, the middle parts north-west of Iceland, and the southern point in the latitude of Bergen, in Norway,-all these are strikingly true features of this large country. It is not prob- able that the Zeni saw and explored all this themselves. Such a figure of Greenland as they give could only be the result of long research and intimate acquaintance with the country. They, no doubt, obtained their information from the Northinen. Nay, they must have received maps and charts from them. Even if we did not know that the old Northmen made charts of their colonies, we might be cer- tain from this picture of Greenland by the Zeni, that they
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103
SEA-CHART OF THE ZENI.
could not have drawn it without having before them some map prepared from long observation. Neither in the year 1400, the date of the original of our map, nor in 1558, the date of its being engraved and published, could such a truth- ful representation of Greenland be found in Europe, either in manuscript or print. The Zeni by their map enriched and corrected the knowledge of the globe with respect to an essen- tial point. Some admirers of their map have given it as their opinion, that they owed their original to the aborigines of Greenland, the Esquimaux, who are known to be skillful in drawing maps. I doubt, however, whether the Esquimaux were able to make such a good general and comprehensive picture of their far-extended home, as we see on our map. The knowledge of Esquimaux geographers, probably, did not go very far beyond the cape or fiord on which they were settled. Such a comprehensive picture could only proceed from, and be the result of distant and often-repeated naviga- tions, such as the Northmen were used to make.
Only on the distant north-east of Greenland, which is still undefined, the Zeni and their informants were uncertain ; as also on the north-east of Norway. According to their draught they appear to have doubted, whether Greenland was sepa- rated from the old world by water or united to it by land.
The Greenland of the Zeni, after 1558, was many times copied by European geographers, and embodied into their general maps of the world, though they wrongly connected it with other countries in consequence of the incorrect graduation of our map, subsequently interpolated by a de- scendant of the Zeni, Nicolo Zeno the younger. If the old Zeni themselves could have explained their map, they might have told their descendants, that they would not have the southern point of their Greenland end in 66º north latitude, knowing very well that it came down much further to the south.
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104
SEA-CHART OF THE ZENI.
I omit here an examination of the particular Greenland names on the map of Zeno, as not being of much interest for our subject, but refer the reader to the essay of Lelewel .*
I come now to those smaller portions of country set down in the south-west corner of the Zeni's map, to which the names "Icaria," " Estotiland," and "Droceo " are given, and which, for us here, have the greatest interest.
Antonio Zeno, in the report on his and his brother's voy- ages, relates, that, according to the assertions of their Fris- land friends, a fishing vessel from " Frisland,"-the Faroe, being driven by a storm far out to the west, arrived at a country named " Estotiland," the inhabitants of which had commerce with "Engroenelandt" (Greenland). This coun- try, Estotiland, was very fertile, and had high mountains in the interior. The king of the country had in his possession some books written in Latin, which, however, he did not understand. The language which he and his subjects spoke had no similarity whatever to the Norse.
The king of Estotiland, seeing that his guests sailed in much safety with the assistance of an instrument (the com- pass), persuaded them to make a maritime expedition to another country situated to the south of Estotiland, and called " Drogeo," or " Droceo." There they had the misfortune to fall into the hands of a most barbarous tribe. They were all killed except one, who was made a slave, and who, after a long time and after many adventures, at last found his way back to Greenland and to the Faroe. He related, that the country, " Drogeo," stretched far to the south, and was a very large country, like another world, and that it was all full of savage tribes, who covered themselves with skins and lived by hunting. They had no other weapons than bows and arrows, and lived among each other in an eternal warfare.
* Lelewel, 1. c. p. 98.
105
SEA-CHART OF THE ZENI.
But far off to the south-west were some more civilized nations, which knew the use of the precious metals, and built towns and temples ; it was, however, their custom to kill their prisoners and offer them to their gods.
This appears to have been for the time, 1400, a pretty good description of the state of things in America as far down as Mexico. And if it does not seem possible that all this information could be brought together by that one Scan- dinavian slave, or traveler, among the Indians of "Drogeo," it may, perhaps, be taken as a resume of all the knowledge acquired by the Northmen on their expeditions to the west and south-west. This traveler may have heard these tales on his return to Greenland or Iceland, and may have brought this tradition to the Faroe, and to the ears of the Zeni.
The name " Estotiland " appears to be of German origin, and has been explained as "East-outland," or the land lying far out toward the east. Because Newfoundland stretches out more toward the east than any other part of America on the south of Greenland, some have thought that " Estotiland" might be a Northman name for that island. Others have applied the name to our present Labrador. And others, again, seeing that Antonio Zeno puts on his map to the north-east of Estotiland, but south of Greenland, another pretty large island with the name of " Icaria," have thought that this " Icaria " (which Antonio Zeno asserts that he had visited with his friend Zichmni, after having received the favorable report of the country, "Drogeo"), might be Newfoundland, and that Estotiland on the south-west, our Cape Breton and Nova Scotia. "Drogeo," of which Zeno gives on his map only a small part, would then be our New England. According to this view we would have, as in the old Icelandic reports, three countries to the south of Green- land :
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106
SEA-CHART OF THE ZENI.
