USA > Maine > Cumberland County > History of Cumberland Co., Maine > Part 85
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The stranger who visits Naples by water finds himself suddenly confronting a low, narrow drawbridge, half hidden by the trees which surround the channel below. The first bridge across this neck went off up stream in a sudden freshet, which backed the water from the Songo River into
the lakes above. The cleared field on the right, just passed, is the old parade-ground of the first militia. Far off to the north, aeross the bridge, Crooked Pond extends among the sloping hills which rise gently to a hundred feet on either side, covered with pine, elm, maple, and poplar, which has grown since the lumberman harvested the primitive forest and sent it floating down the lakes. The shores are dotted with an occasional large farm-house, which in the distance become mere specks of white. Broken hills of bluer hue rise behind each other in the distance, until the sharp white lines of eternal winter point out Mount Washington, the highest and most distant point. A large tree spreads its branches where the store of the young missionary stood, in 1831, between the road and the lake. Above the old parade-ground, the large, spreading elm in front of the new hotel marks the spot where John Chute entertained with temperate cheer the sires whose memory we delight to honor.
To the left, beside the little bay, the business part of the village of Naples extends a quarter of a mile in a cluster of many-colored buildings, the most prominent of which are the large white residence of William Wentworth, the Congregational church, the brick town-house, and the yellow residence of Mr. II. O. Knight near the wharf; then scat- ters off in dwellings a quarter of a mile up and down the main street. The nearest building, a blacksmith-shop, low down by the water, marks the site of the first store in the town. On the bare knoll over which the road leads from the wharf, in the rear of the old store of Washington Bray, stood the old school-house, where Oliver Dole taught the first school in 1822, and Abraham W. Chute was elected town clerk and Benjamin Goodridge selectman, in 1834. Below the village are the large buildings of the Portland Packing Company, established in 1872, and ex- empted by town law from taxation for ten years. On the point above, overlooking the lake and village, the town cemetery spreads its marble columns in front of a group of fine residences and farm-buildings. The brick town-house was erected in 1838 by Thomas Perley, Benjamin Good- rich, and Enoch Gammon, on an acre of land purchased for that purpose. It was made free for all religious meet- ings in 1846, and used until the erection of the churches in 1858. In 1871 a town hearse was purchased, and a building erected on the town lot for its keeping. A brick session-room has also been constructed for the use of the town officers. The village contains besides some forty fine residences, two churches, a school-house, five stores, carriage-, cooper-, and two smith-shops, Grange Ilall, wharf warerooms, hotel, and clothing manufactory. Mails are received daily by stage each way from Bridgton and Harri- son. David HI. Cole, postmaster. A brass band was organ- ized May 9, 1878, under the leadership of Mr. Freelon Walker, a veteran soldier of the 25th Maine Infantry.
EDES' FALLS.
The first settlement at this place, and the first in the town of Naples, was made by George Peirce, who built his eabin on the right bank of the river a hundred yards below the bridge. He constructed a mill near by, of which a portion of the dam still remains. Iu 1837, Col. Thomas
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HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, MAINE.
Edes, father of Thos. E. Edes, of Naples, and Wilkinson Edes, now of Portland, built a saw- and grist-mill at the Falls, and engaged in lumbering. Emery Edes, another brother, opened a store at the same time. Wilkinson Edes was made first postmaster of the Edes' Falls post-office. Joseph Hall built a wool-carding mill for custom work about 1832, which continued in operation some ten years after. The present mills, on the left bank of the river, were built by S. A. Whittier, in 1854, and comprise a kit- factory and saw-mill. Hon. Robert Edes purchased the mills in 1874. In 1862 he started the manufactory of clothing, which now furnishes employment to 150 opera- tives. The mills built by Wilkinson Edes, and burned in 1859, have been replaced by a saw-mill built and still oper- ated by Richard L. Green. Robert Edes is the only mer- chant, and also postmaster. Mails are by way of Oxford, tri-weekly. Edes' Falls is a compact hamlet of 175 inhab- itants, whose homes are grouped around the mills in a deep, narrow valley, formed at a bend in Crooked River, upon its left bank.
ERECTION OF THE TOWN.
Of the 65 petitioners for the new town, 26 were inhabi- tants of Otisfield, 14 of Harrison, 18 of Sebago, 5 of Ray- mond, and 2 of Bridgton. The petition was based upon the great distance of the petitioners from the business and political centres of their several towns.
