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A history of the northern peninsula of Michigan and its ... Alvah Littlefield Sawyer
ERSITY
OF
HICAN
MICHIGAN . S.A.
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A HISTORY
OF THE
NORTHERN PENINSULA
OF MICHIGAN
AND ITS PEOPLE
ITS MINING, LUMBER AND AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES
By ALVAH L. SAWYER
ILLUSTRATED
VOLUME I
1911 THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY CHICAGO
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PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Upon a map of the world, or even of the United States, the space occupied by the Northern Peninsula of Michigan seems almost as an infinitesimal portion, but in considering the variety and abundance of its natural resources and the part played thereby in the world of com- merce, this little fraction of the universe leaps at once into prominence, and we find this locality has made generous contribution to those in- dustries that have given to the world the lumber barons, copper kings and iron magnates; has furnished opportunities for thought and ma- terial for action in the scientific world, and aided materially in the de- velopment of science in various directions; while, not to be overlooked, are its tributes through furs and peltries to the fortunes of royalty in olden times and to those of the Astors and others of the "commercial men" of the early American days.
Although far from the seaboard, and near the center of the North American continent, its position upon the Great Lakes waterways, and its great extent of coast line, brought some of its natural advantages to the early attention of the explorers of the new world, so that while the English and the Dutch were settling along the Atlantic seaboard and the Spaniards along the Gulf of Mexico, the French were sending their missionaries and their fur-traders side by side up the St. Lawrence, on into the regions of the great lakes and towards the headwaters of the Mississippi; and we find among the most prominent sections brought to the early attention of the world by both missionaries and traders, points in that which is now the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Michilimackinac, St. Ignace and Sault Ste. Marie.
Various causes combined to occasion this prominence of these north- ern locations in the early history of the new world. The great natural advantages in the way of hunting and fishing made it the home of many and the resort of more Indians, thus offering to the fur-traders excep- tional facilities for prosecuting their avocations, and at the same time affording the missionaries ample fields for their efforts to bring salva- tion to the heathen savages; while, from a military standpoint, great strategic advantages were at once apparent. Added to these visible and obvious advantages there came to the ears of the early explorers the report carried by the Indians of great quantities of copper said to exist
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PREFACE
in the region of a great lake; and these reports brought to their awak- ening sensibilities dreams of riches that are but faintly comparable with what has since been actually realized.
To attempt to write a history that shall do justice to the territory under consideration, and to her resources and her people, is no small task, and the author approaches it with a realization of the difficulties to be encountered, but with a hope that he may be successful in so bringing and putting together recorded data and existing facts as to make their compilation a matter of interest that will be of service to those of our people who are interested in knowing the part our Penin- sula has played and is playing in the drama of history.
In looking backward for a starting point, we discover that the nat- ural, civic and commercial development, now apparent, has practically all taken place within the last century; and to seek out and record the details of that development is a matter that requires much research and persistent inquiry ; but to start with that material development would be to do injustice to the centuries preceding, in which the work of the missionaries, the traders and the military was having its gradual effect, and wherein hardships, too great and dreadful to be fully realized, were undergone with a courage and bravery that demand a recognition in history, and command our special expression of appreciation.
Those periods are of historical interest in various ways, and they witnessed the development of a commercialism and civilization that grew to large proportions, but finally yielded to the terrors of savagery and faded away before the advent of the civilization we now enjoy. Those matters will be considered under the various subdivisions treating of the Indians, the missionaries and traders, and the progress made in the exploitation and development of the country under the successive domination of France, England and the United States, including the bitter conflicts between those several nations, and between them and the Indians, for the possession of this coveted territory.
Recorded history, as usually interpreted, begins with the coming of the white men and the bringing of ambitions and plans for the develop- ment of the country; but there has been so much of history which ante- dates the history recorded by man, whereof much is authenticated by the works of nature, that the student of history naturally peers back into prehistorie times for a glimpse of the conditions that can be rec- ognized as the basis from which our present system of life has gradually evolved.
