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KALAMAZOO COUNTY
MICHIGAN
4.
Albert A. Smith Ganges, Mich.
PUBLIC PARK, KALAMAZOO, MICH.
Durant Samuel Wy
HISTORY
-- OF-
KALAMAZOO COUNTY
MICHIGAN.
Illustrations and Biographical Sketches
ITS PROMINENT MEN AND PIONEERS.
OF
PHILADELPHIA :
EVERTS & ABBOTT.
1880.
PRESS OF J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., PHILADELPHIA.
-
-
INTRODUCTORY.
THE county of Kalamazoo, of which we have attempted to furnish a reliable history, notwithstand- ing its comparatively recent settlement by the white race, is rich in historic material. The fragmentary evidences of occupation by a prehistoric people, scattered here and there among its beautiful oak- openings, furnish materials from which volumes might be written; and the more recent occupation of the red hunter race is prolific of traditionary and written lore.
The local writers who have from time to time placed upon record the varied incidents of pioneer life transpiring in the early days ; the prominent representatives of the professions, teachers, clergymen, attorneys, and literary men, who have contributed of their knowledge to the general fund, are, each and all, entitled to credit for rescuing from oblivion what, in the coming years, will be invaluable. It matters not that portions of it may be crude and hastily written; it is far better, even in an imperfect state, than no record, and coming generations will appreciate and preserve every item as an heir-loom to be handed down to posterity.
It has been our task to collect, to collate, to arrange, correct, and supplement this valuable mate- rial, of which Kalamazoo County possesses an unusual share, and present it, systematized in the best possible manner, for preservation and reference, and we have given our best endeavors to the work.
We have searched to the bottom records, both public and private, and determined many matters about which the best citizens differed materially. The titles to lands, early mills, village plats; the earliest births, deaths, and marriages, and a thousand and one matters about which there has been much disagreement, we have carefully examined and put into permanent shape for preservation. Byron says,
" Critics all are ready made,"
and we expect a generous share of their feathered weapons, from quivers always full, but we hope those whose opinions are valuable, will at least read and carefully verify, and not be hasty to condemn.
We have trodden lightly, though eagerly, above the ruins of an unknown race, and given such de- scriptions of them as seemed necessary. We have endeavored to furnish a readable chapter upon the physical features of the State and County, including a carefully prepared geological article; we have given a synopsis of early discoveries by the French in the opening years of the seventeenth century, and outlined their adventures in and around the peninsulas of Michigan, as discoverers, missionaries, traders, and coureurs des bois.
We have gathered up what traces have been preserved of the early trading-posts and missions in this immediate vicinity, and woven into the web of our history the traditions and fragmentary accounts of the various Indian nations which from time to time inhabited this portion of the lower peninsula. We have looked in upon the pioneer settlers who first adventured into the Western wilderness to make permanent homes for their wives and little ones, and have traveled with them along the road of progress and improvement. We have endeavored to trace the planting of early schools and churches,
3
4
INTRODUCTORY.
and the various institutions and callings which are accompaniments of an advancing civilization, and have tried to chronicle all important facts concerning those who have from time to time
"Gone at their country's call,"
to do valiant battle when the nation was in peril, whether upon the war-trail of the savage, the battle-line of the descendants of the Montezumas, or the smoke-wreathed and blood-stained fields of the great Rebellion.
Our constant aim has been to collect and utilize everything of importance connected with the history of the region comprising the rich county of Kalamazoo, and our endeavors have everywhere been met with that spirit of intelligence and courtesy which is characteristic of a cultivated people.
Excellent chapters have been contributed by local writers,-citizens of the county : An able article upon the early bar and the jurisprudence of the county, by Hon. Hezekiah G. Wells; a valuable paper upon the medical profession, by Foster Pratt, M.D., and an additional article upon the Masonic fraternity from the same pen ; a characteristic and well-written history of Comstock township, from the fertile brain of A. D. P. Van Buren, Esq. ; a carefully prepared history of Climax township, by Francis Hodgman, Esq. ; and a full and reliable history of the Old Literary Institute, the old Branch of the State University, and the Baptist College, prepared by Rev. Drs. Stone and Brooks.
