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II. Division of Animal Industry.
Animal Industry The Division of Animal Industry has charge of promot- ing the increase and improvement of the livestock indus- try. This division works in conjunction with the various agricultural organizations of the state.
203
AGRICULTURE
Dairy Inspection The Bureau of Dairy Inspection has charge of the sani- tary conditions surrounding the production, shipment and distribution of milk and cream. Inspection is made throughout the state. Samples are taken and analyzed. Those who adulter- ate the milk are brought before the court. If milk shows dirt, visits are made at the point of production or distribution, and instruction given in . cleanliness.
III. Division of Markets
Markets This Division works in conjunction with the Farmers' Union and the Fruit Growers' Association, whose purpose is the promotion of better grading, packing and more careful marketing of fruit.
The New England Milk Producers' Association has a larger field of operation in Maine than in any other state. This Division was largely instrumental in its organization and growth in the state.
There are 130 local organizations with a membership of many thou- sands. The Sweet Corn Growers of the state have been organized into about 70 local associations, several county and one state association. The object is to improve the crop, save in the purchase of supplies and secure a uniform price for corn.
The Division is also trying to develop home markets for Maine farm products, and to keep farmers posted on crop production and market prices throughout the country.
A Bureau of Statistics is being organized for collection of information bearing upon crops, livestock and agricultural resources.
IV. Division of Inspection
Inspection
Food and Fertilizer In 1914 the inspection of foods, drugs, fertilizers and vari- ous other articles was placed in this department. The serv- ice employs a chief clerk, stenographer, from three to ten inspectors and a number of chemists. It inspects the sani- tary condition in bakeries, ice-cream and candy establishments, meat shops, slaughter houses and other food producing or handling places. It looks after all kinds of food to see that they are up to the standard require- ments. It registers, samples and analyzes about 500 brands of fertilizers. It does the same with all the large number of feeding stuffs, insecticides and fungicides, brought into the state for sale, and has charge of the inspection of seeds brought into the state.
Weights and Measures Standard weights and measures approved by the Bureau of Standards at Washington, are maintained at the State House. Each town and city is obliged to have a set of standards with which the scales, weights and measures used in the town
204
THE MAINE BOOK
and city, are compared by the local sealers. All local sealers are under the jurisdiction of the State Sealer. All local standards have to be shipped to the State House once in five years, to be compared with the national standard. Grading In this bureau from two to five inspectors look after the quality of apples packed and sold in the state. and Packing of Apples
Fairs
There are three state fairs and about 50 county and local fairs receiving a stipend from the state, and it is the duty of the department to visit each of these and make a record of its work.
Institutes Much educational work is done by the Department. In 1917 about 300 addresses were given by members and representatives of the Department, to which there were over 15,000 lis- teners.
Bulletins The Department of Agriculture publishes four quarterly bulletins each year. Each bulletin is on the topic that is of greatest interest at the time it is published. They average about 75 pages and are usually well illustrated. Those published in 1919 had for subjects, "Seed and Plant Improvement," "Sheep Raising on Maine Farms," "Papers and Addresses Delivered Before the Various Farm Organizations of the State," "Orchard Operations and Packing of Fruit." These bulle- tins are distributed throughout the state, going into nearly every town and reaching the families of over ten thousand farmers. The Department is now securing copy for a bulletin to be published in 1920, outlining the agricultural resources of the state and their development.
The results of the analysis of foods, feeds, poisons and fertilizers were published in pamphlet form and distributed among interested par- ties. The annual reports of the Department, the transactions of the State Pomological Society, Maine Dairymen's Association, Maine Seed Improvement Association and the Maine Livestock Breeders' Association have been published and distributed to the number of 5,000. Various other pamphlets have been published and disrtibuted.
Employees The Department is under the direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture. Each of the ten Bureaus has a Director, while ten to thirty men are employed in the field. In addition to this staff there are two clerks and five stenographers employed in the office.
Financial This Department had an appropriation of $316,127.28 given Statement it by the Legislature of 1919 to use in the interests and for the development of agriculture in Maine. Salary and clerk hire only amounts to $23,230.00.