While it is not within the province of this work to delve into the science of geology, to which much of prehistoric conditions is indebted for historical solution, and while we shall not presume to follow the scientists in the evolution of the earth through the course of its for- mation, wherein there were east within our borders so much of mineral worth and picturesque grandeur, we shall venture a chapter to call attention to certain prehistorie conditions prominent and es- sential in the development of those at present existing. The main
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PREFACE
part of our effort, however, is to be exerted in an attempt at an ap- proximation of accuracy in recording the materal, civic and commercial growth of the Peninsula, and of the important industries that have combined to give her prominence in the world of commerce; and to give recognition to those natural surroundings of rugged and rustic scenery, wherein picturesque rocks overhanging beautiful crystalline lakes vie with the magnificent waterfalls, the beauty of which to the eye is in- comparable to the concealed wealth of undeveloped power contained therein; and besides these the vigorous and bracing atmosphere laden with the health-giving odors of the pine, spruce, balsam and cedar, and purified and tempered by the surrounding lakes, are attractive subjects not to be overlooked. In short, the Northern Peninsula is possessed of all those wholesome, rugged and substantial elements of existence that find their symbols in her water-washed shores, and her fir-capped, iron- bound and copper-bottomed physical formation. The people of the Pen- insula are largely the natural product of such an environment, and among her professional and business men will be found representatives who are among the leaders of the country in their respective callings. It has required people of a robust constitution and of upright character, imbued with the courage of their convictions, to effect the realization of the last fifty years in the development of this Peninsula; but it may be truly said that in that development we find an illustration of the saying that the country has produced the man and the man has brought forth the country.
In writing history the author stands in different relation to his work than does the author of most books, in that the contents are not sup- posed to be the product of his own brain, but rather the results of his research,-the recording of the works of nature and of men.
In the preparation of this general history of the Northern Penin- sula of Michigan the editor desires to acknowledge the valued assistance of his associate editors, of whom Hons. John Power and L. C. Holden each contributed an interesting chapter over his own signature; of Mrs. A. L. Sawyer, who wrote the chapter on the Indians and assisted in much of the other work, and of the many citizens who have responded lib- erally to requests for information; also the assistance of many authors from whose writings information of value has been gathered for this work. Among the many books consulted are "The Jesuit Relations," Rezek's "History of the Diocese of Sault Ste Marie and Marquette," Marquis de Nadaillac's "Prehistoric America," Dana's Geology, School- craft's "History of the North-American Indians," Emile Reclus' "The Earth and Its Inhabitants," Smithsonian Ethnological Reports, Volumes VII and XIV. and Bulletin number XLV, C. J. Leland's "Algonquin Legends of New England," E. S. Brooks' "The Story of the American Indian," J B. Grinnell's "Story of the Indian," C. A. Eastman's "Indian Boyhood," Francis Parkman's "Conspiracy of Pontiac," D. S. Bunton's "Myths of the New World," James H. Lanman's "History
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PREFACE
of Michigan (1839)," Schoolcraft's "Narrative Journal of Travels from Detroit Northwest through the Great Chain of American Lakes to the Mississippi River in 1820," Col. Thomas L. McKenna's "Tour of the Lakes in 1826," Butterfield's "Discovery of the Northwest by Jean Nicolet," Avery's "History of the United States," Utley and Cutch- eon's "Michigan as a Province, Territory and State," Campbell's "Political History of Michigan," Larned's "History for Ready Re- ference," E. S. Ingalls' "Centennial History of Menominee County," Swineford's "Review of the Iron Mining and Other Industries of the Upper Peninsula," Stevens' "Copper Handbook," and Andraes' "His- tory of the Upper Peninsula."
Notwithstanding the fact that extended research has been made and assistance readily secured, the editor realizes that it is next to impos- sible to avoid the oversight and omission of some important events that should be included in such a work, but hopes that the gathering of what is recorded will meet with general approval, and that omissions may be charged to human frailties and not to intentional neglect.