The first town election was held at the school house, near the foot of Long Pond, April 1, 1834. John Chute was chosen Moderator, and sworn by James Sanborn, Esq. Abraham W. Chute was elected Town Clerk ; Jefferson Bray, Samuel Leach, and Benjamin Goodridge, Selectmen and Assessors; James Sanborn, Treasurer ; Thomas J. Carter, Constable ; Thomas Chute, Thomas J. Carter, Superintend- ing School Committee; and Thomas Perley, Town Agent. April 19th a special meeting was held, and the collectorship put up at vendne. It was awarded to James Sanborn. Through some mismanagement, Naples was left without a voice in the election of a representative to the State Legis- lature from its organization until 1841.
CIVIL LIST. SELECTMEN.
1834-35 .- Jefferson Bray, Samuel Leach, Benjamin Goodridge. 1836 .- Jefferson Bray, Benjamin Goodridge, Daniel D. Ruggles. 1837 .- Jefferson Bray, William B. Wendsor, Washington Chaplin. 1838-39 .- Jefferson Bray, Samuel Leach, Washington Chaplin. 1840-11 .- Washington Chaplin, Benjamin Goodridge, Samuel F. Perley.
1842-43 .- James Sanborn, John G. Cannell, Samuel Leach. 1844 .- Benjamin Goodridge, Samuel F. Perley, Samuel Leach. 1815 .- Washington Bray, James P. Hall, Albert Gray. 1816-48 .- Washington Bray, Albert Gray, Samuel Leach. 1819 .- Washington Bray, Samuel F. Perley, Ambrose F. Wright. 1850 .--- Washington Bray, Samuel F. Perley, Albert Gray. 1851 .- Benjamin Goodridge, John P. Davis, John Symmes. 1852 .- Jefferson Bray, Emery Edes, John K. Chaplin. 1853 .- Jefferson Bray, Washington Bray, Albert Gray. 1851 .- John P. Davis, Samuel F. Perley, William Lamb. 1855 .- John P. Davis, Samuel F. Perley, Augustine ('haplin. 1856 .- Albert Gray, James P. Hall, Major W. Knight. 1857. John P. Davis, Samuel F. Perley, Richard J. Chaplin. 1858 .- Washington Bray, Daniel Richardson, Charles t1. Moody. 1859 .- Washington Chaplin, John G. Cannell, Daniel C. Smith. 1860 .- Washington Bray, Albert Gray, Daniel C. Smith.
1861-62 .- Washington Bray, Zebulon Jackson, George W. Ilall. 1863 .- Washington Bray, John G. Cannell, William H. Moody. 1861-65 .- Washington Bray, John G. Cannell, Richard S. Chaplin. 1866 .- Washington Bray, Robert Eads, Zebulon Jackson. 1867 .- Washington Bray, Samuel F. Perley, Zebulon Jackson. 1868 .- Washington Bray, Zebulon Jackson, John (1. Cannell. 1869 .- Zebulon Jackson, John G. Cannell, Daniel Richardson. 1870 .- Washington Bray, Robert Eads, Enoch Gammon. 1871 .- Zebulon Jackson, Levi Cannell, Arthur Gray. 1872-75 .- Washington Bray, Charles II. Young, John C. Wight. 1876 .- Charles 11. Young, Philip O. Cannell, Enoch Gammon. 1877 .- Philip O. Cannell, Daniel Richardson, Enoch Gammon. 1878 .- Chas. Il. Young, Daniel Richardson, Washington Chaplin, Jr. 1879 .- Daniel Richardson, Charles Choate, Philip O. Cannell.
TOWN CLERKS.
Abraham W. Chute, 1834-35; James Sanhorn, 1836-38; William B. Winsor, 1839-40; A. W. Chute, 1841 ; James Sanborn, 1842-43 ; A. W. Chute, 1844-45; Washington Bray, 1846-48; Asa Warren, 1849; Washington Bray, 1850 ; John P. Davis, 1851 ; Asa Warren, 1852-55; Benjamin F. Wentworth, 1856; John A. Bodge, 1857; Benjamin F. Wentworth, 1858; Zebulon Jackson, 1859-60; Robert Edes, 1861-74; Philip O. Caonell, 1875-79.
