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Mar. 11-British take Bagdad.
Mar. 12-15-Russian revolution; Czar deposed.
Mar. 27-British defeat Turks at Gaza.
April 6-United States enters war; fleet sails for Europe.
May 18-Selective service act in force.
June 5-10,000,000 Americans register for army.
June 12-Greeks depose King Constantine.
June 15-First Liberty loan over-subscribed.
June 26-First U. S. division lands in France.
July 9-Food and fuel control begins in United States.
July 28-Kerensky heads new Russian republic.
Aug. 28-United States rejects Pope's peace note.
Sept. 20-Germans defeated by British at Ypres.
Oct. 23-Yankees enter trenches. C Bat. 6th Art. fires first shot.
Oct. 25-Yankees take first German prisoner.
Oct. 26-Italians routed at Caporetto. Second Liberty Loan over-subscribed.
Nov. 2-First Yankees killed.
Nov. 28-Bolsheviki overthrow Kerensky.
Dec. 7-United States declares war on Austria-Hungary.
Dec. 8-British capture Jerusalem.
Dec. 31-204.965 U. S. troops in France.
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BRIEF CHRONOLOGY OF THE WORLD WAR
1918
Jan. 5-President Wilson announces fourteen peace points.
Jan. 28-Italians defeat Germans at Adagio.
Feb. 2-Yankees take over Toul sector.
Feb. 5-United States troop ship Tuscania torpedoed.
Feb. 9-Ukraine surrenders to Germans.
Mar. 1-Yankees beat off German attack at Toul.
Mar. 3-Bolsheviki sign abject peace with Central Powers.
Mar. 11-First All-American raid on Germans in Toul sector.
Mar. 21-German drive on Amiens starts.
Mar. 23-Paris bombarded by long range gun-76 miles.
Mar. 25-Germans reach Somme. U. S. engineers stop gap in line.
Mar. 28-General Foch named by Allied War Council as generalissimo of Entente forces.
April 4-Germans start channel port drive.
April 16-Germans take Messines ridge.
April 17-First U. S. division in battle line at Montdidier.
April 21-26th Division beats off German attack at Seicheprey.
April 23-British navy bottles Zeebrugge.
April 26-Germans take Mount Kemmel.
May 5-Third Liberty Loan over-subscribed.
May 5-Austrians start drive on Italy.
May 27-Germans start drive on Marne.
May 28-First Yankee offensive (1st Division) takes Cantigny.
June 1-Germans cross Marne; 46 miles from Paris.
June 3-U boats raid American shipping off New Jersey coast.
June 4-French and United States troops compel Germans to recross Marne.
June 6-American marines capture part of Belleau wood.
June 7-Massacre of 10,000 Armenians in the Caucasus reported. United States troops advance northwest of Chateau Thierry.
June 13-French and Americans definitely check German offensive.
June 15-Austrian offensive along the Piave.
June 23-Italians throw Austrians back across the Piave.
June 25-U. S. marines clear Belleau Wood.
July 1-British and American marines land in Kola, Russia. American advance in Chateau Thierry region.
July 4-Australians and Americans capture Hamel and repulse three counter attacks.
July 12-Eleven U. S. divisions on battle front.
July 15-Last German offensive, up Marne toward Epernay.
July 15-Yankee troops cooperate with British at Murman, northern Russia.
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THE MAINE BOOK
July 17-German troops checked by Franco-American defense.
July 18-French and Americans counter attack between Aisne and Marne. German flank smashed.
July 19-22-Yankees take Berzy-le-Sec, Tigny, Epieds, Jaulgonne, Bu- zancy.
July 22-Franco-Americans penetrate deeper into German line. Crown Prince summons help from the North.
July 29-Yankee troops defeat Prussian Guards on Soissons-Chateau Thierry front.
July 31-Onondaga Indians of New York declare war on Germany.
Aug. 2-Germans begin general retreat in Aisne-Ourcq region.