Respectfully,
A. L. SAWYER.
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER I PRE-HISTORIC SPECULATIONS
GEOLOGICAL LESSONS-THE LONG GLACIAL PERIOD FORESTS SUCCEEDING FORESTS 1
CHAPTER II AS FIRST SEEN BY MAN
TRADERS FIRST IN NORTHERN COUNTRY-IDEAL HUNTING GROUND-THE PIONEER MISSIONARIES-PICTURED ROCKS DESCRIBED IN 1834-ST. MARY'S RIVER AND ISLAND OF MACKINAC-THE RESTFUL GREEN BAY REGION 7
CHAPTER III INDIAN HISTORY
THE ANCIENT CAVE MAN-SUPERNATURAL BELIEFS OF THE INDIAN- DEATH AND THE HEREAFTER-THE DELUGE AND RACIAL ORIGIN-MED- ICINE BAG AND MEDICINE DANCE-TRIBAL GOVERNMENT AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS-UTENSILS, WEAPONS AND SPORTS-MAGIC ARTS AND SECRET INSTITUTIONS-PICTURE WRITING-HORSES INTRODUCED. 18
CHAPTER IV THE MENOMINEE INDIANS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HISTORY-ORIGIN AND TOTEMS-MENOM- INEE CHIEFS-MANABUSH AND THE GRAND MEDICINE SOCIETY-CUS- TOMS OF PRIMITIVE MENOMINEES-THE STURGEON WAR. . . 39
CHAPTER V THE CHIPPEWAS AND OTTAWAS
ANCESTORS OF THE CHIPPEWAS-HISTORY OF THE OJIBWAY NATION- NOTED CHIEFS-DOMESTIC AND FAMILY LIFE-RELIGION AND MYTH- OLOGY-DANCES-MOURNING FOR THE DEAD-DISPLACE THE MAS- COUTENS-OTTAWAS AND HURONS. 68
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CHAPTER VI NATIVE ANIMAL LIFE
LARGE FUR-BEARING ANIMALS-DOG AND CAT FAMILIES-SMALL FUR- BEARERS-BIRDS, FISHES AND REPTILES. 91
CHAPTER VII PRELIMINARY HISTORICAL EVENTS
THE CABOT DISCOVERIES JACQUES CARTIER-ROBERVAL'S ATTEMPTED COLONIZATION-QUEBEC FOUNDED BY CHAMPLAIN-RECOLLET AND JESUIT MISSIONARIES-JEAN NICOLET, UPPER PENINSULA VISITOR- SEARCHING FOR A NORTHWEST-DEATHS OF CHAMPLAIN AND NICOLET 98
CHAPTER VIII MISSIONARY, TRADER AND SOLDIER
JESUIT FATHERS IN THE UPPER PENINSULA-LUSSON AT SAULT STE. MARIE-THE MARQUETTE JOLIET VOYAGE-LA SALLE AND TONTY- THE SAULT AND ST. IGNACE MISSIONS- COMING OF FRENCH SOLDIERY -INDIANS LOSE FAITH IN FRENCH-WHY MISSIONS WERE DE- STROYED THE FALL OF ST. IGNACE-POSTS PASS TO THE BRITISH- MICHILIMACKINAC ABANDONED BY THE FRENCH-BRADDOCK AND
WASHINGTON 113
CHAPTER IX OCCUPANCY OF WESTERN POSTS
SURRENDER OF FORT TO ENGLISH-POSSIBILITIES OF REGION NOT FORE- SEEN-ENGLISH LOTH TO SURRENDER THIS TERRITORY-ORDINANCE OF 1787-A CENTURY OF POPULATIVE GROWTHI-FIRST GOVERNOR OF MICHIGAN-WAR OF 1812-TREATY OF GHENT-FALSE IMPRES- SIONS OF CLIMATE AND SOUL-FUR TRADE ATTRACTS TRADERS. . . . . 147
CHAPTER X THE DAWNING OF STABILITY