1. Icaria ( Helluland, Newfoundland ). 2. Estotiland ( Markland, Nova Scotia ). 3. Drogeo (Vinland, New England) .*
The subsequent geographers and map-makers (after 1558), Mercator, Ortelius, etc., did not interpret the Zeni's map as we have done. They adopted everything contained in this map, also the south-western countries, Icaria, Estotiland, and Drogeo; but they made them swim like additional separate islands in the midst of the ocean, putting to the west of them the countries, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Eng- land, which they represented in the manner and shape given to them by the navigators and explorers of the sixteenth cen- tury.
It will probably be impossible to make the history and geography of Icaria, Estotiland, and Drogeo quite clear. But from their position to the south-west of Greenland it appears to be certain, that some sections of the north-east of America are indicated by them. And so, at all events, to our map of 1400 must be ascribed the particular distinction and merit, that it is the first and oldest map known to us, on which some sections of the continent of America have been laid down.
* Lelewel on his map puts "Drogeo" exactly in the locality of the ter- ritory of the State of Maine.
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1
Nº II.
Jotunheimar
Rifeland.
Biar. ma land
Jarvene
Gron. landia
Huid fork
vibo .. io
Sland
Heriotsnacs
Ferie
Friflam
Helleland
Hetlunds
CHarch. tarut
Orcadone
Bir
Frland
tin
Promontoriomudan-
mia
Jiae
Straclinge. land.
The North = Atlantic, by the Jeelander Sigurd Stephanius in the year 1570.
1
APPENDAGE TO CHAPTER II.
CHARTS OF THE NORTHMEN.
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1. ON THE MAP NO. 2 OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN, DRAWN BY THE ICELANDER, SIGURDUS STEPHANIUS, IN 1570.
THE Scandinavian historian, Thormodus Torfaeus, gives in his work " Gronlandia Antiqua " (Ancient Greenland), Havuia, 1706, engravings of several old and very curious charts of the North Atlantic. As authors of these charts he mentions some learned Scandinavian draughtsmen from Iceland.
All these draughts in Torfaeus have in common the following features : they place Iceland about the center of the picture, some- what in the same manner as old European maps placed the holy city, Jerusalem, in the midst of their pictures of the world. To the north of this their home, from which the Northmen, on their excursions in all directions, went to discover the circumjacent countries, they put Greenland ; to the east, Norway and Russia ; to the south, Great Britain and France ; and to the west, parts of America and also Greenland.
Greenland, for the Icelanders so important a region, is depicted as an extremely large country. So also are the neighboring islands, the " Faroe," and "Hetland" (our Shetland). Great Britain and France, like countries seen from a distance, are of a rather small size.
Between Greenland and Russia (" Biarmaland," the present " Perm"), the ocean contracts to a narrow channel, named on some of the maps " Dumbshaf." On the greater part of the maps, the ocean between southern Europe and America is also very narrow; so that the whole North Atlantic appears to be an inland sea, with four narrow outlets; one in the south, one in the north (the Dumbshaf ), one in the east, looking to the Baltic; and one in the west, conducting to the arctic waters, our Davis' Strait, with the old Norman name "Ginnungagap."
I give here two of the Icelandic maps contained in Torfaeus (Nos. 2 and 3). Our present map, No. 2, according to Torfaeus,-or more par- ticularly according to "Magister Theodorus Torlacius," whom Tor-
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108
CHARTS OF THE NORTHMEN.
faeus quotes in the notes to the map, and who was himself a historian of Iceland,-was made in the year 1570, by Sigurdus Stephanius, an Icelander. Torlacius calls him a " learned man, once the most worthy rector of the school in Skalhott, a well-known place in Iceland, who published also a description of Iceland." "He appears" says Torla- cius, "to have taken this his picture from the Icelandic . antiquities" (" Delineationem hanc snam ex antiquitatibus Islandicis desumpsisse videtur "). Perhaps among those Icelandic antiquities were not only reports, but also some draughts and charts ; though Rafn, in his "Anti- quitates Americana," does not state that he found charts among the Icelandic manuscripts seen by him.
Iceland has, on our map, too low a latitude. It is too near the southern point of Heriolfsnaes (Cape Farewell). The whole southern section of " Groenlandia " (Greenland) is extended too far to the east.
To the south-west we meet " Helluland " (Newfoundland). Between the two countries is a gulf, the ancient " Ginnungagap" of the North- men (Davis' Strait). "Helluland" (Newfoundland) is represented as a peninsula, projecting eastward.
To the south of " Helluland " comes a gulf, the entrance to the St. Lawrence, and then another peninsula similar to the former, called "Markland" (Nova Scotia). The little gulf to the south of "Mark- land" is the entrance to our Bay of Fundy.
After this little inlet there opens to the south a large gulf, resem- bling, in size and form, the Gulf of Maine, sometimes called by the Northmen, "Vinlands-Haf." The gulf ends in the south, with a pointed cul de sac, formed by a very conspicuous headland, which is called "Promontorium Vinlandia " (the Cape of Vinland). This cul de sac has a striking similarity to our Cape Cod Bay. And the cape which is called "Promontorium Vinlandia," has about the form of a hook, or a ship's nose. I think it cannot be doubted, that we have here a picture of the old and famous Cape "Kialarnes " (Ship-nose) of the Northmen. That this cape should be called " the Promontory of Vinland," is very natural; because it really is the most conspicuous headland of all that tract of country, which, among the Northmen, was designated as " Vinland."
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