United States troops land at Archangel.
Aug. 8-British and French launch offensive between Amiens and Mon- didier, penetrate German lines seven miles.
Aug. 10-Allies capture Montdidier.
Aug. 15-United States troops landing at Vladisvostok.
Aug. 23-British new offensive between Somme and Arras.
Aug. 28-Allies repel Bolshevik forces in big battle on Ussuri front.
Aug. 31-Germans begin retreat in Flanders, giving up Mt. Kemmel.
Sept. 3-United States formally recognizes Czecho-Slovaks as a co-bellig- erent nation.
Sept. 5-German retreat extends from Rheims to the sea-150 mile front. Sept. 12-First All-American offensive at St. Mihiel.
13,000,000 American men register under new draft.
Sept. 13-St. Mihiel salient eliminated.
Sept. 19-British rout Turkish army in Palestine, breaking through on a nineteen mile front.
Sept. 22-Nazareth captured by British.
Sept. 26-Yankees begin Argonne offensive.
Sept. 27-Bulgaria asks for armistice following defeat in Macedonia.
Sept. 30-Bulgaria surrenders to Allies.
Oct. 6-Germans ask United States for armistice. Austria sends similar note.
Oct. 8-United States refuses armistice terms of Germans.
Oct. 14-Allies in great offensive from Lys River northward in Flanders.
Oct. 19-Austria's proposal for armistice rejected by United States.
Oct. 29-Italians break Austrian defence; enemy retreats.
Oct. 31-Austria asks for armistice.
Turkey unconditionally surrenders.
Nov. 4-Austria agrees to armistice terms.
German defence in Verdun region broken.
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BRIEF CHRONOLOGY OF THE WORLD WAR
Nov. 7-Revolution in Germany. Yankees capture Sedan. Germans send to Foch for armistice terms. Nov. 9-Emperor of Germany abdicates. General allied advance on entire front. Nov. 11-Armistice signed.
COLONEL HUME PRESENTING THE FLAGS OF 103d INFANTRY TO GOVERNOR MILLIKEN, JUNE 14, 1919
CHAPTER V
HISTORY OF THE 2d REGIMENT NATIONAL GUARD STATE OF MAINE (103d Inf. 26th Div. A. E. F.) IN THE WORLD WAR
April 13, 1917-National Guard companies ordered to report at armories.
July 5-Mobilized at Augusta, Maine.
Aug. 5-Drafted into federal service.
Aug. 19-Entrained for Westfield, Mass.
Aug. 22-Created as new regiment, 103d Infantry, with addition of men from 1st N. H. 6th and 8th Mass., 1st Vt. and R. I. Cavalry. Sept. 25-Sailed from New York.
Oct. 10-Landed in Liverpool, England.
Oct. 16-Left Southampton for France.
Oct. 17-Landed at La Havre.
Oct. 19-Feb. 5, 1918-Intensive training at Liffol-le-grand.
Feb. 6-Mar. 19-Brigaded with French north of Soissons (Chemin-des- Dames sector).
Feb. 23-Raid on enemy lines Grand Pont.
Mar. 24-Arrived at rest area Liffol-le-grand.
April 10-June 28-Occupation of Toul sector.
(Commended by General
June 16-German raid at Xivray-Marvoisin. Pershing and General Passaga for this action).
July 8-Chateau Thierry front.
July 18-24-Aisne-Marne offensive (Torcy, Belleau, Givry, Bouresches).
Aug. 1-Aug. 27-In rest areas.
Aug. 4-Memorial service at Ussy.
Sept. 6-Oct. 8-St. Mihiel salient.
Sept. 12-13-St. Mihiel offensive.
Sept. 26-Marcheville-Riaville engagement.
Oct. 6-Heavily bombarded with gas at Saulx.
Oct. 6-9-In support of St. Remy.
Oct. 15-Nov. 14-Neptune sector (Verdun or Meuse-Argonne).