THE BURT-HOUGHTON SURVEYS-GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT-THE MICHIGAN-OHIO BOUNDARY DISPUTE-STATEHOOD-DELAY IN BUILD- ING ST. MARY'S SHIP CANAL-SURVEYS AND LEASES OF MINERAL LANDS-THE COPPER COUNTRY IN 1846-EARLY MINING IN THE UP- PER PENINSULA-DISCOVERY OF IRON ORE-WANING AND WAXING INDUSTRIES 199
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CHAPTER XI PIONEERS PRIOR TO 1850
FIRST COMERS TO DELTA COUNTY-MISSIONARIES TO BARAGA COUNTY- FOUNDING OF MARQUETTE-ONTONAGON AND RISE OF COPPER MINING -THE SAULT AND MACKINAC AGAIN. .215
CHAPTER XII JUDICIAL AND LEGAL
THE PIONEER LAWYER GETTING TO COURT-UPPER PENINSULA CIRCUIT COURTS JUDGE DANIEL GOODWIN-JUDGE JOSEPH STEERE-TWELFTH CIRCUIT JUDGES-THE PRESENT FOUR CIRCUITS-VETERANS OF THE BAR-JUDGES WILLIAMS AND STREETER-JUDGES GRANT AND STONE- JUDGE RICHARD C. FLANNIGAN-THIRTY-SECOND CIRCUIT JUDGES- J. LOGAN CHIPMAN, OF THE SOO-DAN H. BALL, OF MARQUETTE- OTHER MARQUETTE COUNTY LAWYERS-HOUGHTON COUNTY BAR --- ONTONAGON, SCHOOLCRAFT AND DELTA -- MENOMINEE COUNTY PRAC- TITIONERS-BAR OF DICKINSON AND IRON COUNTIES .224
CHAPTER XIII THE FAMOUS SOO REGION
OUTLINE HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR-ITS VESSELS-ITS COMMERCE- ENORMITY OF TRAFFIC-THE RAPIDS-"DREAMS OF DE LONG AGO" -THE LOCKS-THE CITY-AGRICULTURAL POSSIBILITIES. .. .245
CHAPTER XIV A KINGDOM WITHIN A REPUBLIC
THE RISE AND FALL OF KING STRANG AND HIS KINGDOM 261
CHAPTER XV COPPER AND IRON MINING
ANCIENT COPPER MINING-MODERN DISCOVERY OF ANCIENT MINE- FRENCH ACCOUNTS OF COPPER COUNTRY-ENGLISH COPPER REPORTS -DR. HOUGHTON'S FAMOUS REPORT-ARRIVAL OF PRACTICAL COR- NISHMEN-FIRST EFFORTS AT SMELTING-THE KEWEENAW FORMA- TION-COPPER FOUND ELSEWHERE-INDUSTRY SINCE 1845-FIRST IRON EXPLORATIONS-IMPROVEMENTS IN HANDLING ORE-THE ME- NOMINEE RANGE-THE CHICAGO & NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY-FIRST COMMERCIAL DISCOVERIES-DR. N. P. HULST AND THE LOWER ME- NOMINEE-THE QUINNESEC MINE-THE PIONEER PROMOTERS- GOGEBIC RANGE-GRAND TOTAL OF PRODUCTION. 270
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CHAPTER XVI THE LUMBER INDUSTRY
RUTHLESS DESTRUCTION OF TIMBER-INDUSTRY FOUNDED IN 1850-IM- PORTANCE OF MENOMINEE DISTRICT-IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION FA- CILITIES-NOW AND THEN-EARLY BUYING OF PINE LANDS-PIONEER . LOGGING CAMPS-LOG DRIVING-FIRST AND MODERN MILLS-PIONEER AND GREAT LUMBER COMPANIES-MENOMINEE RIVER BOOM COMPANY -THE PINE LUMBER BUSINESS-ESTIMATE OF PENINSULA PRODUCT 290
CHAPTER XVII MILITARY HISTORY