AGRICULTURE
Crop Statistics
Crop
Year
Acres
Average Yield
Production
Price Dec. 1
Total Value
Value per Acre
Corn (Grain)
1918
23,000
45 bu.
1,035,000
$ 1.67
$ 1,728,000
$ 75.15
1919
20,000
55 bu.
1,100,000
1.95
2,145,000
107.25
Spring Wheat
1918
22,000
22 bu.
484,000
2.37
1,147,000
52.1
1919
12,000
19 bu.
228,000
2.20
501,600
41.8(
Oats
1918
169,000
40 bu.
6,760,000
.90
6,084,000
36.06
Barley
1918
6,000
25 bu.
150,000
1.49
224,000
37.25
1919
6,000
28 bu.
168,000
1.70
286,000
47.60
Buckwheat
1918
17,000
20 bu.
340,000
1.50
510,000
30.00
Potatoes
1918
112,000
200 bu.
22,400,000
1.20
26,880,000
240.00
1919
102,000
240 bu.
24,480,000
1.40
34,272,000
336.00
Hay-Tame
1918
1,108,000
1.15 T.
1,274,000
13,90
17,709,000
15.98
1919
1,120,000
1.30 T.
1,456,000
18.70
27,227,000
24.31
Hay-Wild
1918
24,000
.90 T.
22,000
14.00
308,000
12.60
1919
25,000
1.00 T.
25,000
18.00
450,000
18.00
Apples
1918
655,400
(Commercial)
1919
601,000
3.00
1,803,000
Apples
1918
2,010,000
1.00
2,010,000
(Agricultural)
1919
5,558,000
1.00
5,558,000
Pears
1918
20,000
1919
44,000
Sweet Corn
1918
14,000
1919
15,500
14 bu.
238,000
1919
12,000
17 bu.
204,000
Livestock
Kind
Number
Value
Horses
110,447
$11,011,926.00
Colts
9,688
655,368.00
Cows
149,905
6,108,622.00
Other cattle
75,940
2,733,263.00
Sheep
106,775
781,612.00
Swine
49,137
733,837.00
Yearlings (exempt from taxation)
57,737
914,081.00
Poultry
1,287,087
1,332,115.97
Poultry produced
751,214.93
Eggs produced
2,307,470.72
1919
169,000
34 bu.
5,746,000
.92
5,286,000
31.28
1919
17,000
24 bu.
408,000
1.75
714,000
42.00
226,000
2.90
Beans
1918
17,000
205
Five year old apple tree (Stark). Finest tree of its age inspected by Department of Agriculture in 1919. Height, 15 feet; diameter of head, 16x16 feet; diameter one foot above ground, 4$4 inches.
CHAPTER XXXVII
COTTON INDUSTRY
History Cotton is found in Asia, Africa and America. The Chinese are known to have manufactured cloth from cotton as early as 500 B. C. and in India there are old books, in which cotton is mentioned, that were written eight hundred years before the birth of Christ.
Annual Value In the United States between 12,000,000 and 14,000,00 bales are raised annually. This is about three-fourths of the crop of the entire world. Of this about one-third is manufactured in our own country. Such a crop represents, in value of fibre, seed and other by-products, in excess of two thousand millions of dollars, or double the world's production of gold in any one year since the discovery of the yellow metal. In twenty years the production in the United States has increased from 6,650,000 bales to 14,000,000 of 500 pounds each. Its farm value has increased from eight to thirty cents a pound, and the acreage from 27,000,000 to 35,000,000.
Foreign Trade Exports of the fibre have grown from 5,000,000 to 10,500,- 000 bales and of the manufactured cloths from $30,000,000 to $52,000,000 in value. Twenty years ago cotton by- products were practically worthless. Last year exports of cotton-seed oil alone were worth $21,694,345. Today, the by-products alone would make cotton a profitable crop. The world's production has kept pace with that of this country in average increase, but the United States continues to grow somewhat more than two-thirds of the whole.
