USA > Michigan > Kalamazoo County > History of Kalamazoo county, Michigan > Part 77
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tors for the State of Michigan, and cast his vote for Franklin Pierce, President, and King, Vice-President. He was also high sheriff of Wayne County, appointed to the office in 1824-25."
Maj. Edwards was register of the land-office at White Pigeon, and upon its removal to Kalamazoo in 1834 he came with it, and continued to hold the office until 1849. Two of his sons, Alexander and Thomas, were employed in the office as clerks. Maj. Edwards continued to reside in Kalamazoo until his death, which occurred in 1860. He was a brother-in-law of Governor Cass, and of Gen. John E. Hunt, of Toledo, Ohio, and was a man highly respected by the community in which he lived.
REV. LEONARD SLATER
was born in Worcester, Mass., in 1802, and was brought up to the rope-making business, at which he worked until he became of age. During the latter part of this time he began studying for the ministry with Rev. Jonathan Going. On the 29th of May, 1826, he married Mary F. Ide, of Vermont, and in the autumn of the same year removed to the Carey mission, at Niles, Mich., as a Baptist missionary. He passed through the valley now occupied by the village of Kalamazoo, then only tenanted by the French trader, Numaiville, and was greatly delighted with the locality. He remained at the Carey mission, assisting the Rev. Mr. McCoy, the pioneer Baptist missionary in the West and the founder of Carey mission, until the spring of 1827, when he was placed in charge of the Thomas mission, at Grand Rapids, established by Rev. McCoy late in the preceding autumn.
Mr. Slater remained at Grand Rapids, laboring as mis- sionary and teacher for the Ottawa Indians, for about ten years. In 1836 he purchased eighty acres of land in Prairieville township, Barry Co., and had charge of an Indian mission and school at that place, known as "Slater Station." In 1852 he removed thence to Kalamazoo, and for a number of years preached regularly every Sunday to his late charge at Slater's Station, riding up on Saturdays and returning on Mondays.
Mr. Slater died at Kalamazoo on the 27th of April, 1866, and his wife died June 7, 1851. He is buried near the spot, now in Riverside Cemetery, from which he had his first view of the beautiful Kalamazoo valley, in the au- tumn of 1826.
He left six children, who are all now living except one. Their names and births were as follows : Sarah Emily, born Aug. 12, 1827 ; George L., Feb. 9, 1829 ; Francis I., Dec. 29, 1832 ; Brainard, Sept. 21, 1835; Julia, April 21, 1838; Benjamin Dwight, Sept. 18, 1840.
The Slater family is of English extraction on the father's side, and Scotch on the mother's side.
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Photo. by Packard, Kalamazoo.
MRS. T. W. BARNARD.
T. W. BARNARD.
THOMAS WILSON BARNARD
was born in Deerfield, Rockingham Co., N. H., Oct. 14, 1810. He was of English descent, and both grandfathers served in the war of the Revolution. Moses Barnard entered the army as colonel of a regi- ment. Thomas Wilson, the maternal grandfather, entered it when eighteen years of age, served through the war, and was promoted to a colonelcy.
When Thomas W. Barnard was six years of age, his parents moved to the then remote frontier of Western New York. Thomas W. remained with the family until he attained majority. In 1832 he came to Kalamazoo with the Gibbs brothers, ar- riving in time to assist in raising the old Kalamazoo House, one of the first frame buildings in the then, not very big village. The ensuing autumn he pur- chased from government a quarter-section of land near Wood's Lake. Returning to New York, he gave such a glowing account of the country that he induced the family, consisting of his father, mother, and two sisters, to return with him to his new home. The journey was performed in a wagon through Canada. Mr. Barnard and his father soon became familiar with the new country, and rendered good service to newly-arriving settlers in assisting them to find desirable locations. For this service they received such compensation as enabled them to improve their own home. As early as 1835 they manufactured lime from marl, found upon their own land.
In 1838 Mr. Barnard married Lazetta, daughter of David Southworth, who came from Broome Co.,
N. Y., in 1837, and settled on a large farm near St. Joseph, where he died in 1840. To this union were born eight children,-four of whom died in infancy. Thomas W. Barnard and wife passed their entire married life, of thirty-eight years, upon the farm where they first settled, which is still in pos- session of the children, and where they died,-he March 15, 1876, and Mrs. Barnard, Dec. 30, 1878.