TRANSFER OF FRENCH TO ENGLISH RULE-AMERICANS OCCUPY THE UP- PER PENINSULA-MEXICAN WAR-CIVIL WAR-SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR AND PRESENT COMMANDS 305
CHAPTER XVIII THE HISTORIC GATEWAY
COUNTY OF MICHILIMACKINAC-MICHILIMACKINAC AND MACKINAC-EPIT- OME OF A CENTURY AND A THIRD -- OLD FORT AND ASTOR RELICS-NAT- URAL PARK-ROBERTSON'S FOLLY-FORT HOLMES-ST. IGNACE- TOURISTS' ATTRACTIONS-HAUNTS OF THE SPORTSMEN-FATHER MAR- QUETTE MEMORIALS-OLD AND MODERN ST. IGNACE-THE SOO OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY-FIRST AMERICAN (CANADIAN) LOCK-FORT BRADY-GOVERNMENT OR CANAL PARK-STATE FISH . HATCHERY- THE COUNTY AND COUNTY SEAT-AMERICAN CANAL AND LOCKS- THE SOO OF TODAY-DETOUR AND DRUMMOND ISLAND-AGRICUL- TURAL AND LIVESTOCK FEATURES. 311
CHAPTER XIX SCHOOLCRAFT AND DELTA COUNTIES
SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY-MANISTIQUE AND MONISTIQUE-INDIAN LAKE AND KITCH-ITI-KI-PI-PRODUCTS OF THE SOIL AND LIVE STOCK-INCREASE OF POPULATION-DELTA COUNTY-FOUNDING OF ESCANABA-GREAT ORE DOCKS-GREAT SHORT LINE-POWER, LIGHT AND WATER- SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES-ESCANABA INDUSTRIES-GLADSTONE-WELLS -OTHER TOWNS IN THE COUNTY-AGRICULTURE AND GOOD ROADS- INCREASE IN POPULATION 349
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CHAPTER XX ALGER AND LUCE COUNTIES
ALGER COUNTY-EAST OR OLD MUNISING-ONOTA-NEW MUNISING- THE CLEVELAND CLIFFS IRON COMPANY-THE PICTURED ROCKS-AG- RICULTURE AND THE EXPERIMENT STATION-GROWTH IN POPULATION -LUCE COUNTY AND NEWBERRY-UPPER PENINSULA HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE-LAKE SUPERIOR IRON AND CHEMICAL COMPANY-MINOR POINTS AND POPULATION .384
CHAPTER XXI MARQUETTE AND BARAGA COUNTIES
MARQUETTE COUNTY ORGANIZED IRON ORE DISCOVERED -- MARQUETTE CITY FOUNDED PETER WHITE COMES-IRON MOUNTAIN RAILROAD- ORE PIERS BUILT-GREAT FIRE OF 1868-ORE TRAFFIC AND OTHER BUSINESS-VILLAGE AND CITY-HARBOR AND WATER POWER-PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND MARQUETTE STATUE-PRESQUE ISLE-UPPER PENIN- SULA STATE PRISON-NORTHERN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL-NEGAUNEE- ISHPEMING-OLIVER IRON MINING COMPANY-CLEVELAND-CLIFFS IRON MINING COMPANY-EARLY OUTSIDE MINING CENTERS-MINING SUMMARY-MODEL DAIRY FARM-INCREASE IN POPULATION-BARAGA COUNTY-BARAGA MISSION AND VILLAGE-THE METHODIST MISSION- VILLAGE OF L'ANSE-PETER CREBASSA-OTHER VILLAGES-INCREASE 406 IN POPULATION
CHAPTER XXII THE COPPER COUNTIES