Cotton Goods The manufacture of cotton goods in Maine was begun about one hundred years ago. One of the pioneer mills was established in Brunswick in 1809, another at Wilton in 1810, and a third in Gardiner in 1811. In 1820 returns made to the legislature show that there were nine cotton and woolen factories in Maine, but it is probable that a majority of them were woolen mills. It has been stated by apparently good authority that there were then six small woolen mills in the state. The capital invested was small, only $11,000 for the nine mills.
The manufacture of cotton goods has for a long time been one of the most important industries of the state, for several decades taking first rank, and is still increasing: yet, in 1905, on the basis of capital invested, it took second rank, pulp and paper being first, and on the basis of value of product it was exceeded only by pulp and paper and lumber and timber products.
207
208
THE MAINE BOOK
Statistics At the present time there are in the state sixteen mills devoted to the manufacture of cotton goods. Fourteen of these mills are producing cotton goods, exclusively. Two are combined with the woolen industry. According to the Official Textile Directory of 1917, these factories represent a total valuation of $19,388,000 and employ 13,827 people, of whom 7,606 are females and 6,221 male workers. Fifteen of these sixteen mills allow helpers between the ages of fourteen and six- teen to be employed. The assessed valuation on these mills, given by the State Board of Assessors, is $12,336,460.
Water power only is used to run six of the sixteen mills, three are run by a combination of water power and electricity, five use water and steam, while one employs all three forms of power. There are 944,274 spindles and 28,119 looms contained in these factories.
Location In 1820, of the nine mills representing both cotton and woolen establishments, two were located in Cumberland
of Mills County, one in Hancock, two in Kennebec, two in Lincoln and two in York. In 1917, half of the sixteen mills were located in Andros- coggin County, three in Cumberland, three in Kennebec and two in York.
209
COTTON INDUSTRY
Cotton Industry
Number of Establishment
Total Value of Product 1917
Total Am't of Pay Roll 1917
Men
Women
Males between 14 and 16 years
Females between 14 and 16 years
123 1 2 3
$ .
$ 82,143 83
21
125
3
4,477,984 83
1,172,920 91
1,120
970
35
47
4
213,607 51
37,793 45
40
31
5
62,400 00
9,153 31
2
30
6
18,000 00
8
51
-
7
234,000 00
19,375 15
3
45
8
80,000 00
8,776 40
2
24
1
9
49,070 33
21,090 85
4
40
1
10
2,639,381 66
512,121 30
420
440
31
51
11
100,000 00
10,610 17
3
30
12
2,250,232 49
390,957 05
356
328
19
19
13
17,000 00
3,000 00
3
15
14
1,945,480 00
540,868 31
413
312
20
20
16
1,984,357 45
345,714 67
222
270
25
20
17
165,629 49
25,474 53
22
30
18
1,266,143 14
153,991 19
140
95
1
1
19
75,856 00
11,384 00
2
23
20
22,368 00
7,800 00
4
14
21
50,534 36
20,305 09
6
36
23
60,000 00
20,000 00
2
40
25
852,703 79
160,530 05
50
200
1
26
1,783,156 39
410,951 60
260
390
5
3
27
1,905,993 54
504,934 34
324
429
11
6
28
413,409 74
137,620 85
92
107
2
29
3,919,793 64
1,178,680 23
896
905
2
30
2,605,715 00
669,584 62
442
563
31
1,045,625 17
367,523 66
470
145
1
32
696,079 52
129,329 65
90
110
4
4
$29,239,167 75
$ 9,029,444 77
7,285
7,229
232
220
15
41,845 70
6,871 50
5
6
22
1,930 00
1
3
-
-
1
30
24
280,800 00
2,050,007 83
1,861
1,392
77
43
Average Number Employed 1918
CHAPTER XXXVIII
WOOLEN INDUSTRY
The great clothing-wool-producing countries of the world are Austra- lia, South America, the United States and South Africa. The world's wool production for 1910 was estimated at 2,952,782,985 pounds, of which the United States was supposed to have raised about 321,362,750 pounds, over one-tenth of the total. The largest producer of the best wool, that is, of the finest fibre, is Australia.
It is estimated that about two-thirds of the clothing-wool used by the American manufacturers is raised in the United States. There are eight hundred thousand farmers and stockmen in this country who own sheep and are interested in the growth of wool.