In speaking of the death of Mr. Barnard, one of the county papers says,-
" We have to announce the death of Thomas Wil- son Barnard, one of the early settlers of Kalamazoo township, a citizen known to nearly all the early pioneers of Western Michigan. He was a man of marked character, and sterling integrity. Those who knew him best loved him most. Never existed a truer friend or a more generous nature. In his charities, which were numerous and varied, he gave with a singular discretion. He was selected in an early day to bear a prominent part in the opening of roads, in organizing town affairs, and as highway commissioner. Several of the first roads were laid out and worked under his supervision.
" Mrs. Barnard was a woman of superior intelli- gence, and a kind and judicious mother. She left no duty unfulfilled. Her life was one of active useful- ness and unselfish devotion to her family, and it was here in the home circle as wife and mother that her many noble qualities of head and heart found fullest play."
TOWNSHIP OF KALAMAZOO.
NATURAL FEATURES.
Geography .- The present township of Kalamazoo in- cludes town 2 south, in range 11 west, of the principal meridian, as shown by the government survey. Its south- east corner is at the centre of the county. It is bounded north by Cooper township, east by Comstock, south by Portage, and west by Oshtemo.
Lakes and Water-Courses .- The principal water-course of the township is the Kalamazoo River, which enters from the east on section 24, and after a sharp bend at the village to the north finally passes from the township on the north side of section 3. In its course its channel is divided by several islands. The principal branch of the Kalamazoo in this town is the Portage Creek, which unites with the main stream at Kalamazoo, after a general northerly course of several miles. Other and smaller branches are Arcadia Creek, Spring Brook, etc. A few small lakes are found, among them being Lime, Twin (partly on section 6), McMartin, Wood's, Howard, and Booher.
Topography, etc .- The general level of the township is about 100 feet above the Kalamazoo, which is lined by a range of considerable hills, or river bluffs, broken by the passage through them of the smaller streams. Grand Prairie, so called, lies partly in this town, including the western portion of the latter.
LAND ENTRIES.
The following is a list of the entries of land in what is now the township of Kalamazoo (T. 2 S., R. 11 W.), and gives the consecutive entries on each section, with the names of the persons making them :
Section 1 .- 1833, James White, James Shea ; 1834, H. H. Comstock, John Long and Samuel Veness, James Shea ; 1835, Horace H. Com- stock.
Section 2 .- 1834, Erastus Congdon and Jonathan O. Round, Charles S. Whitman ; 1835, Thomas C. Sheldon, John Jenison Barnard, Jo- seph D. Beers and Samuel Sherwood, Nathaniel Livermore, Thomas Kennard.
Section 3 .- 1834, John Jenison Barnard, Erastus Congdon and Jonathan Round, Joseph Bowman ; 1835, Silas Trowbridge, James B. Murray ; 1836, Justus Burdick ; 1851, Alexander Buell and Mar- cellus C. Churchill.
Section 4 .- 1833, Titus Bronson, Isaac M. Parker; 1834, Aquilla Coates, William Underwood, Titus Bronson, Chauncey Burrell; 1835, Samuel Hubbard, Aquilla Coates ; 1836, Justus Burdick.
Section 5 .- 1834, David Hubbard, John P. Warner ; 1835, Dwight Hitchcock and Frederick W. Curtenius, Calvin H. Bryant, Fletcher Ransom, Amariah T. Prouty, Hiram Owen, Joseph D. Beers, and Samuel Sherwood.
Section 6 .- 1834, Lovett Eames, Daniel Wilmarth, John P. Marsh ; 1835, Fletcher Ransom, Delamore Duncan, William S. Dezeng, Aaron Eames, John P. Marsh, James Parker; 1836, Charles C. Trowbridge. Section 7 .- University of Michigan.
Section 8 .- 1831, Seth Taft, George Shaw, Titus Bronson; 1832, Titus Bronson ; 1833, Titus Bronson, Daniel Wilmarth ; 1834, Sally
Bronson, Daniel Wilmarth and Timothy H. Fellows, Seth Taft, Jo- seph Miller; 1835, Seth Taft, Epaphroditus Ransom, Cyrus Lovell.