Jan. 21, 1919-Ordered to embarkation centre. Headquarters established at Economy (Sarthe).
Mar. 14-Ordered to move to embarkation port.
April 5-7-Landed in Boston and reported at Camp Devens, Ayer, Mass.
April 25-In divisional parade, Boston.
April 26-28-Mustered out.
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CHAPTER VI OUR WAR GOVERNORS
WILLIAM KING
William King, first Governor of Maine, was born in Scarborough, Maine, February 9, 1768. His early life was spent in working in a lum- ber mill at Saco. On reaching manhood he obtained work in a sawmill at Topsham and afterward became proprietor of a mill and store of his own. In 1800 he moved to Bath, as the Kennebec river offered superior advan- tages for lumbering and shipbuilding. There he resided for over fifty years. Of good natural powers, strong-willed, self-reliant and ambitious, he became a wealthy merchant and one of the largest ship owners in the United States. He organized the first bank opened at Bath, and was its president. He owned much real estate in Bath and other parts of the state, including the whole town of Kingfield, which was named for him. He was one of the incorporators and principal owners of the first cotton mill in Maine, erected at Brunswick in 1809.
Mr. King began his political career by representing the town of Tops- ham at the general court in Boston in 1795 and 1796. In 1800 he was elected representative to the Massachusetts legislature from Bath, for three years, and in 1807 and 1808 was elected senator to represent the Lincoln district. His public record shows a desire to legislate for the people. His most important service, however, was the prominent part he took for seven years in the struggle for the separation of the district of Maine from Massachusetts. He presided over the convention that framed the constitution for the new state. In 1820 he was elected the first governor of Maine by an overwhelming majority; the duties of his position he discharged with marked ability. In 1821 he resigned to accept the appointment of U. S. Commissioner for the adjustment of Spanish claims in Florida. In 1828 he was appointed commissioner of public buildings for Maine, and was empowered to procure plans and estimates for the construction of a State Capitol at Augusta. This work he brought to a successful conclusion. From 1831 to 1834 he was collector of cus- toms at Bath. He was married in 1802 to Ann Frazier of Scarborough, and died in Bath, Maine, June 17, 1852.
Governor King was conspicuous as a military man. He was major- general of militia, and held the commission of colonel of the United States
28
William Kung
israel watchburush
Gente Whittaker
MAINE . WAR . GOVERNORS
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THE MAINE BOOK
Army, as recruiting officer of United States volunteers, in the District of Maine, upon the declaration of war in 1812. In 1814 he recruited a regiment in Bath, and was busy recruiting another when the war closed.
ISRAEL WASHBURN
Israel Washburn was born at Livermore, Maine, June 6, 1813, the eldest of seven sons, most of whom became eminent and three of whom were in Congress at the same time. He was not a college graduate, but under private instructors he became a fine classical scholar, and from his youth was a great student. At the age of eighteen he commenced the study of law, and three years later, 1834, was admitted to the bar. He commenced practice as a lawyer the same year at Orono. The lumbering interest in that part of the state was then of great importance and Mr. Washburn very soon entered on an extensive and lucrative practice, which continued until he was elected to Congress in 1850. He had served one term in the legislature in 1842.
First a Whig, he became the leader of the new Republican Party and it was as a Republican that he was elected to the office of Governor in 1860 and 1861. When the Civil War broke out Maine was utterly unpre- pared. The old militia system had fallen into disuse and neglect and there were neither drilled soldiers nor officers. Governor Washburn was justly called the War Governor, for within the two years while he was chief magistrate nearly 50,000 troops were marshalled and sent to the front, and it was acknowledged by the Department at Washington that no soldiers were better organized or did better fighting than the sons of the Pine Tree State. Governor Washburn was deeply impressed with the necessity of providing a defense for the extended coast line of Maine and appointed a committee to confer with the Federal Government in the matter. After much activity on his part work was commenced on the coast, particular attention being given to the strengthening of Port- land.