QUINCY AND CALUMET & HECLA MINES-DEEPEST COPPER MINE IN THE WORLD ISLE ROYALE CONSOLIDATED-ATLANTIC AND SUPERIOR MINES -COPPER RANGE, BALTIC, ETC .- COPPER RANGE RAILROAD -- MICHIGAN SMELTING WORKS-WOLVERINE, CENTENNIAL AND OSCEOLA-HAN- COCK AND LAURIUM-MINE PRODUCERS AND DIVIDEND PAYERS- HOUGHTON COUNTY POLITICALLY-INCREASE IN POPULATION-PHYS- ICAL FEATURES-HOUGHTON, THE COUNTY SEAT-MICHIGAN COLLEGE OF MINES OUTLINE HISTORY OF THE VILLAGE-CITY OF HANCOCK- CALUMET AND RED JACKET-VILLAGE OF LAURIUM-LAKE LINDEN AND HUBBELL-KEWEENAW COUNTY-DESCRIPTIVE-MINES-POPULATION -OLD ISLE ROYALE COUNTY-ONTONAGON COUNTY-MINES. . .. . 448
CHAPTER XXIII THE NEWER IRON COUNTIES
GOGEBIC IBON RANGE-ASHLAND, NORRIE AND AURORA MINES-NEWPORT MINE-BESSEMER-GOGEBIC COUNTY CREATED-SHIPMENTS FROM THE
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GOGEBIC RANGE-THOMAS F. COLE-IRONWOOD CITY-INCREASE IN POPULATION-IRON COUNTY-IRON RIVER DISTRICT-CITY OF IRON RIVER-MINES AT STAMBAUGH AND IRON RIVER-STAMBAUGH VIL- LAGE-CRYSTAL FALLS-OTHER TOWNS-AGRICULTURE AND GOOD ROADS-COUNTY STATISTICS-DICKINSON COUNTY-OLD QUINNESEO -FIRST SHIPMENTS OF ORE-FOUNDING OF IRON MOUNTAIN-PIONEER ITEMS CHAPIN AND PEWABIC MINES NORWAY AND THE ARA- GON MINE-OTHER TOWNS-AGRICULTURE-GOOD ROADS-POPULA-
TION 504
CHAPTER XXIV MENOMINEE COUNTY
BEAUTIES AND UTILITIES OF MENOMINEE RIVER-PIONEER TRADERS AND LUMBERMEN-CHAPPEAU AND FARNSWORTH-MRS. WILLIAM FARNS- WORTH ( MARINETTE)-JOHN G. KITTSON-ONLY MILL ON THE RIVER-OTHER NOTABLE EARLY MILLS-SETTLERS OF THE EARLY MILLING DAYS-MARINETTE LUMBER COMPANY-THE N. LUDINGTON COMPANY-THE KIRBY-CARPENTER COMPANY-LUDINGTON, WELLS & VAN SCHAICK COMPANY-OTHER OLD PINE LUMBER MILLS ZENITH LUMBER YEARS - OTHER INDUSTRIES-TRADE-PROFESSIONS-THE TRANSITION PERIOD-PRESENT POPULATION AND MATERIAL CONDI- TIONS-CARPENTER-COOK COMPANY-MENOMINEE RIVER SUGAR COM- PANY-OTHER MENOMINEE INDUSTRIES-TWIN CITIES LIGHT & TRAC- TION COMPANY-MENOMINEE POSTOFFICE-ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL- CHURCHES-NEWSPAPERS-MENOMINEE AS A MUNICIPALITY-THE SPIES PUBLIC LIBRARY -- THE JOHN HENES PARK-RIVERSIDE CEME- TERY-VILLAGES OF THE COUNTY-COUNTY GOVERNMENT-CIVIL WAR -COUNTY HIGHWAYS-SCHOOLS-COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL- AGRICULTURE .552
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INDEX
Abbott, Fred H., 244, 1549. Abbott, S. W., 610, 611. Abrams, Edward T., 1408. Adams, John Q., 239. Adams, Robert N., 1085. Adams, William R., 1187. Adventure mine, 502. Agassiz, Alexander, 1088. Agriculture (see under several counties). A'Hern, Charles P., 1424. Ahmeek Mining Company, 494. Ainsworth, Corydon E., 1248.