We have also drawn largely from the writings of Henry Little, Hon. E. Lakin Brown, Volney Hascall, Dr. Foster Pratt, Henry Bishop, T. S. At Lee, Cyrus Lovell, George Torrey, and many others, well known for their contributions to the current history of the county and region. The early files of the Michigan Statesman and of the Kalamazoo Gazette, kindly placed at our disposal by Mr. Henry Gilbert and Mrs. Volney Hascall, have been a source of much, and very reliable, information, and we have been freely accommodated at the public-school library, and by numerous individuals throughout the county.
It is our firm conviction that, while we would not claim any remarkable scholarship for our work, we have, with the help of the best citizens, compiled an exhaustive and valuable history of the county, and we believe that time will do us ample justice.
We ask a careful perusal, and comparison with records, by those competent to judge of its merits, and expect such a verdict as the just discrimination of a cultivated community may be pleased to give.
In collecting and compiling this volume we have been placed under many obligations to scores of indi- viduals in all parts of the county, many of whose names will be found with acknowledgments at the close of the history of townships. In gathering and preparing materials for the general chapters, we would gratefully acknowledge favors from Hon. H. G. Wells, Col. F. W. Curtenius, Mr. A. D. P. Van Buren (to whom we are particularly indebted), the editors of the Telegraph and Gazette, of Kalamazoo; the Grange Visitor and the Dispatch and News, of Schoolcraft; Gen. Dwight May, Hon. Charles S. May, Hon. N. A. Balch, Judge George M. Buck, Lucius B. Kendall, Esq., Hon. John W. Breese, James M. Davis, Esq., William W. Peck, Esq., William Shakespeare, Esq., Amos D. Allen, Esq., Francis Little, Esq., the township and village offi- cers, Enos T. Lovell, Esq., Capt. Henry T. Smith, Theron F. Giddings, Esq., Gen. Charles E. Smith, Jona- than Parsons, Esq., William G. Pattison, Esq., M. B. Miller, D. O. Roberts, Luther H. Trask, Esq., T. S. Cobb, Esq., Israel Kellogg, Esq., Rodney Seymour, Moses Kingsley, Dr. E. M. Van Deusen, Dr. George C. Palmer, of the Insane Asylum, Caleb Sweetland, Esq., clergymen and church officers of all denomina- tions, the village school board, Francis Dennison, Esq., Hon. E. O. Humphreys, Mrs. Volney Hascall, Mrs. St. John, officers of the Ladies' Library Association, bankers, merchants, and manufacturers generally, and all and each whose names we may have omitted.
KALAMAZOO, January, 1880.
SAMUEL W. DURANT.
CONTENTS.
HISTORICAL.
HISTORY OF KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN.
The Colony under French Rule.
PAGE
I .- Early Discoveries
9
II .- The Franciscans and the Jesuits
12
III .- Indian Nations
IV .- La Salle
.
17
V .- La Salle-(Continued)
24
.
VI .- La Salle-(Continued) 28
VII .- Michilimackinac
32
The Colony under English Rule.
35 VIII .- Surrender of Detroit to Capt. Rogers
The Colony under the Republic.
IX .- Territorial 44
X .- State Organization 52
66
Cooper .
407
XII .- Prehistoric 65
Pavilion
417
XIII .- The Pottawattomie Indians 70
Portage .
427
XIV .-- Occupation by the Whites
81
66 Prairie Ronde
435
XV .-- Civil Organization of the County
99
Richland
457
XVI .- The Courts
101
Ross
486
XVII .- The County Legislature
108
XVIII .- County Civil List
113
66
Texas
536
XX .- County Societies 129
139
APPENDIX AND ERRATA
552
BIOGRAPHICAL.
PAGE
Nathan M. Thomas, M.D. .
. 121
H. T. Clement .
310
Hon. H. G. Wells
between 216, 217
Col. Delos Phillips
facing 262 275
Jacob Lemon
312
Hon. Frederick W. Curtenius
278
William Harrison
facing 314
Gen. Dwight May
278
William G. Kirby
323
Col. Benjamin F. Orcutt
280
John W. Kirby .
282
J. N. Le Fevre .
facing
333
Gen. Isaac Moffatt
283
Daniel Lawrence
"
344
George Torrey
284
Orrin N. Giddings
284
Thomas Eldred .
347
Alexander J. Sheldon .
285
Isaac Davis
348
Israel Kellogg .
285
Parvis C. Pearce
349
Maj. Abraham Edwards
285
Nehemiah Elwell
349
Rev. Leonard Slater .
286
Holland Gilson .