Section 9 .- 1831, Nathan Harrison, Sally Bronson; 1832, Nathan Harrison, Lyman I. Daniels, Cyren Burdick ; 1834, Jonathan G. Ab- bott, Cornelius Northrup ; 1835, Roswell Crane, Leonard Bronson, Horace Stark weather; 1836, Justus Burdick.
Section 10 .- 1831, Horace Starkweather, John W. Clark ; 1833, Jonathan G. Abbott, David S. Dillie;# 1834, Silas Trowbridge, Au- gustin Austin ; 1835, Abraham Cahill, Titus Bronson, Luther H. Trask ; 1836, Justus Burdick ; 1851, Thomas S. At Lee.
Section 11 .- 1831, John A. Clark ; 1834, William Underwood, Eliza Sisson, Jacob Leephart ; 1835, William Underwood, Jacob Leephart, Joseph D. Beers, and Samuel Sherwood.
Section 12 .- 1833, James White, Isaac Vickery, Richard J. Huyck ; 1834, Herman Joachim, Chester Wright, James Jacobs ; 1835, Her- schel B. Seymour, David E. Evans, William R. Gwinn and John S. Ganson, Herman Logan, Joseph Hutchins.
Section 13 .- 1833, Thomas Goodrich, Isaac Vickery; 1834, Ariel Hoskins ; 1835, Guy Carlton Merrill, Thomas Goodrich, Eli B. An- derson, Walter Stephens, Daniel Howard, Samuel Hubbard, and Isaac Parker.
Section 14 .- 1831, Almeron L. Cotton ; 1832, Henry L. Ellsworth, Lucius Lyon ; 1833, Theodore P. Sheldon and Thomas C. Sheldon ; 1834, Aaron Schuyler and Randall Schuyler, Aaron Schuyler, Elisha Belcher, Horace H. Comstock ; 1835, Walter Stephens.
Section 15 .- 1830, Stephen H. Richardson, Titus Bronson ;} 1832, Elisha Hall, Lucius Lyon, Justus Burdick, Elias Sanford Swan, Na- than Harrison.
Section 16 .- School section.
Section 17 .- West fraction (12-12 acres) entered by David B. Webster, April 15, 1847; balance University land.
Sections 18 and 19 .- University lands.
Section 20 .- 1831, Martin Daley ; 1834, Alexander H. Edwards, Enos Northrop, David S. Dillie, Chauncey Burrell ; 1835, Alexander H. Edwards, John Payne.
Section 21 .- 1831, David S. Dillie and L. Seymour, Hosea B. Hus- ton ; 1832, Jonathan G. Abbott, Anthony Cooley, Rezin Holmes, Hosea B. Huston ; 1833-34, Silas Trowbridge ; 1835, Thomas Masters, Jonathan G. Abbott.
Section 22 .- 1831, Robert and James Smith, H. H. Comstock, Titus Bronson, Reuben Winchell ; 1832, Cyren Burdick, Hosea B. Huston ; 1833, Lucius Lyon ; 1834, Cyren Burdick.
Section 23 .- 1832, Justus Burdick ; 1833, Theodore P. Sheldon and Thomas C. Sheldon, David S. Dillie; 1834, Samuel Mower, Martin Lathrop, H. H. Comstock, H. B. Huston.
Section 24 .- 1834, Martin Lathrop, H. H. Comstock, Hosea B. Huston ; 1835, David Hale, James Walker, Ira W. Bird; 1837, Lot M. North.
Section 25 .- 1833, Marcus B. Hounsom ; 1834, James Losey, Nathan Perry, Jr., John Williams, James Coleman, Andrew Harrison, James Coleman, Jr. ; 1835, James Andrews, Josephus Gregg, T. P. Sheldon, James Coleman, Jr., Nathan Harrison, Ira Burdick, and Alexander H. Edwards.
Section 26 .- 1831, Joseph Edgington; 1833, Joseph Edgington, Cicero and Tobias Hounsom, James Shea, Elisha Hall; 1834, H. H. Comstock, Nathan Harrison.
Section 27 .- 1831, H. H. Comstock; 1834, Martin Heydenburk, Lawrence Van De Walker; 1835, Martin Heydenburk, Leprelett H. Moore.
* Spelled Dilly on record.
t Richardson entered the west half, southwest quarter, section 15, and Bronson the east half of the same quarter; the date of these entries is Nov. 1, 1830.