At the close of his second term, Governor Washburn declined to stand for re-election, but did serve as Collector of Portland from 1863-77. He refused in 1877 the presidency of Tufts College, of which he was long president of the board of trustees.
Governor Washburn was a busy contributor to magazines and reviews and prepared many addresses on political and literary subjects. Among his contributions may be mentioned papers on Charles Lamb; Walter Sav- age Landor; Gamaliel Bailey, Modern Civilization; The Logic and the End of the Rebellion; The Powers and Duty of Congress in Respect to Suffrage ; Secular and Compulsory Education. He also published biographical notices and recollections of Chief Justice Ethan Shepley, George Evans and
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OUR WAR GOVERNORS
Edward Kent and a book entitled "Notes, Historical, Descriptive and Per- sonal of Livermore, Maine."
He died in Philadelphia, May 12, 1883.
ABNER COBURN
Abner Coburn, Maine's twenty-fourth governor, was born March 22, 1803, in the part of Canaan which is now Skowhegan. He was the second of the fourteen children of Eleazer and Mary Weston Coburn. His educa- tion was obtained in the district schools with a few terms at Bloomfield Academy. For a time he worked on the farm summers and taught winters for ten dollars a month and board. He learned surveying of his father. In 1830 he with his father and brother, Philander, formed the firm of E. Coburn and Sons. Their business was surveying, buying land and cutting timber. In 1845 after the death of his father the firm name was changed to A. & P. Coburn. By 1870 they owned in Maine alone, 450,000 acres, about 700 square miles, besides extensive tracts of land in the West. Abner Coburn was also interested in the railroad development of the state. He owned largely in the Somerset and Kennebec road, later in the Kenne- bec and Portland road and was a president of the Maine Central. Keen and shrewd business man that he was, he was also interested and active in politics. He was first a Federalist, then a Whig, and finally a Republi- can. In 1838 he was a member of the Maine House of Representatives and was returned to that body again in 1840 and 1844. In 1855 and 1857 he served on the Governor's council. In 1860 he cast his vote as an elector for Lincoln. When Governor Washburn in 1862 wished to retire, the great business ability and absolute integrity of Abner Coburn made him the log- ical successor. He was elected Governor in 1863 in perhaps the most try- ing year of the war. People were tired, and there was a strong "peace at any price" party in the state. His courage, loyalty and deep devotion to the Union gave the state a most efficient administration. He governed it on business principles and made it successful. His last public service was in 1884 when he acted as chairman of the Republican presidential electors. He died January 4, 1885.
He was deeply interested in education and gave largely to its exten- sion. Colby College, the University of Maine and Coburn Classical In- stitute are some of his beneficiaries. He did not forget the town in which he lived his long and useful life. The fine court house and the public library are his gifts.
In a letter written shortly after his death, Blaine wrote of him: "He was, if humanity can ever attain perfection, an absolutely just man in all his dealings. And beyond thé severe demands of justice, he was always kind and even generous to his fellow-men. * * The large fortune which
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ABNER COBURN
SAMUEL CONY
MAINE WAR GOVERNORS
33
OUR WAR GOVERNORS
his sagacity had enabled him to accumulate was in his own view a 'trust fund' which he held for the benefit of mankind, and the disposition of which was with him a matter of conscience."