TREASURERS.
James Sanborn, 1834-13; William B. Winsor, 1841 ; Washington Bray, 1845-47; A. M. Thomes, 1847-48; Washington Bray, 1849-50; Eben Choate, 1851; Washington Bray, 1852-53; John Lamb, 1854-55 ; Ansel Gray, 1856; Asa Warren, 1857; Richard L. Green, 1858; Benjamin F. Wentworth, 1859-65; Harrison O. Knight, 1866; Benjamin F. Wentworth, 1867; Benjamin F. Wentworth, Daniel Richardson, 1868; Benjamin F. Wentworth, 1869; Enoch Gammon, 1870; Washington Bray, 1871-76 ; Ben- jamin F. Wentworth, 1877 ; Harrison O. Knight, 1878-79.
COLLECTORS.
James Sanborn, Thos. J. Carter, constahle, 1834 ; David D. Ruggles, 1835-36; John G. Cannell, 1837-38 ; James Sanborn, 1839 ; Jary Green, 1840-41 ; James Sanborn, Daniel D. Ruggles, cons., 1842 ; James Sanborn, Daniel D. Ruggles, cons., 1843; Jary Green, 1844-45; Jary Green, Joseph Martin, cons., 1846; Benjamin Goodridge, 1847 ; Jefferson Bray, 1848-49 ; Thomas Chute, 1850- 51; Daniel K. Barker, 1852-53; Washington Bray, 1854; Charles Goodridge, 1855; llermon Wight, 1856; John W. Noble, 1857; II. O. Knight, to fill vacancy, 1857 ; Timothy M. Green, 1858; Augustine Chaplin, 1859; Timothy M. Green, 1860; Daniel Richardson, 1861 ; John R. Chaplin, 1862; Daniel Richardson, 1863-64; Daniel Richardson, John Church, cons., 1864; Daniel Richardson, 1865-67 ; Orrin Douglass, 1868; Daniel Richardson, 1869-70; Jary Green, 1871-75 ; Daniel Richardson, 1876-79.
CHURCHES.
FREE. WILL BAPTIST.
Meetings were held by Rev. Jonathan Tracy at the Lea- vitt school-house in 1832, and by Rev. Mr. Eaton and Rev. Darling Iluntrees in the school-houses and barns, until the erection of the town-house, when that was opened for meet- ings. Rev. Oliver W. Smith organized a church at Naples village, Oct. 17, 1857. Nathan Walker and Robert Mc- Kenney were ordained deacons. Davis L. Ingalls was chosen clerk. Mrs. Catharine Walker, Mrs. McKenney, Mrs. Lydia A. Ingalls, and John Archibald were members. Elder John Pinkham was pastor from 1858 to 1860, Rev. James Austin in 1865, and Rev. H. F. Snow from 1873 to 1876. Present membership, 27. Charles Mayberry is clerk, Nathan Walker and Hezekiah B. Crockett, deacons.
'The church building was erected by a union committee of three churches, for which George Jackson and John Archibald were appointed trustees, and Seth Walker treas-
11LE
Photo, by Lamson, Portland.
Westnylon May
His great-grandfather came from England in an early day, and settled in Cape Ann, Mass. He was a prominent physician and a descendant of Bishop Bray, of London, England. Washington Bray's grandfather, Ebenezer Bray, was born in Cape Ann. When about twenty-three years of age he married a Miss Bennett, moved to Maine, and settled in Minot about the year 1728. His death took place A.D. 1803. He had received a good education, and taught hoth public and private schools. His wife came from an influential and respectable family. Washington Bray's father, Wmn. B. Bray, was born in Minot, A.D. 1775. March 6, 1796, he married Ruth, daughter of Isaac Cushman, of lebron, Me. In 1811 he moved to Turner, where he died, July, 1817. He was by occupation a merchant. At the time of the war of 1812 he commanded a company of cavalry. and was buried with military honors. Of his five sons and five daughters all hut one grew to manhood and womanhood, and lived to have families.