The change from hand-made woolens to the factory product in the state of Maine, was not rapid, as in 1820 there were reported only six fac- tories and they were very small affairs compared with the mills of more recent date. In fact, as late as 1850, and in the newer settled parts of the state much later, the weaving by the hand loom of woolen goods for men's wear was continued in many homes, the warp being generally of cotton and the filling of homespun woolen.
Woolen Mills In 1860, the number of woolen mills reported in Maine was twenty-eight with a capital value of $940,400. The average number of hands employed was 1,064, of which number 565 were men and 499 women. In 1900 the industry gave employment to 4,594 men, 2,361 women, and 200 children under sixteen years of age. At this time the number of mills had increased to seventy-nine with a capital of $14,- 128,693.
The census figures for 1905 show but seventy-two mills, some of the smaller ones having dropped out of business while some others were enlarged. During the five years the capital invested increased to $17,- 552,404 and the number of operatives to 8,743.
According to the Official Textile Directory of 1917 the number of mills reported in operation is fifty-eight with a capital value of $7,562,000 exclusive of the American Woolen Company mills. The assessed value on these mills, given by the Board of State Assessors, is $4,116,656. There are employed in these factories 8,440 of whom 5,458 are male and 2,982 female workers. Of this number 122 are children under sixteen years of age, employed in nineteen of the fifty-eight concerns.
210
211
WOOLEN INDUSTRY
These mills contain 487 sets, 167,952 spindles and 4,463 looms. Six- teen mills are run by water power alone, four by electricity, and ten use a combination of the three powers, water, electricity and steam. The remaining twenty-eight use some two of these powers combined.
Woolen Goods Maine is well up among the states in the manufacture of - woolen goods. In 1900 only Massachusetts and Pennsyl- vania exceeded it in the product of carded woolens, while it took sixth rank in the combined woolen industry, which includes carpets and rugs, felt goods and wool hats, in addition to carded woolens and worsted goods.
While the cotton mills occupy the large powers on our main rivers, the woolen mills, for the most part, are located on the smaller streams, so that the woolen industry is scattered over a much larger area of the state and where we find cotton mills in only four of our sixteen counties, there are but three counties which do not contain some established woolen industry.
15
.
212
THE MAINE BOOK
Woolen Industry
Number of
Establishment
Total Value of Product 1917
Total Am't of Pay Roll 1917
Men
Women
Males between 14 and 16 years
Females between 14 and 16 years
123456789 5 6 7 8 9
$ 517,805 69
$ 38,634 66
43
45
14
2
300,000 00
60,000 00
58
49
3
1
5,793,706 18
1,147,257 54
724
632
40
27
4,086,221 93
942,988 14
627
434
19
8
521,275 00
75,076 15
68
20
65,000 00
14,000 00
10
40
10
3,500 00
500
00
2
1
11
1,797,642 58
179,250 46
17
78
5
6
12
1,043,519 37
191,358 66
158
43
13
577,038 92
128,826 43
97
54
14
1,115,711 47
174,078 72
130
58
15
2,554,804 88
331,900 97
295
49
1
16
989,765
162,439 36
120
60
1
17
1,317,303 82
170,124 16
150
95
18
1,494,321 80
241,251 23
180
73
19
1,099,435 06
178,573 83
130
62
2
20
448,607 23
27,194 90
40
5
22
117,459 68
18,543 68
11
30
23
33,470 42
35
10
24
120,242 77
203,239 47
144
72
28
922,487 42
142,564 82
92
50
29
1,009,822
25
164,076 64
73
30
752,937 47
123,095 08
102
30
31
1,535,261 55
185,253 70
132
71
32
326,915 25
74,397 19
60
36
33
604,854 84
59,433 15
70
27
1
34
880,564 90
132,455 55
135
69
1
35
718,564 58
72,575 31
91
33
36
140,000 00
42,932 00
30
75
37
413,364 39
64,753 14
52
24
38
838,610 49
158,798 46
113
114
1,872,267 60
292,944 40
208
48
6
co
40 41
251,878 78
86,737 57
46
36
42
570,000 00
78,080 99
63
25
43
207,939 32
33,278 97