Alger county-Munising, its county seat, 384; East, or old Munising, 385; Onota, 387; new Munising, 388; Cleveland Cliffs Iron Mining Company, 300; the Pictured Rocks, 392; Agriculture and Experiment Station, 394; growth in population, 392. Allen, Ephraim W., 1139. Allo, John A., 743. Allouez, Claud, 116, 123, 326. Allouez mine, 490, 494, Allyn, Harry H., 710. Alvar, Gust, 967. Amasa, 532.
American canal and locks, 252, 255, 281. American Fur Company, 173, 196, 214, 253, 316, 442, 443. American mine, 438. American Smelting and Refining Com- pany, 442
Amerman, Charles A., 467. Amidon, Lee E., 727. Amsden, Arthur H., 310, 600. Andag-weos, 75. Anderson, Carl A., 613. Anderson, John E., 937. Andre, Louis, 112. Andrews, Roger M., 594, 595, 729. Andrews, William, 643. Ann Arbor Railroad, 353. Anthony, Edward C., 1396. "Appleton," 363. Aragon mine, 54Z. Arch Rock (Giant Arch), 15. Armstrong, John N., 286, 540. Arnheim, 446.
Arnold, 492 Arnold, Louis, 763. Arnold, George T., 1211. Arvon, 416. Ashford, Edmund, 664. Ashland Iron & Steel Company, 509 Ashland mine, 289, 506, 507, 511. Assinins, 446. Astor, John Jacob, 173, 253, 316. Atkins, Frank H., 1520. Atlantic mine, 458, 465, 466, 511. Atwood, John, 441, 467. Audet, Peter C., 1262. Aurora mine, 507, 508, 511. Ayers, Frank, 543.
Bacon, John, 46Z. Badger mine, 540. Baer, Henry L., 1234. Bailey, John R., 1309. Bailey, Matthew G., 1312.
Bailey. Thomas, 1160. Bainbridge, Jacob, 824. Baird, William S., 946.
Bagley, 604 Bagley, William E., 566, 574, 575. Baker mine, 525. Baldwin, F. L., 388. Ball, Dan H., 238, 244, 717. Baltic mine, 465, 466, 521.
Baltic Mining Company, 459.
Bangs, Anson, 608.
Bangs, James A., 1369. Banks, D. S., 516.
Barabe, Joseph, 821. Baraga county-Organized, 441; Baraga mission and village, 442; the Methodist mission, 443; village of L'Anse, 444; other villages, 446; increase in pop- ulation, 44Z Baraga, Frederick, 216, 442.
Baraga mission, 442. Baraga village, 442, 443, 447. Barbeau, Peter B., 333. Barclay, Robert H., 16Z.
Barker, Edgar A., 846. Barnhisel. John C., 1171. Barnum, Robert H., 1370.
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Barnum, Thomas, 1370. Barr, Hiram A., 756. Barron, Thomas H., 789. Barstow, George, 965. Bates, Frederick, 163. Bates, Robert J., 310. Bawden, Frank, 736. Bawden, Frederick J., 1365.
Bay de Noquet Lumber Company, 378. Bayliss, Edwin, 1252. Bayliss, Edwin R., 1252. Bayliss, Joseph E., 1337. Bedell, James W., 1421. Bedford, Thomas, 268. Beechner, Herman, 601. Beedon, John, 467. Belongy, Louis, 1332. Belt, 503.
Bendry, James, 441, 444, 865.
Bennett, James T., 972.
Bennett, James W., 962.
Bennett, Owen J., 1150.