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Washingtun Bray, next to the youngest of this family, was born Sept. 13, 1814. When he was three years old his father was killed in a saw-mill, and in his seventh year his mother died. Bereft of his parents thus early in life, and thrown upon the cold charity of a heart- less world, he fought the battle of life, unaided, to manhood without a stain upon his character. His conduct was directed by reason, re- ligion, and a moral sense of duty. After the death of his parents he remained in Turner, working for his board at various places. He attended school during the winter when he could be spared from work. Owing to his limited advantages, he was deprived of many of the benefits of even a common-school education. He earned his first pair of shoes by picking up apples at eight cents per day. About 1830 he was bound out to learn the tanner and currier's trade. Ile was allowed two meals a day, and slept in the barn. lle very natu- rally became discontented with this treatment, and, after remaining about four months, ran away ; was lost in the woods, and stayed out two nights before finding bis way to his sister's. His employer dis- covered his whereabouts, and, taking him back, improved his condi- tion. He remained here until 1833. Ile was then employed by his brother William in driving a freight team to and from Portland. In 1835 he went to Naples and entered his brother Jefferson's store. Soon after this date he was taken into the firm. About 1840 he started in business for himself in the same store, and laid the founda- tion for his future prosperity. His business increased, and in a short time he was able to engage quite extensively in lumbering. With his store, lumbering, and farm work his time was fully occupied, and by his fair and honorable dealing he gained the good-will and esteem of his townsmen, who were ever ready to show their confidence by be- stowing upon him positions of trust and hunor.
In 1846 he married Catherine, daughter of Mark Jordan, of Casco. He continued in business at Naples until 1855, when he was taken with the western fever, sold all bis property in Maine, and moved to Depere, Wis., where be lived a shurt time, and then went to Oshkosh. There he entered into partnership with his brother Fefferson in the
lumbering business. The climate not agreeing with him, he returned to Maine in 1857. Hle repurchased his former property at Naples, and again went into business. In 1860-61 he erected a substantial brick house and outbuildings on his farm, and settled down. feeling that his native State was the place most desirable for his home. When the war of the Rebellion broke out be was serving as chair- man of the board of selectmen, and took a very active part in every- thing pertaining to the interests of the town. Hle was indefatigable in his efforts to have the town's quota of men promptly filled. It was mainly through his management that at the close of the war the financial conditiun of the town was so flourishing. There was no heavy debt hanging over it to crush the inhabitants with taxes. About 1870 he began to curtail his business. In 1874 he sold out his stock of goods to Hall & Cannell, and devoted himself to settling up his business and enjoying the product of his years of toil by sur- rounding himself and family with every comfort and convenience. lle represented his towo in the Legislature in 1851, and again in 1874. He was first selectman for twenty-three years, acting eleven years in succession. lle was town treasurer seven years, besides holding many minor offices. So great was the confidence of his townstuen in his ability, integrity, and honesty of purpose, that dur- ing all the years that he served in an official capacity he was the unanimons choice of the people, always promptly discharging his various duties with impartial justice, and adjusting matters ut im- portance with mneh caution. In assuming the responsibilities of his office he took an earnest, active interest in the progress and prosperity of his towo.
On May 6, 1876, he was taken sick with pneumonia. He did not realize the severity of his illness until his old friend, Dr. Tewksbury, ioformed him that he was in great danger and, possibly, might not recover. lle made this answer,-" I would like to stay a little while longer, but if it's God's will, Imust submit." Although everything was done that skill and anxious care could suggest, nothing was of any avail, and he passed away, Muy 13, 1876, surrounded by his sor- rowing family and friends.
In his religious views he was a firm believer in the universal salva- tion of mankind, and he died as he had lived, with full confidence in God's never-ending care of his children. He leaves a widow and one son, Dr. Charles W. Bray, of Portland, who is in company with Dr. Tewksbury. By the death of Washington Bray the poor lost a valu- able and sympathizing friend. He never turned a deaf ear to any one in trouble, and his charities to the needy were without limit. He was one among the few who do not " let the left hand know what the right hand doeth." Ile possessed an inquiring mind, was a great reader, and consequently acquired a large amount of useful informa- tion. Ilis good qualities were best known to those who knew him most intimately. All through his public as well as private life he has left examples of industry, integrity, economy, and honesty, the memory of which will grow brighter and brighter as generation fol- lows generation.
BENJAMIN GOODRIDGE.
HANNAH GOODRIDGE.
( PHOTOS BY CONANI )
RESIDENCE OF THE LATE BENJAMIN GOODRIDGE, NAPLES, ME.