287
288
HISTORY OF KALAMAZOO COUNTY, MICHIGAN.
Section 28 .- 1834, Parce Barber, Lawrence Vandewalker; 1835, Frederick Booher, Joseph Edgington, Oliver C. Hill, John C. Bald- win, William Booher, James Hutchins, and Cyren Burdick.
Section 29 .- 1833, Daniel Wilmarth ; 1834, Thomas C. Sheldon ; 1835, Thomas W. Barnard, John Payne, Reuben Abbott, William Booher, Henry J. H. Edwards, Margaret L. Coombs; 1836, Thomas S. At Lee, George A. O'Brien.
Section 30 .- 1831, Phineas Hunt; 1833, David Van Guilder, Allen Smith ; 1834, Ogden Smith, David and Campbell Sergeant; 1835, Ro- dolphus D. Loring, John H. Smith, Henry Little; 1836, Aaron Van Guiider.
Section 31 .- 1831, Enoch Harris; 1832, William Patterson, John Gibbs ; 1834, Elias Cooley ; 1835, Almon Fuller, Leprelett H. Moore, Stephen A. Love, John Gibbs; 1836, Joseph Hutchins.
Section 32 .- 1833, Thomas W. Barnard; 1834, Isaac Stephens, Alexander McCall, Alexander Cameron; 1835, Alexander Cameron, Cyrus Hubbard, Moses Barnard, and Johnson Patrick.
Section 33 .- 1834, Frederick Booher; 1835, L. H. Moore, Nathan Sherwood, Alexander McCall, William A. Tomlinson, and William A. Booth; 1836, Parce Barber.
Section 34 .- 1831, Ruel Starr and H. H. Comstock, Reuben Win- chell, H. H. Comstock ; 1834, Nathan Sherwood.
Section 35 .- 1831, Ruel Starr; 1833, Stephen Vickery, John Hen- icka, Philip Goodrich ; 1835, Thomas C. Sheldon.
Section 36 .- 1833, David B. Barnard and Chester Cook ; 1834, Elias Cooley, Henry Johnson ; 1835, Elias Cooley, James H. Jones, Chester Johnson, Anthony Cooley and Stephen Vickery, Elijah R. Squier and Philip Goodrich, Warren Beckwith.
EARLY SETTLEMENT.
The early settlement of the village of Kalamazoo, which is fully treated in its proper place, is essentially that of the township, as the business of the region centred there, and few located outside at a very early day. In the list of those who entered the lands of the township will be found the names of many who lived in the village, while their purchases lay outside of its boundaries. Upon Grand Prairie were located several prominent persons, but more were in Oshtemo than in Kalamazoo.
Tertius Strong and two brothers named Sabin and Ezra Nichols, who purchased their land from second hands, were early settlers in the northwest part of town. James Parker located farther south, and his son, Isaac M. Parker, entered land on section 4 in 1833, and also became a resident.
Daniel Wilmarth, Lovett and Aaron Eames, Benjamin Drake,-who is still living, aged ninety-two years,-the latter's brother-in-law, Seth Taft, who afterwards went to Utah with the Mormons, and died there, and a man named Keyes, settled along the town line, between Kalamazoo and Oshtemo, some of them being in the latter township. Keyes subsequently removed to Illinois.
Dr. Fletcher Ransom, of whom the Nichols brothers purchased, was a prominent resident of the prairie, and finally removed to Alamo township.
George Harvey, Ansel Snow, Solomon and Nathan Forbes, and Ira Smith were all living in the western part of this township (Kalamazoo) in 1835.
Col. Frederick W. Curtenius came the same year, and is now one of the most prominent citizens of the village of Kalamazoo.
Henry Montague and Moses Kingsley settled early on the prairie, in Oshtemo. Montague soon after became a resident of Kalamazoo township, and Mr. Kingsley also removed subsequently to the village, where he still resides.
Moses Barnard, who had been a classmate in college with Daniel Webster, settled early in the southwest part of the
township, with his son, Thomas Wilson Barnard, the latter entering land on section 32 in 1833, and his father on the same section in 1835. Both are now deceased.
John, Isaac, and Chester Gibbs were prominent settlers in the same neighborhood with the Barnards, John locating on section 31 and his brothers over the line in Oshtemo. Peter Cavanagh, a bachelor, made his home with the Messrs. Gibbs.