SAMUEL CONY
Samuel Cony, the fourth of that name, was born in Augusta Feb- ruary 27, 1811. He was educated by private tutors and in China Acad- emy. He first attended Wakefield College, but later went to Brown Uni- versity, from which he graduated in 1829. He studied law with Hiram Belcher of Farmington and with his uncle, Reuel Williams of Augusta. In 1832 he was admitted to the bar, and began to practice in Old Town. At the age of twenty-two he was a representative to the legislature and at twenty-eight he was a member of the council of Governor Fairfield. He was appointed Judge of Probate for Penobscot County in 1840. In 1847 he was Land Agent. He was elected State Treasurer in 1850. He held this office for five years, which was the constitutional limit. He was elected mayor of Augusta in 1854. Up to 1861 he was a Democrat, but he disagreed with the party on the slavery question and vigorously supported the gov- ernment. In 1862 he represented the Republicans. in the state legislature. The next year he was nominated as Governor. He is said to have been selected by Blaine, who hoped in this way to unite the "war Democrats" with the Republicans, and his plan was a success for Judge Cony carried the state by a majority of 18,000. He was a worthy successor to Wash- burn and Coburn. He responded promptly to every call of the govern- ment for troops and supplies. He even advanced money out of his own private fortune to pay the soldiers. No one was more loyal to the cause of the Union than he. He served for three terms and refused to accept another nomination. At his last inaugural address, delivered in 1866, he was able to announce that the purpose which he had had before him from the beginning had been fulfilled, that the national flag should be seen "floating in unchallenged supremacy over its ancient and rightful bounda- ries." Upon his retirement to private life he resumed his law practice. He died in Augusta, October 5, 1870.
LLEWELLYN POWERS
Llewellyn Powers was born in Pittsfield, Somerset County, Maine, in 1836, and was the eldest of ten children. His parents, Arbra and Naomi (Mathews) Powers were of sturdy New England stock, several ancestors being in the Revolutionary war. He grew up in his native town, attended its common schools, spent two years at Colby College and then entered Albany Law School, where he graduated in 1860. In 1861 he began the practice of law at Houlton, Maine.
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THE MAINE BOOK
Recognizing his legal ability, the people of Aroostook County in 1865 elected him prosecuting attorney, which office he held for three terms. He was United States collector of customs during 1868-72, a member of the state legislature during 1874-76, and a Republican representative in Con- gress during 1877-79. He was again elected to the state legislature in 1895, becoming speaker of the house, and two years later he was elected gov- ernor. He was chosen a second time as governor. After retiring from the executive chair in 1901 he was chosen to succeed Charles A. Boutelle, resigned, as representative from the fourth Maine district to the fifty- seventh Congress, and was returned to Congress with each succeeding election, but was obliged to withdraw from the renomination to the sixty- first Congress, which had been tendered him by acclamation by the Repub- lican party in his district, on account of his continued ill health. He died July 28, 1908.
"Llewellyn Powers' administration as governor was one of the best that has ever been given the State of Maine. He gave to the office the same careful oversight that marked his private business, and on one occa- sion during the early part of the Spanish-American war, when there was strong pressure from all over the state to call an extra session of the leg- islature to appropriate money for the equipment of men and purchase of supplies for the expected volunteer regiment, he was opposed to it on account of the large and needless expense to the state, and, acting in accord with the judgment of other conservative business men of his party, refused to call the extra session, but when funds were necessary he advanced the large sum of money required, and his patriotic and public-spirited action was approved by the next legislature, which refunded the money he had advanced from his private purse."
CARL E. MILLIKEN
Carl E. Milliken of Island Falls will be known as The War Gov- ernor of Maine. Other chief executives there have been who have occu- pied the gubernatorial chair in belligerent days, but Governor Milliken, holding office during the progress of the greatest armed conflict the world has known, will always be known as The War Governor of the Pine Tree State.
Born in Pittsfield on July 13, 1877, Governor Milliken moved with his family to Augusta when he was eight years old. He graduated from the Cony High School in Augusta in 1893 and from Bates College at Lewiston in 1897. Following his graduation from Bates, he took a post-graduate course at Harvard and intended to become a teacher. But, while still in his early twenties, he became identified with the lumber industry and moved to Island Falls.