. 350
Thomas W. Barnard .
facing 287
Judge John Sleeper
facing 351
S. M. Nichols
between 290, 291
E. M. Clapp
"
369
John Gibbs ·
290, 291
Jesse Earl .
376
Anson D. P. Van Buren
391
Thomas G. Carpenter . Hugh McCall
301
Col. William R. Shafter
393
William B. Clement
between 304, 305
Frank P. Muhlenberg
395
John W. Darling
309
Jesse R. Havens .
395
Jacob Kimble
310
Herman Blanchard
facing 402
Hon. John Walker
403
Charles Kimble .
310
CHAPTER PAGE
XXII .- Literary . 151
XXIII .- Michigan Asylum for the Insane 161
XXIV .- Internal Improvements
163
XXV .- Statistical
172
XXVI .- Military .
174
HISTORY OF VILLAGES AND TOWNSHIPS.
Village of Kalamazoo
208
Township of Kalamazoo
287
Alamo
292
Brady
302
Charleston
313
Climax .
324
60 Comstock
351
XI .- Physical Features 56
66 Oshtemo
Schoolcraft
502
XIX .- The Professions 114
66 Wakeshma 544
.
"
336
Hiram Arnold
283
Isaac Pierce
345
Judge Caleb Eldred
PAGE
Lewis C. Kimble
311
Samuel Shearer .
311
Hon. Nathaniel A. Balch .
323
Volney Hascall
. 301
5
395
XXI .-- Educational
CHAPTER
15
6
CONTENTS.
BIOGRAPHICAL.
PAGE
PAGE
Luther Chamberlain .
403
Alfred Nevins
478
A. H. Stoddard .
404
Dr. Uriah Upjohn
479
William S. Delano
405
Horace M. Peck .
481
James McNab
406
Deacon Samuel Brown
482
William Skinner
406
C. P. Hale .
482
Henry Mosher
407 .
John F. Gilkey .
facing 482
Neil Hindes
facing
412
Deacon Simeon Mills .
483
Ansel and Orrin Snow
415
483
Isaac Gibbs
415
Amasa S. Parker
484
John J. Lusk
416
Rev. William Daubney
484
Isaac L. Root
416
Benjamin F. Doolittle
485
Edward Denniston
between 422, 423
William J. Humphrey
485
Edward Chase .
" 422, 423
Pliny Hale .
facing 488
Elijah L. Smith .
423
Hon. Simpson Howland
492
David L. Hamilton
425
William Baker
496
Chauncey A. Beckwith
425
Anson Wooding .
498
Martin McKain .
425
Stephen Vickery
66 504
Henry Barnum .
426
John Fraser
"
506
Ferdinand V. Collins .
426
Peter Kniss
508
John Batey
facing 426
Godfrey Knight .
510
John F. Oliver
433
Joseph Frakes
512
James N. Cooley
433
S. F. Brown
514
William Milham
433
Thaddeus Smith .
516
Harvey S. Booth
433
Evert B. Dyckman
518
Judge Bazel Harrison
436
William Bair
66
524
Abram I. Shaver
facing 442
William H. Fox .
526
Preston J. McCreary .
444
James Smith, Jr.
532
Abner Mack
446
Jerome T. Cobb .
534
P. F. Alexander .
450
Albert B. Judson
536
William Duncan .
452
Jacob McLin
facing 536
Delamore Duncan
453
Owen P. Morton
543
Col. Abiel Fellows
454
Lewis Johnson .
543
George Fletcher .
455
William Haynes .
544
Jesse M. Crose .
456
Dr. David Haines
550
Barna L. Brigham
facing 461
Sylvester Fredenburg
551
Hon. Eli R. Miller
"
466
Capt. Albert A. Holcomb
551
Morgan Curtis .
476
Lieut. Stephen P. Marsh
552
Hon. Gilbert E. Read
477
Valentine Cornwall .
552
Rev. Milton Bradley .
478
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Views in the Public Park, Kalamazoo (frontispiece)
facing title.
Portrait of Gen. Isaac Moffatt
. 283
Map of Kalamazoo County .
facing 56
Residence of Hiram Arnold (with portraits)
facing 284
Geological Map of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan 59
Portraits of Thos. W. Barnard and Wife .
287
Geological Diagram 60 ·
69
Portraits of S. M. Nichols and Wife John Gibbs and Wife
290, 291
ALAMO.