L. H. Trask, of Kalamazoo, relates an incident which occurred in the spring of 1836, when West Main Street had just been opened up in the village. He was proceed- ing along the said street, and met three persons who proved to be Moses Barnard, John Gibbs, and " Pete" Cavanagh, as he was familiarly called. Mr. Trask greeted the trio, who were walking arm in arm, with " Good-evening, gen- tlemen." Bracing their hold and steadying themselves, -- for they had evidently been visiting at some one of the groceries in the village,-they paused. Barnard, with a wise nod, remarked, " United we (hic) stand ; divid (hic) ed we fall!" and the remarkable journey was continued.
D. J. Pierson, now residing on his farm on section 8, a short distance outside of the corporation limits, moved to Branch Co., Mich., in 1831, from Litchfield Co., Conn., and located on Bronson Prairie, where he engaged in tavern- keeping. During his residence there he was married, the ceremony being performed by Governor Barry, of White Pigeon. Mr. Pierson's wife died subsequently in Kala- mazoo, and he was married a second time in 1855. In the spring of 1833, Mr. Pierson removed to Kalamazoo County, and settled on section 24, in Oshtemo, on the southern edge of Grand Prairie. A year or two later he purchased Univer- sity land on section 19, in Kalamazoo, and moved upon it. He subsequently resided for a short period in Alamo, and for a longer one in Oshtemo, and in the spring of 1854 moved to Kalamazoo village, where he became the owner of considerable property, including the fine lots west of Bronson Park, and the American Hotel, which was subse- quently destroyed by fire. When he first came to the county he anticipated the rush for land which occurred soon after, and selected and entered twenty lots of 80 acres each, in Oshtemo, Pavilion, etc.
In other portions of the township land was often occupied and improved by those who had formerly resided in the village, and, as a very full list of settlers is given in con- nection with the history of the latter, the reader is referred to it. Preserved S. Wait, now living on section 36, was comparatively an early arrival, and was engaged in the con- struction of some of the early mills. The Wait family was connected by marriage with that of John A. Hays, of Kala- mazoo, whose house was demolished by a hurricane in 1834.
The advantages of water-power possessed by the Portage Creek and its branches were early noticed and utilized. The wheel of Bronson's saw-mill was turned by the waters of the Portage in 1832. Marcus B. Hounsom, who had erected the mill for Bronson, not long afterwards built one for himself, on what is called Silver Creek, a small branch of the Kalamazoo, and in July, 1837, a highway was laid out running to " Hounsom's Mill," being the same road now passing east and west through the centre of section 26. Mr. Hounsom and his brothers, Fabius and Cicero, are all
RES. AND FARM OF JOHN MILHAM, KALAMAZOO, MICH.
289
TOWNSHIP OF KALAMAZOO.
deceased. The widow of Cicero, who afterwards married Fabius, and was a second time widowed, is still living on the old place.
The mill now owned by Merrill & McCourtie, on a small stream emptying into the Portage from the west, on section 34, was built about 1837-38 by Elias Cooley and his brothers, Thomas and Arad. Another mill, standing a short distance below, near the track of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, has been erected within recent years, and is the property of J. P. Woodbury, of Kala- mazoo.
Saw-mills have been put in operation in other localities in the township; these include one now in use, owned by G. W. Parker, son of Isaac M. Parker, on section 4, and another on Silver Creek, section 24. The "Spring Brook" grist-mill, owned by Whitcomb & Williams, on section 11, is more particularly mentioned in the history of Kalamazoo village.
The extensive mills of the Kalamazoo Paper Company are located on section 34, the power being furnished by the Portage Creek. This mill is one of the largest in the country, having a capacity second to but few in all the land. A full account of it will be found in the history of the manufactures of Kalamazoo.
TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION, CIVIL LIST, PROCEEDINGS AT EARLY TOWN-MEETINGS, ETC.
The first township organized, covering what is now Kala- mazoo County, was formed Nov. 5, 1829, and called Brady. On the 30th of July, 1830, the county of Kalamazoo was organized and divided into two townships, as follows: The eight surveyed townships constituting its north half were given the name of Arcadia; while the same number, con- stituting the south half, were organized under the name of Brady. Section one of the act forming these two townships reads as follows :*
" Be it enacted by the Legislative Council of the Territory of Mich- igan, That all that part of the county of Kalamazoo comprised in townships 1 and 2, south of the base line, and in ranges 9, 10, 11, and 12, west of the principal meridian, shall be a township by the name of Arcadia, and that the first township-meeting shall be holden at the house of Titus Brownson, in said township."