30
23
44
375,000 00
75,000 00
40
40
45
34,508 03
16,258 84
36
6
2,125,648 46
477,837 53
400
100
8
104,000 00
25,032 00
35
485,554 74
97,467 82
69
34
49
430,350 00
68,575 49
80
60
1
50
442,110 00
78,220 28
76
36
51 52
527,982 73
107,531 67
93
27
54
1,004,099 53
159,144 00
175
100
1
55
619,167 03
90,339 42
101
34
56
467,500 00
116,111 99
89
60
57
93,776 19
33,138 26
16
186
58
11,272 64
5,834 23
5
3
59
90,706 14
16,868 36
6
45
60
862,187 74
120,192 99
125
50
2
61
1,839,303 26
314,338 68
288
154
5
1
62
419,986 79
85,608 71
78
40
1
1
63
609,016 68
84,558 34
65
50
64
500,000 00
110,000 00
48
75
65
494,763 00
116,514 00
100
67
1
66
479,852 86
76,489 09
140
55
1
$50,783,687 19
$ 8,783,570 69
6,746
4,115
106
54
1
60,606 26
24
71
4
25 26
642,206 99
87,785 63
60
40
27
1,186,583 60
1
36,107 53
29
14
545,000 00
92,209 74
48
40
39
955,676
22
140,799 03
113
34
46 47 48
co
25,402 24
4,564 94
7
4
53
3,900 00
4
8
21
18,000 00
6
30
11,873 64
2
18
403,197 72
38
1
1:
1
1
3 I col
1
1
22,583 47
22
Average Number Employed 1918
A MORNING CATCH FROM LAKE WINNECOOK, MAINE
CHAPTER XXXIX
THE FISHING INDUSTRY
The fisheries along the coast of Maine were very attractive to the discoverers and early visitors to our shores. These early navigators spoke enthusiastically of the abundance and immense size of the cod and other fish they found in these waters. In 1614, Captain John Smith while cruis- ing along the coast, took possession of Monhegan Island and established a headquarters there, from which more or less extensive fishing operations were conducted.
In 1622, when the Pilgrims at Plymouth became reduced to a state of almost starvation, it was to Monhegan that Winslow came in his shallop - for relief. It was from this English settlement that his immediate wants
Winslow at Monhegan were supplied, the generous hearted fishermen refusing pay for what they furnished. Of this incident Winslow wrote: "We not only got a present supply, but also learned the way to those parts for our future benefit." On this visit Winslow found thirty ships at Monhegan and Damariscove, ships of different nation- alities, some seeking a way to the Indies, some hunting for gold, while others were there for fish and furs.
The fisheries have entered into nearly all the international negotia- tions in which Maine has been at all interested. It is only within the last few years that some of the questions which have been pending since the close of the Revolutionary War have been brought to a final adjustment. One author has said: "The fisheries of New England furnished our first articles of export and laid the foundations of our navigation and commerce. « We have seen through all the changes and chances of our Colonial submission from its commencement to its termination; through the war of the Revolution and in the negotiations for peace ; in the conven- tion that framed and in the state convention that considered the constitu- tion of the United States; in the first Congress, and in the negotiations at the close of the war of 1812, that the fisheries occupied a prominent place, and were often the hinge on which turned questions of vast impor- tance."
Growth From 1765 to 1775, Maine employed in cod fishery 60 of Fisheries vessels annually, amounting to 1,000 tons, and manned by 230 seamen; and exported annually to Europe and the West Indies, about 12,000 quintals, of a value of $48,000. During the Revo-
214
215
THE FISHING INDUSTRY
lution this branch of trade was nearly cut off, but from 1786 to 1790 about 30 vessels were annually employed, amounting to 300 tons and manned by 120 seamen. The exports were to Europe 1,000 quintals valued at $3.00 per quintal; and to the West Indies 3,500 quintals at $2.00, a total value of $10,000.
From 1820 to 1826 inclusive, the total fishing tonnage of the United States averaged 63,987 tons per annum, while that of Maine averaged 12,326 tons, being 19} per cent, or nearly one-fifth of the whole.