Residence of Hugh McCall
facing 292
John W. James
296
Portraits of Thomas G. Carpenter and Wife
301
BRADY.
Residence of Jacob Lemon (with portraits)
facing 302
H. T. Clement (with portraits)
between 304, 305
Col. F. W. Curtenius
facing 224
Portraits of W. B. Clement and Wife 304, 305
Frederick Bush .
232
" John W. Darling and Wife
facing 309
66 Mary A. Trowbridge
238
Portrait of Lewis C. Kimble
309
" Samuel Shearer
309
CHARLESTON.
Residence of John W. Kirby
facing 313
Portrait of William Harrison
314
Col. Benjamin F. Orcutt
281
" Volney Hascall (steel)
facing 282
" William G. Kirby
323
.
Views of Kalamazoo College, Michigan Female Seminary, and
Woodward Avenue School Building
facing 208
Portrait of Hon. H. G. Wells
between 216, 217 " 216, 217
Ladies' Library Building .
66
243
"
262
" Hon. Nathaniel A. Balch
" 275
Gen. Dwight May
279
290, 291
Rix Robinson's Trading-House at Kalamazoo, 1824 . .
81
Map showing First Subdivision of the County in 1830
100
Portrait of Nathan M. Thomas, M.D. 121
Fac-Simile of First Engine and Coach used in Michigan . 170
KALAMAZOO.
PAGE
Residence of John Milham (double page) . between 288, 289
Ancient Garden-Beds in Kalamazoo County facing
Residence of Hon. H. G. Wells .
Portrait of Col. Delos Phillips
414
483
Benjamin Drake
Rev. Mason Knappen Edwin Mason
66
66
7
CONTENTS.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
CLIMAX.
PAGE
Residence of P. C. Pearce (with portraits) facing 324 " Jesse M. Crose .
T. B. Eldred (with portraits) double page bet. 326, 327
Portraits of J. N. Le Fevre and Wife
facing
333
Daniel Lawrence and Wife
336
Portrait of Isaac Pierce
Holland Gilson .
349
Portraits of N. Elwell and Wife
349
COMSTOCK.
Portrait of Judge John Sleeper . facing 351 " C. P. Hale 472
Portraits of E. M. Clapp and Wife
Jesse Earl and Wife
376
Portrait of A. D. P. Van Buren
392
Col. William R. Shafter
394
Jesse R. Havens
395
COOPER.
Residence of A. H. Stoddard facing 395
" the late Hon. John Walker (with portraits) 396
William Skinner (with portraits) . between 398, 399
"
Mrs. William Skinner (with portrait)
"
398, 399
Portraits of Herman Blanchard and Wife .
402
facing
404
Residence of William S. Delano (with portraits)
66
James McNab
"
406
66
Benjamin Drake (with portraits) .
66
407
OSHTEMO.
Residence of Orrin Snow facing 408
" J. J. Lusk
410
Portraits of Neil Hindes and Wife
412
Residence of Mrs. Phebe Gibbs (with portraits)
"
415
" Isaac L. Root
PAVILION.
Residence of E. L. Smith (with portraits) .
facing 417
David L. Hamilton (with portraits)
¥ 418
F. V. Collins (with portraits) 420
Portraits of Edward Denniston and Wife .
between 422, 423
Edward Chase and Wife . 422, 423
Portrait of Chauncey A. Beckwith
.
425
Portraits of Henry Barnum and Wife
426
John Batey and Wife
facing 426
PORTAGE.
Residence of James N. Cooley . facing 427
John F. Oliver (with portraits)
"
430
66 William Milham (double page)
between 432, 433
H. S. Booth .
facing 434
Portraits of H. S. Booth and Wife
. 434
PRAIRIE RONDE.
Portrait of Judge Bazel Harrison facing 436
Portraits of Abram I. Shaver and Wife
442
Portrait of Preston J. McCreary
444
Portraits of Abner Mack and Wife
.
446
P. F. Alexander and Wife " 450
William, Delamore, and Mrs. P. Duncan 452
Portrait of Col. Abiel Fellows
454
RICHLAND.
Views in Richland Centre .
facing 457
Portrait of Carlos Barnes .
·
458
" Barna L. Brigham . facing 461
Residence of William J. Humphrey
"
464
Portrait of Joseph Miller .
466
Residence of S. T. Brown (with portraits)
66 469
Portrait of Morgan Curtis .