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TOWN OF NAPLES.
urer, to represent this society. The church was dedicated Jan. 26, 1858, by Rev. Joseph Pleasenton, Congregation- alist, and Rev. W. P. Merrill, Baptist ministers.
METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHI.
The church at Naples was originally a class of the South Harrison Church. John Ilill and T. J. Carter were most prominent as early members. Benjamin Hill was made class-leader in 1852. A meeting-house was erected during the pastorate of Rev. Sargent Gray, by James Clark, Thomas E. Edes, and J. M. Green, trustees, and dedicated by Rev. Daniel B. Randall, in January, 1858. The pas- tors have been Rev. S. W. Pearce, Jonathan Fairbanks, 1846-49 ; S. Ranks, 1852; Sargent Gray, 1857-58; F. B. Farrington, 1860 ; Solomon B. Gerry, 1861 ; Gershom F. Cobb, 1862-63; George W. Ballou, 1864-65 ; John Cobb, 1866-68 ; Nathan Andrews, 1869; John H. Griffin, 1870 ; J. E. Walker, 1871-72; George B. Hanford, 1873; Mareus Wight, 1874 ; Albra Hateh, 1875-76; Merritt C. Pendexter, 1877 ; William F. Marshall, 1878 ; Benjamin F. Pease, 1879. The present officers are Thomas Edes, Class-leader ; James Chute (2d), Recording Steward ; Thomas E. Edes, J. M. Green, James Clark, Merritt Green, John Lamb, D. K. Barker, L. W. Crocker, George Lamb, Stewards. There are 95 members.
THE FIRST CONGREGATIONALIST SOCIETY OF NAPLES
was organized soon after the incorporation of the town, by Benjamin Mitchell, Nathan Church, Charles Goodridge, Asa Warren, William, William C., James, and Abraham W. Chute, D. H. Torrey, and George Goodrich, at the house of A. W. Chute. Nathan Church was chosen Moderator ; A. W. Chute, Society Clerk ; Nathan Church, Collector and Treasurer ; Asa Warren, Assessor. Benjamin Mitehell was made Deaeon. Benjamin Goodrich gave $1000, to be used in building a house of worship, and $600 additional was contributed by the townspeople and members. The parish has a fund of $1000, of which Enoch Gammon, of Naples village, is trustee.
SCHOOLS.
The schools were established by the old towns previous to 1834. Oliver Dole, of Windham, taught the first school in the Naples village school-house, in 1822. The school agents chosen for the eight districts at the first election were John Patch, John Chaplin, Jr., John G. Cannell, Joseph Levitt, Elijah Varney, Samuel Leach, Samuel Pitts, and Benjamin Green ; 8250 were voted for the support of schools. The people of Naples have always been liberal in the support of their schools, which now num- ber eleven districts, with good buildings, valued at $400 each. There were $1546.42 expended for the support of common sehools during 1878, $1000 of which was raised by tax from the town. Of the 360 school children between the ages of four and twenty-one years, 294 have attended school some portion of the year. In 1864 the town-house was offered to Mr. D. H. Cole for the use of a high school, and has since been used for that purpose. In 1878 there were held three terms of free high school. The first was supported by contributions, mainly from the inhabitants of
Distriet No. 4, W. W. McCann, Principal. The sceond term, at Naples village, was conducted by James F. Pills- bury, assisted by George M. Chapin. A term was held at Edes' Falls, taught by Mrs. Annie B. Robinson. These schools were supported by $300 raised by the town and an appropriation by the State. D. H. Cole, Superintendent of Schools for 1878-79 ; Philip O. Cannell, present Superin- tendent.
SOCIETIES.
PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY.
Nuples Grange, No. 19-4, was organized at Naples vil- lage, Jan. 13, 1875. Nathan A. Church was installed Master ; D. K. Barker, Overseer ; J. E. Barker, Sec .; James Chute, Chaplain ; Mrs. N. A. Church, Ceres ; Mrs. L. P. Crockett, Flora ; Mrs. H. R. Crockett, Pomona. A store and grange hall was erected in 1876, and dedicated July 4th of that year. Benjamin F. Wentworth opened a store in the building, and supplied the members with goods at re- dueed rates. The present membership is about 30. Offi- eers : J. E. Barker, Master; L. P. Crockett, See .; Mrs. James Chute (2d), Ceres.