Bentley, Henry, 563.
Brooks, Mrs. J. R., 564.
Brotherton, Charles E., 1404.
Brotherton, Delevan A., 1404.
Brotherton, Frank H., 1402.
Brotherton mine, 511.
Brown, Augustus C., 539, 570.
Brown, Benjamin J., 243, 581.
Brown, Charles T., 942.
Brown, David, 681.
Brown, Frank L .. , 586, 825.
Brown, Frederick H., 1462.
Brown, George F., 1218.
Brown, Harry J., 589.
Brown, James J., 1411.
Brown, John, 542.
Brown, Joseph W., 203.
Brown, Thomas, 445.
Bruce, Frederick A., 769.
Brule Mining Company, 521, 524, 525
Brush, Charles. 556, 558.
Buck, Curtis, 983. Buckeye Stave Company, 523.
Buckland, Romulus S., 1399.
Buell, Harry S., 715.
Buell, John L., 285, 537, 575, 1383.
Burchard, Emily, 612
Bureau of Fisheries, 331.
Burr, Edward, 462. Burrell Chemical Company, 352.
Bloy, W. J., 1139.
Blumrosen, Bernard, 744.
Bohn, Frank P., 1229.
Bond, William, 1469.
Bosch, Joseph, 1051. Bosson, Frederick N., 1082.
Boswell, William G., 566, 574, 575. Bothwell, David G., 577.
Bottkol, Mathias, 894.
Boucher, John B., 310.
Bower, J. E., 528, 529. Bowers, Norwood, 978.
Boyington, Andrew J., 521, 874.
Boyington, Philip L., 876. Boynton, Lewis R., 908. Braddock, Edward, 143. Brady, Thomas M., 239.
Brainerd, Harlow D., 788. Brant, Joseph, 159. Brasseur, John B., 1005. Breen, John, 568 Breen, Thomas, 284. Breen mine, 297, 524, 539, 540, 549.
Breitenbach, Oscar C., 1266.
Breitung, Edward N., 990.
Breitung mine, 539. Brewer, George, 1528.
Brewer, Luther G., 1527.
Bridges, Sam, 1258. Briggs, Charles, 1512.
Bristol mine, 532. Broadway farm, 624.
Brockway, Daniel D., 1326.
Brockway, Sarah L., 44L
Brockway, W. H., 216.
Bernier, Samuel, F., 1538.
Berry, Joseph T., 1215. Bessemer, 509, 510, 511
"Bessemer Herald," 511. Beta mine, 524. Beurmann, Milton E., 1183.
Bill, A. W., 590.
Bingham, Abel, 333.
Bingham & Perrin, 516.
Birch Creek, 569, 601. Birch Creek Academy, 612.
Birk, William C., 1475.
Bissell, Murray K., 998.
Bittner, Herman, 814. Bjork, Arvid, 1018.
Bjorkman, Andrew, 776. Bjorkman, George, 1099. Bjornson, Benjamin, 1210. Black Hawk war, 201
Blanchard, Charles D., 1142.
Blank, Andrew, 985.
Blank, George, 1083.
Bleeker county, 609. Blesch, Gustavus A., 584, 586, 589, 1515.
Blixt, John O., 827.
Blodgett & Davis Lumber Company, 578, 5.79.
Blom, Alfred W., 929.
Burritt, William A., 1239.
Burt, John, 406.
Burt, W. R., 199, 200, 209, 281, 291, 408. Burton, John E., 506.
Bush, Ira D., 408. Bush, James H., 989. Bush, John M., 971.
Butler, Benjamin F., 203.
Byers, Isaac W., 523, 791.
Byrns, J. E., 995.
Cable. Claud C., 1362. Cabot discoveries, 98.
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XV
INDEX
Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe, 133, 136, 143. Caldwell, Thomas, 569. Callieres, Louis Hector de, 136. Calumet (See Red Jacket). "Calumet News," 48Z.
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