476
Rev. M. Bradley
477
Leonard Slater
477
66
Gilbert E. Read
477
Alfred Nevins .
477
Dr. Uriah Upjohn
.
479
Residence of H. M. Peck (with portraits) . facing 481
Portrait of John F. Gilkey
"
482
« Rev. M. Knappen
483
66 A. S. Parker 66
483
Edwin Mason
66
483
Deacon Simeon Mills
483
Rev. William Daubney
484
Portraits of Benj. F. Doolittle and Wife
485
ROSS.
Residence of Anson Wooding
facing 486
Portraits of Pliny Hale and Wife
488
Hon. S. Howland and Wife 492
66 William Baker and Wife .
496
Anson Wooding and Wife
498
SCHOOLCRAFT.
Residence of A. B. Judson (with portraits) Portrait of Stephen Vickery
facing 502
John Fraser 506
Peter Kniss 508
Godfrey Knight 510
512 Portraits of Joseph Frakes and Wife Portrait of S. F. Brown 66 514
" Thaddeus Smith 516
" Evert B. Dyckman . 518
View of the Troxel House (with portraits) 66
520
Portraits of William Bair and Wife .
524
" William H. Fox and Wife 66
526
Portrait of J. T. Cobb
535
TEXAS.
Portraits of Jacob McLin and Wife . facing 536
Residence of O. P. Morton (with portraits) 540
Portraits of William Haynes and Wife
Lewis Johnson and Wife
543
543
WAKESHMA.
Portrait of Dr. David Haines . 550
Capt. Albert A. Holcomb . 551
Sylvester Fredenburg 551
Valentine Cornwall .
552
PAGE
Portrait of George Fletcher
455
456
344
369
"
Luther Chamberlain and Wife
.
facing
405
.
416
504
1
HISTORY
OF
KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN.
BY SAMUEL W. DURANT.
THE COLONY UNDER FRENCH RULE.
CHAPTER I. EARLY DISCOVERIES.
Cartier-Roberval-Champlain.
THE history of no county in the State of Michigan would be complete without some allusion to the early dis- coveries and settlements of the French in the opening years of the seventeenth century, together with brief notices of the earlier voyages. The earliest knowledge of the St. Lawrence valley and the basin of the great lakes was de- rived from the explorations of that enterprising people, who also first explored and made permanent settlements in the two peninsulas of Michigan. It seems eminently proper, therefore, that we should give a brief outline of these pre- liminary operations before considering the later history of the State, and of Kalamazoo County proper.
That portion of the continent of Northern America lying in the valley of the St. Lawrence River, and including the entire water-shed of the great lakes, was first visited by French explorers in the years 1534-35 .*
The wonderful discoveries of Columbus, Vespucius, Cabot and others, in the latter part of the fifteenth century had concentrated the attention of the maritime and commercial nations of Europe upon the " New World" lying in the great western sea. Expeditions were fitted out in the ports of Spain, Portugal, England, France, and Holland, and the borders of the new continent were explored, and colonies planted from Nova Scotia to the mouth of the La Plata, in Southern America.
In this race for supremacy the Spanish people monopo- lized the greater portion, extending from the thirty-second parallel of north latitude to the equator, and including the majority of the West Indian Archipelago. Their occu- pancy of the peninsula of Florida, however, was fiercely disputed by the French in 1565-68. The Portuguese in some measure divided the southern continent with their
Spanish congeners, eventually becoming sole masters of what is now the immense empire of Brazil, whose present able and liberal sovereign boasts the high blood of the an- cient house of Braganza. The English, at a later date, occupied the country lying north of the Spanish possessions, and extending as far as the peninsula of Nova Scotia,t though the Dutch, Swedes, and Danes occupied for a time the country extending from the Hudson to the Delaware.
The French navigators seem to have confined themselves principally to the regions lying around the Gulf of St. Law- rence, and thence naturally extended their discoveries inland along the great river valley. The daring fishermen of Brit- tany, Normandy, and the Basque provinces of France and Spain had been familiar with the cod-fishing grounds of Newfoundland and the adjacent region from a date certainly as early as 1504, and certain French writers claim that one Cousin, of Dieppe, had explored the American coast in 1488; but the first authenticated voyage of exploration was made by John Verrazzano, a Florentine adventurer and navigator, under the patronage of Francis I. of France, in 1524.