Money Invested Three million dollars are invested in this industry, includ- ing vessels and their apparatus. Approximately 12,000 persons, exclusive of the sardine industry, get their living direct from our fisheries. The annual value of the lobster catch is two million dollars ; of herring, two and a half million; clams, four hundred thousand ; mackerel, one hundred thousand; smelts, one hundred thousand; other salt water fish, one million. These include only those sold as taken from the water, not reckoning salted and dried fish, such as cod, haddock, hake and cusk.
Canned Fish The herring fishery is one of the most important indus- tries. Canning of sardines gives greater employment than any other branch. About two million cases are annually packed, sold at $10,000,000. Other branches of the great canning industry, establish- ments of which are scattered here and there along the sea-board, are clams, in value $500,000; lobsters, $2,000,000; smelts, $96,000; alewives, $30,000; mackerel, $100,000; shad, $20,000; salmon, $22,000; and other fish, $5,000. In fish canning and preserving are employed nearly six thousand persons who receive wages of $900,000. The total annual product is five million dollars.
Sea & Shore Fisheries Department Prior to 1867 there was no official head to this depart- ment but the governor of the state appointed wardens to enforce the laws. In 1867 a resolve entitled "Resolve Relating to Restoration of Sea Fish Through the Rivers and Inland Waters of Maine" was passed by the legislature. Authority over game was given this Commission on March 9, 1880. In 1885 the law was amended so that in addition to the two persons appointed Com- missioners of Fisheries & Game, the governor should appoint one other commissioner to have general supervision of the Sea & Shore Fisheries. In 1895 by legislative act the two departments were entirely separated.
The legislature of 1917 abolished the office of Commissioner of Sea & Shore Fisheries and created in place thereof, a Sea & Shore Fisheries Commission ; the Commission to appoint a Director of Sea and Shore Fish- eries with all the powers and duties of the former commissioner.
For the year 1918 Maine appropriated $30,200 for the protection and
216
THE MAINE BOOK
development of this great industry. The state employs twenty-five per- sons in this work.
Inland In 1917 the Fish and Game Commission was abolished and
Fisheries the work of the Department is now handled by one official
designated as Commissioner of Inland Fisheries and Game. His duties, in general, are the propagation and protection of fish and the protection of game and birds.
Fish The state department maintains eleven fish hatcheries, situated at Caribou, Enfield, Tunk Pond, Moosehead Lake,
Hatcheries (near Greenville Junction), Lake Moxie, North Belgrade, Monmouth, East Auburn, Oquossoc, Raymond and Camden, in which hatch- eries are annually raised from four to five millions of landlocked salmon, trout and togue for stocking the inland waters of this state.
Wardens A force of wardens, varying from seventy-five to one hun- dred, is on duty throughout the year engaged in the enforcement of the inland fish and game laws.
Since July, 1917, the Department has had placed at its
Protection disposal the fees collected for non-resident fishermen's
of Fish licenses ($2 each), which are set apart as a fund and expended solely for the propagation and protection of inland fish. In 1917 these fees amounted to $15,000.
The Department annually collects in license fees, fines, and from miscellaneous sources from forty to fifty thousand
Fines and Fees dollars, which money is paid to the State Treasurer and credited to the general state fund, the Department receiving no benefit from it.
Income Some years ago a census was taken, although incomplete, from Visitors of the number of non-residents who visited the inland ter- ritory of the state in a single season, to fish, hunt or spend a vacation. These incomplete returns showed that at least 133,000 non-residents came to Maine that season; in 1909 the Labor Bureau also made a canvass, with a view of securing information as to the extent of this industry, and from information secured, placed the annual number of visitors to all parts of Maine at approximately 400,000 in number. Authorities best qualified to judge estimate that these visitors spend from $50 to $100 each, on an average, within our borders, for railroad and steamboat fares, hotel bills, guides' wages, team hire, camp supplies, etc., thus largely in consequence of the presence of inland fish and wild game in our state, an industry has developed which brings to the state annually at least $30,000,000.
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