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OUR WAR GOVERNORS
In 1904, Governor Milliken was elected to his first state office when he was chosen to represent the town of Island Falls in the Maine House of Representatives. He served as a member of the House in 1905 and again in 1907. He was then elected for three successive terms as a mem- ber of the Maine Senate from Aroostook County. During his third term, in 1913, when he was but 35 years old, he was president of the upper chamber. In the primary election of 1916, Governor Milliken was given handsome support and received the Republican nomination for Governor over three opponents. He was elected governor in September, 1916, by a plurality of 13,500.
Ten years of service as a member of the legislature, coupled with naturally studious habits, fitted Governor Milliken admirably for the duties of his office. Soon after his inauguration, he showed a grasp of detail regarding the affairs in all departments of the state that was a surprise even to those who thought they knew him most intimately. His inaugural address was pronounced one of the finest ever delivered in the Maine Cap- itol, not only because of its intimacy with departmental and legal details but also because of the ease of diction and the eloquence with which it was delivered. A short war address, calling for an issue of a million dollars in bonds following the breaking off of diplomatic relations with Germany, was given the same high degree of praise by the citizens of Maine.
In addition to his identification with the affairs of Maine, Governor Milliken has many business interests, is prominent in church and social welfare work, is president of the Maine Central Institute at Pittsfield and a trustee of Bates College and in 1917 was given the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the latter institution.
Governor Milliken married Miss Emma Chase, a daughter of Presi- dent George C. Chase of Bates College, and they have seven children.
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WINTER WOOD SCENE
CHAPTER VII
GEOGRAPHY
Boundaries The State of Maine forms the northeastern part of the United States. It is about 300 miles long and 285 miles wide. Maine lies between 43º6' and 47º27'33" N. latitude; between 66°56' 48" and 71°6'41" W. longitude. The 45th parallel crosses the state within thirty miles of its geographical center. The boundaries are as follows :- The southern boundary, the Atlantic ocean, is 226 miles, 3640 feet long; the eastern boundary follows the St. Croix river to its source, thence due north to the St. John river, a distance of 195 miles ; the northern boundary extends from the St. John Grand Falls along the river to Crown Monu- ment a distance of 360 miles, 3950 feet; the western boundary extends from Crown Monument to the sea at the mouth of Piscataqua River near Kittery Point, a distance of 163 miles, 3760 feet.
Area The tenth census places the area at 33,845 square miles, a total land surface of 29,895 square miles. Maine is as large as New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Connecticut and Dela- ware combined. The state has had three surveys. In 1836 Dr. Charles T. Jackson was authorized by the legislature to make a survey. The result of his work is found in three reports published in 1837, 1838 and 1839 respectively. At the same time he explored the public lands and two reports were published in 1837 and 1838. Holmes made a survey of the Aroostook river section and published a report of his work in 1839 in one volume "Geology of Maine." In 1861 the legislature ordered a sur- vey by Hitchcock and Holmes; two reports were made, 1861-1862, both published in one volume.
Kames A remarkable feature of the surface is a system of kames, or horse-backs, sometimes called hog-backs. Prof. Stone describes thirty-one different systems of these kames, varying in length from 1 to 150 miles, seventeen of which are 40 miles or over in length.
Mountains The area of the mountains of Maine is about 6,600 square miles. Our highest mountain, Katahdin, is 5,248 feet in height. The mountains consist of peaks more or less conical in form. The chief are Mount Abraham, Saddleback, Bigelow, Russell and Haystack in Somerset and Franklin counties, Katahdin in Piscataquis county.
Climate The average temperature is 41.65 degrees. The summer heat is less than in Massachusetts, New York, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Dakota by about 32 per cent. The winter of Maine is not so
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THE MAINE BOOK
severe as is experienced in the corresponding latitudes in the interior. This is the result of the geographical position of the state. (See bound- aries.)
Rainfall In regard to the rainfall, it may be mentioned that records kept at twenty-one different points in the state, extending over a series of years, give the mean depth in inches as 43.24. Compar- ing these results with the results obtained from records kept at fifteen different points in six states west of Maine, in the same latitude, the rainfall of Maine is about 35 per cent. in excess of these sections.
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