Verrazzano first saw land on the coast of North Caro- lina, in March of that year, which he reported as " a newe land, never before seen of any man, either ancient or mod- erne," notwithstanding the fact that fires were blazing along the strand, and a great number of the natives crowded to the water's edge to greet the adventurers.
From thence he sailed along the coast, visiting the bay of New York, and examining the country now known as New England, and as far as the great island of Newfound- land, leaving the continent in latitude fifty north.
His discoveries created great interest in Europe, and the various courts vied with each other in fitting out expeditions for exploration. According to some writers Verrazzano entered the service of Henry VIII. of England, and was killed by savages during a subsequent voyage.
Succeeding Verrazzano's voyage, the French king, in consequence of wars and captivity, no doubt, seems to have lost his enthusiasm for discovery ; but among his favorites was one Philippe de Brison-Chabot, who sought out the
* We do not take into account the somewhat mythical voyages of the Northmen in the tenth and eleventh centuries. The statements concerning them, and the amount of information given, are too meagre for the purposes of this work.
2
t This peninsula was at first occupied by the French, under the name of Acadia. They were dispossessed by the English, and the inhabitants of the colony transported.
9
10
HISTORY OF KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN.
famous Breton navigator, Jacques Cartier, a native of the seaport of St. Malo, born in 1494, whom he fitted out and sent on a voyage of discovery.
,
Cartier sailed from his native town on the 20th of April, 1534, and, steering across the tossing billows of the At- lantic, entered the straits of Belle Isle, examined the Bay des Chaleurs, and sailed up the St. Lawrence as far as the island of Anticosti. This great estuary he supposed to be the opening to a passage leading to the shores of Cathay. But the storms of autumn compelled him to return to France, after a brief reconnoissance of the coasts and islands of the north.
In the spring of 1535 a new expedition was prepared, consisting of three small vessels, the largest of one hundred and twenty tons, and placed under the command of Cartier. Accompanied by several gentlemen of noble birth, he sailed from St. Malo on the 19th of May, and after a tempestuous voyage, in which his ships were separated, reached the straits of Belle Isle, where they were once more united.
Sailing up the estuary of the noble river, he named it the Bay of St. Lawrence, in honor of his patron saint,-a name which subsequently attached to both the gulf and the river. Entering the river proper, he found its Indian name to be Hochelaga, or the " Great River of Canada." The country lying below Quebec the natives called Saguenay, and that above, Hochelaga.
Cartier explored the river as far as the site of Montreal, which derives its modern name from the designation he be- stowed upon the mountain in its rear. from whose summit he obtained a most "royal" view of the great valley. He called it " Mont Royal."
The promontory now occupied by the city of Quebec and its vast system of fortifications was then the site of an Indian village called Stadaconé, where dwelt the king or principal chief of the country, whose name was Donnacona. The great Indian capital of the valley, however, was located on the island of Montreal, and, like the river and country, bore the name of Hochelaga. The country around this point was at that date occupied by the Huron-Iroquois, a subdivision of the great Algonquin race, who afterwards removed westward to the valley of the Ottawa River and the eastern margin of Lake Huron, whence they were driven by their conquerors, the terrible Iroquois confederacy of Central New York, about 1649-50. The progenitors of the Five Nations had formerly resided in the vicinity of Montreal, but had emigrated thence to the south of Lake Ontario, probably about the commencement of the sixteenth century.
Cartier wintered in the river St. Charles (called also by some writers St. Croix), and in the spring or summer of 1536 returned to France, taking with him the chief Don- nacona and a half-score of his companions, whom he had enticed on board his ship. Most of the Indians, including Donnacona, soon after died. No permanent settlement was attempted by this expedition.
In 1541 a squadron of five ships was fitted out, and a third time placed under command of Cartier. The prime mover and patron of this enterprise was Jean François la Roque, Sieur de Roberval, a nobleman of Picardy, upon whom the king conferred the high-sounding but empty
titles of " Lord of Norembega, Viceroy and Lieutenant- General in Canada, Hochelaga, Saguenay, New Foundland, Belle Isle, Carpunt, Labrador, the Great Bay, and Bacca- laos."*
Cartier sailed on the 23d of May in the year last named, leaving Roberval to follow with additional ships, emigrants, and supplies. He reached the St. Lawrence in safety, and began a settlement at a point which he named Cap Rouge, about three French leagues above Quebec, on the northern bank of the river.
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