On the 29th of June, 1832, the east half of Arcadia was organized into a separate township, to which was given the name of Richland, leaving Arcadia to include what are now the townships of Kalamazoo, Oshtemo, Alamo, and Cooper. March 2, 1836, the name of Arcadia was changed to Kala- mazoo. March 11, 1837, the township of Cooper was formed, including what are now Cooper and Alamo. March 22, 1839, the west half of Kalamazoo township was set off and separately organized under the name of Oshtemo, leav- ing Kalamazoo as it is at present, including township. 2 south, in range 11 west.
The act forming the township of Arcadia designated where the first township-meeting should be held, but did not specify the date, although it would be understood that the proper time therefor would have been in the spring fol- lowing, viz, April, 1831. No record exists of such a meet- ing, however, the first recorded election having been held April 3, 1832. The account of the latter appears as fol-
lows in the original book of township records, where it was copied in 1833 by Hosea B. Huston, then township clerk, probably from loose papers on which the entries were made upon the date of the meeting,-
" At a meeting of voters of the township of Arcadia, holden on the first Monday in April, 1832, at the house of Titus Bronson, the fol- lowing business was transacted, to wit: The meeting was called to order by Isaac Barnes, Justice of the Peace ; Caleb Eldred was chosen Moderator, and, being duly sworn, Lovell Moore was chosen Clerk pro tem. The following officers was chosen by ballot to serve the town for the year ensuing, viz. :
" Caleb Eldred, Supervisor; Leland Lane, Township Clerk ; An- thony Cooley, Samuel Brown, N. E. Matthews, Commissioners of Highways ; Rezin Holmes, Leland Lane, and Simeon Mills, Assessors; Seth Taft, Collector; Seth Taft and William P. Giddings, Constables; John Barnes and Titus Bronson, Overseers of the Poor. Elected by ayes and noes, Isaac Briggs, Erastus Ransom, and Erastus Sinith, Fence-Viewers ; Titus Bronson and Willard Mills, Pound-Masters; Ralph Tuttle, Simeon Mills, Stephen Eldred, Laban Keyes, Eleazer Hunt, William Logan, and Nathan Harrison, Overseers of Highways; Erastus Ransom, Orville Barnes, John Abbott, John Hascall, and Wil- liam P. Giddings, School Commissioners. Also voted by ayes and noes that the supervisor and township clerk be requested to forward the proceedings of the meeting to the Governor and Council, with a re- quest that the same be sanctioned by them if they see cause so to do ;t also that the said supervisor and clerk be requested to draft a petition and forward as aforesaid for a division of this township, to take affect in one year from date. Voted to adjourn this meeting to the house of Caleb Eldred, in Comstock village, on the day for holding their next annual meeting, April 2, 1833.
" LOVELL MOORE, Clerk pro tem.
" Recorded April 12, 1832.
" LELAND LANE, T. Clerk."
A special meeting was held Nov. 13, 1832, of which Ste- phen Vickery was moderator. William P. Giddings was elected collector, and the sum of $100 was voted to be raised to defray the township expenses for the current year.
" By reason of William P. Giddings' absence, a second meeting was called for the choice of a collector, which was held at the house of Titus Bronson, on the 24th of November, 1832, and proceeded as fol- lows, viz. : 5 present, Nathan Harrison, Moderator ; and, after being duly qualified, together with the township clerk, proceeded to ballot for a collector. Nathan Harrison was elected by a majority of 3 (4 votes for Harrison, one for Huston). Adjourned sine die."
The meeting in 1833 was held at the house of Caleb Eldred, in Comstock, and in 1834 at the school-house in Bronson village (now Kalamazoo). In the latter it was
t From this passage it would appear that this was the first election held in the township. The meeting was held at the house of Titus Bronson, instead of at that of Titus Brownson, as specified in the act, there being no such person as the latter in the township. The request to the Governor and Council was to have the proceedings of the meet- ing legalized, and on page 924, vol. iii., of the Territorial Laws of Michigan we find the following :
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