GOOD TEMPLARS.
Crystal Lake Lodge, No. 142, was organized Feb. 2, 1878, with II. J. Leavitt, W. C. T. ; Mary E. Walker, W. V. T .; Ivory Cole, Sec .; Freelon Walker, Chap- lain ; John C. Plummer, Marshal. Present membership, 73. The lodge meets in the Grange Hall. Officers : A. W. Merserve, W. C. T .; Miss Nellie Sawyer, W. V. T .; Fred. L. Walker, See.
MERCHANTS.
Enoch Gammon, Sr., succeeded Benj. Goodridge in 1824. Mr. Gammon built a hotel in 1829, and in 1834-35 moved his goods into the brick store which was afterwards occu- pied by George Goodridge and Thomas Edes, from 1858 to 1863, when Enoch Gammon, Jr., son of the first proprietor, became a party to the firm of Edes & Gammon, who are dealers in general merchandise. They are quoted as among the most substantial business firms in the State.
Washington Gray, a prominent citizen, was for many years a merchant at Naples.
Harrison O. Knight, one of the most popular and suecess- ful business men of the town, began selling goods in 1843, and continued in active business until 1870.
B. F. Wentworth, an industrious blacksmith, opened a shop in the village in 1847, and by diligent industry has made himself one of the leading men of the town. He opened a general supply store in the Grange building iu 1876.
Zebulon Jackson sold goods in Naples from 1870 to 1874, and was succeeded by Philip O. Cannell. Samuel Leavitt began the sale of dry-goods and notions from a wagon in 1871. M. Skillings-tinware and stoves-was established 1878.
MANUFACTURERS.
Edes & Gammon, clothing, established by Thomas E. Edes and Enoch Gammon, Jr., 1871 ; Portland Packing
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HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY, MAINE.
Company, eanned sweet corn and vegetables, established 1872.
PHYSICIANS.
Dr. Joshua Leavitt filled the position of first physician while attending to the eares of his farm. Dr. Thomas Perley, Jr., brother of Samuel F. Perley, a prominent eiti- zen, practiced medicine in Naples for some years previous to the war of 1861, leaving his praetiee for the position of a surgeon in the United States army. Dr. Iloratio D. Torrey practiced in Naples from 1854 to 1872. Dr. Eugene Brooks in 1872. I. C. Sawyer commenced the practice of medieine in Naples in 1864, and has built himself an hon- orable record as a physician. Dr. Charles Y. Lord, a young physician from Wales, York Co., located in Naples in December, 1878.
Among the most prominent early citizens of the town were Benjamin Goodridge, Enoch Gammon, Thomas Perley, Abraham W. Chute, James Sanborn, John West, and Asa Warren, who was burned in his dwelling while trying to save the life of his son. Mr. Warren was highly respected. More recently, Samuel F. Perley, Wilkinson Edes, Robert Edes, town elerk for fourteen successive years; John G. Cannell, B. F. Wentworth, Daniel Richardson, who have each represented the town in the State Legislature, have acquired the respect of their fellow-townsmen.
MILITARY.
SOLDIERS OF 1812.
Phineas Hoyt, Solomon Lamb, Joshua Goodridge, John Lord, David Lord, Joab Libby, Lieut. Samuel Leach.
MILITIA OF 1834.
On petition of William B. Wisner and others, the first militia company of Naples was ordered to meet at " James Sanborn's inn," on Saturday, Jan. 24, 1835, to cleet officers. Enoch Gammon was chosen Captain, John G. Cannell, Lieutenant, and Lyman Ilall, Ensign. They were a part of the 2d Regiment, Ist Brigade, 5th Division of the Militia of Maine, and were known as K Company. Thomas Chute was Orderly Sergeant and Clerk. The musicians were Hon. Samuel F. Perley, Fifer ; William Jackson, See- ond Bass Drum ; and Col. Daniel Chaplin, Drummer. Col. Chaplin earned his eagles in the war of 1861-65, as an officer of the Lumbermen's Regiment of Maine, organized at Bangor. Phineas Hoyt, an old drummer of 1812, played for them, but was not a member of the company. William Lamb, Asa Warren, Hiram Leach, and James Chute were sergeants.
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